• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.42-48
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• 1988

Commercially available PTCR (Postive Temperature Coefficient of Resistivity) ceramics which have low room temperature resistance, high PTC effect and temperature coefficient were prepared by La3+ doped semiconducting barium calcium titanate soild solutions. PTCR characteristics were remarkably improved by addition of AST (1/3 Al2O3$.$3/4SiO2$.$1/4TiO2) and MnCl2. That can be explained by formation of liquid phase during sintering and acceptor level on the intergranular layer. Resistivity anormaly increased with decreasing cooling rate. Optimum manufacturing conditions were cooling rate below 100$.$C/hr, Ca and Mn content of 4 mol% &, 0.09-0.12mol% respectively.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제43권11호
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• pp.673-679
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• 2006

The discovery of ferroelectric barium titanate (BaTiO$_3$) in 1942 began the present era of dielectrics-based electronic ceramics. Ferroelectric barium titanate has a high dielectric constant and after the recognition of BaTiO$_3$ as a new ferroelectric compound, various attractive electrical properties have been extensively studied and reported. Since then, pioneering work on valence-compensated semiconduction led to the discovery of the positive temperature coefficient (PTC) of the resistance effect found in doped BaTiO$_3$. Significant progress has since followed with respect to understanding the PTC phenomena, advancing materials capabilities, and developing devices for sensor and switching applications. In this paper, the theoretical aspects of the various PTC models are discussed and the future trends of practical applications for PTC devices are briefly mentioned.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.7-12
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• 1990

The influence of MnO2 on the sintering property and PTCR behavior of(Ba0.8Sr0.2)TiO2 has been investigated. And the densities, grain sizes and electrical resitivities of specimens were measured as a function of doping with Mn ion of varying concentration. The density and grain size of the sintered specimens were almost the same regardless of MnO2 addition up to 0.2mol% MnO2. But in the case of 0.25mol% MnO2 addition, abnormal grain growth was appeared. So the grain size distribution was wide and density decreased greatly. The room-temperature resistivity increased as Mn content increased and the temperature coefficient of resistivity was highest in the case of 0.15mol% MnO2 addition.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제3권5호
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• pp.553-561
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• 1993

본 연구에서는 입계의 성질을 이용한 PTCR 재료에 입계 modifier로서 $Bi_2O_3$를 첨가하고 입계의 미세구조와 결함농도를 변화시켜 이에 따른 소결 및 전기적 특성변화를 TMA, XRD, 복합 임피던스방법 등을 이용하여 해석하였다. 실험 결과 Y이 도우핑된 $BaTiO_3$PTCR 재료에 $Bi_2O_3$를 첨가하였을때 약 0.1mol%까지 고용이 되는 것으로 밝혀졌다. $Bi_2O_3$를 고용한계 이하로 첨가시에는 생성되는 vacancy등의 결함으로 말미암아 $Y-BaTiO_3$의 치밀화가 촉진되었으나, 그 이상 첨가하면 치밀화 뿐만 아니라 결정립 성장도 억제되었다. $Bi_2O_3$의 첨가량에 따라 계내에 존재하는 각 이온의 반경, 결함 반응식 및 격자 탄성 변형 에너지 등을 고려하면 $Y-BaTiO_3$결정립 내부에 Ba와 Ti vacancy가 동시에 생길 수 있어 고온저항이 높아짐을 알 수 있었다. BN은 $BaTiO_3$에 고용이 되지 않는 것으로 밝혀졌으며 $B_2O_3$를 주성분으로한 액상형성으로 인하여 저온에서의 급격한 치밀화가 관찰되었다. 또 Ba-Y-Ti-B-O의 비정질 상이 tripie junction에 존재함으로써 상온저항이 크게 변화하였으며, PTCR jump도 높아졌다.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 1999년도 추계학술대회 논문집 학회본부 C
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• pp.987-990
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• 1999

본 연구에서는 $BaTiO_3$를 기본 조성으로 하여 PTC 써미스터를 제조하였으며 여기에 첨가제로서 Ca, Mn, Nb의 양을 순차적으로 변화시켜 미세구조 및 전기적 특성을 연구하였다. 또한 복소 임피던스 측정을 통해서 PTC 효과에 미치는 주 저항 성분에 대해서 고찰하였다. Ca 첨가 실험에서는 5[mol%] 첨가된 시편에서 $2.3{\times}10^7[\Omega{\cdot}cm]$의 높은 peak 비저항이 나왔으며 Mn과 Nb에서는 각각 0.1[mol%], 0.2[mol%]에서 $1.5{\times}10^8[\Omega{\cdot}cm]$와 $3.71{\times}10^9[\Omega{\cdot}cm]$의 수치가 측정되었다. 또한 Nb 첨가 실험에서는 첨가량이 증가할수록 결정립의 크기가 조밀해지는 현상을 보였다. PTC 효과에 미치는 주 저항 요소에 대해서 관찰한 복소 임피던스 측정에서는 결정립계 저항 성분이 주가 됨을 확인 하였다.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 1991년도 하계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.204-208
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• 1991

In this paper, the radiation properties of a far-Infrared using a PTC thermistor, the $BaTiO_3$+1.63mol% $Al_2O_3$+3.75mol% $SiO_2$+1.25mol% $TiO_2$(1/3 $Al_2O_3+xSiO_2$+(1-x) $TiO_2$; total x: 6.67mol%) ceramics, in order to progress the grade resistivity characteristics, by adding an ethanol solution of $Mn(NO_3){\cdot}6H_2O$ was investigated. The ceramics was fabricated