• Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.163-169
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• 2016

To establish the equitable distribution of total energy load, a representative cluster based routing protocol LEACH selects cluster heads randomly in accordance with the pre-determined probability every round. But because the current energy level of sensor nodes is not considered, if a sensor node which has little residual energy is elected as a cluster head, it can not live to fulfil the role of cluster head which has big energy load. As a result, the first time of death of a node is quickened and the service quality of WSN gets worse. In this regard we propose a new routing method that, by considering the current energy of a cluster head and the distance between cluster heads and a base station, selects the sub cluster head for saving the energy of a cluster head. Simulation results show that the first time of death of a node prolongs, more data arrive at the base station and the service quality of WSN improves.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.863-869
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• 2008

In this paper, a system with sensor network security mechanism which can be applied to home network structure is designed and it is implemented on a virtual network of a home network middleware. The basic structure of home networking middleware supports one-to-one (unicast) or broadcast communication mode between the lookup server and service nodes on the network. Confidentiality and authentication are key security factors of the one-to-one communication and user authentication is crucial for broadcasting mode. One of the sensor network's security techniques SPINS consists of SNEP and ${\mu}TESLA$. The SNEP ensures confidentiality and authentication, and ${\mu}TESLA$ provides broadcast authentication. We propose a SPIN based home network middleware and it is implemented by using the CBC-MAC for MAC generation, the counter mode (CTR) for message freshness, the pseudo random function (PRF) and RC5 as encryption algorithm. The implementation result shows that an attacker cannot decrypt the message though he gets the secure key because of CTR mode. In addition, we confirmed that a received message of the server is authenticated using MAC.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2009.05a
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• pp.293-297
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• 2009

This paper describes a real-time reliable measurement and analysis system for ubiquitous healthcare based on IEEE802.15.4 standard. In order to obtain and monitor physiological body signals continuously, wearable pulse oximeter is designed in wrist that could used to measure oxygen saturation of a patient unobtrusively. The measured data was transferred to a central PC or server by using wireless sensor nodes via a wireless sensor network for storage and analysis purposes. LabVIEW server program was designed to monitor and process the measured photoplethysmogram(PPG) to accelerated plethysmogram(APG) by appling second order derivatives in server PC. These experimental results demonstrate that APG can precisely describe the features of an individual's PPG and be used as estimation of vascular elasticity for blood circulation.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• v.7 no.5
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• pp.379-392
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• 2011

This paper presents a multi-functional system, consisting of a magnetorheological (MR) damper and an electromagnetic induction (EMI) device, and its applications in stay cables. The proposed system is capable of offering multiple functions: (1) mitigating excessive vibrations of cables, (2) estimating cable tension, and (3) harvesting energy for wireless sensors used health monitoring of cable-stayed bridges. In the proposed system, the EMI device, consisting of permanent magnets and a solenoid coil, can converts vibration energy into electrical energy (i.e., induced emf); hence, it acts as an energy harvesting system. Moreover, the cable tension can be estimated by using the emf signals obtained from the EMI device. In addition, the MR damper, whose damping property is controlled by the harvested energy from the EMI device, can effectively reduce excessive cable vibrations. In this study, the multi-functionality of the proposed system is experimentally evaluated by conducting a shaking table test as well as a full-scale stay cable in a laboratory setting. In the shaking table experiment, the energy harvesting capability of the EMI device for wireless sensor nodes is investigated. The performance on the cable tension estimation and the vibration mitigation are evaluated using the full-scale cable test setup. The test results show that the proposed system can sufficiently generate and store the electricity for operating a wireless sensor node twice per day, significantly alleviate vibration of a stay cable (by providing about 20% larger damping compared to the passive optimal case), and estimate the cable tension accurately within a 2.5% error.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.1317-1341
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• 2021

Nowadays, the Internet of Things (IoT) is adopted to enable effective and smooth communication among different networks. In some specific application, the Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) are used in IoT to gather peculiar data without the interaction of human. The WSNs are self-organizing in nature, so it mostly prefer multi-hop data forwarding. Thus to achieve better communication, a cross-layer routing strategy is preferred. In the cross-layer routing strategy, the routing processed through three layers such as transport, data link, and physical layer. Even though effective communication achieved via a cross-layer routing strategy, energy is another constraint in WSN assisted IoT. Cluster-based communication is one of the most used strategies for effectively preserving energy in WSN routing. This paper proposes a Bio-inspired cross-layer routing (BiHCLR) protocol to achieve effective and energy preserving routing in WSN assisted IoT. Initially, the deployed sensor nodes are arranged in the form of a grid as per the grid-based routing strategy. Then to enable energy preservation in BiHCLR, the fuzzy logic approach is executed to select the Cluster Head (CH) for every cell of the grid. Then a hybrid bio-inspired algorithm is used to select the routing path. The hybrid algorithm combines moth search and Salp Swarm optimization techniques. The performance of the proposed BiHCLR is evaluated based on the Quality of Service (QoS) analysis in terms of Packet loss, error bit rate, transmission delay, lifetime of network, buffer occupancy and throughput. Then these performances are validated based on comparison with conventional routing strategies like Fuzzy-rule-based Energy Efficient Clustering and Immune-Inspired Routing (FEEC-IIR), Neuro-Fuzzy- Emperor Penguin Optimization (NF-EPO), Fuzzy Reinforcement Learning-based Data Gathering (FRLDG) and Hierarchical Energy Efficient Data gathering (HEED). Ultimately the performance of the proposed BiHCLR outperforms all other conventional techniques.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.69-74
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• 2010

Now the CAN(controller Area Network) is using electronic modules as a serial communication which is very robust to noise. Especially the CAN is using for automotive part that very popular in which automotive electronic control module, engine controller unit, sensor modules, etc. but the CAN has the order of priority to linking node and also has fault confinement so using in these features that is applied to in factory automation product line. The CAN communication is basically very robust to electric noise so varied applying to others part. In this paper, we suggest to CAN interface for embedded system that is possible for error detection using two CAN nodes on Hi-speed, full-CAN.

• Smart Media Journal
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.42-47
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• 2012

With the development of RFID and USN technology, kinds of services are appeared and industrialized to maximize management, maintenance and efficiency of production. In the agricultural field, it is important to increase productivity and quality of food by managing growth environment of plants. In this paper, to apply IT technology to agriculture, we present a mobile service application called WiSEMobile which support growers to monitor and manage the information in the field from remote sites. By using the service with mobile devices, farmers can monitor the change of environment with data from sensor nodes, manage and exchange kinds of data gathered by farmers in the field.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.38C no.12
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• pp.1207-1215
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• 2013

This paper proposes the location estimation techniques of distributed targets with the multi-sensor data perceived through IR sensors of the military robots in consideration of obstacles. In order to match up targets with measured azimuths, to add to the depth-first search (DFS) algorithms in free-obstacle environment, we suggest the expanded DFS (EDS) algorithm including bypass path search, partial path search, middle level ending, and the supplementation of decision metric. After matching up targets with azimuths, we estimate the coordinate of each target by obtaining the intersection point of the azimuths with the least square error (LSE) algorithm. The experimental results show the error rate of estimated location, mean number of calculating nodes, and mean distance between real coordinates and estimated coordinates of the proposed algorithms.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.514-537
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• 2020

Wireless sensor network (WSN) is a distributed network composed of many sensory nodes. It is precisely due to the clustering unevenness and cluster head election randomness that the energy consumption of WSN is excessive. Therefore, a many-objective optimization WSN energy balance model is proposed for the first time in the clustering stage of LEACH protocol. The four objective is considered that the cluster distance, the sink node distance, the overall energy consumption of the network and the network energy consumption balance to select the cluster head, which to better balance the energy consumption of the WSN network and extend the network lifetime. A many-objective optimization algorithm to optimize the model (LEACH-ABF) is designed, which combines adaptive balanced function strategy with penalty-based boundary selection intersection strategy to optimize the clustering method of LEACH. The experimental results show that LEACH-ABF can balance network energy consumption effectively and extend the network lifetime when compared with other algorithms.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.125-129
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• 2015

The most important factor within the wireless sensor network is to have effective network usage and increase the lifetime of the individual nodes in order to operate the wireless network more efficiently. Therefore, many routing protocols have been developed. The LEACH protocol presented by Wendi Heinzelman, especially well known as a simple and efficient clustering based routing protocol. However, because LEACH protocol in an irregular network is the total data throughput efficiency dropped, the stability of the cluster is declined. Therefore, to increase the stability of the cluster head, in this paper, it proposes a stochastic cluster head selection method for improving the LEACH protocol. To this end, it proposes a SH-LEACH(Stochastic Cluster Head Selection Method-LEACH) that it is combined to the HEED and LEACH protocol and the proposed algorithm is verified through the simulation.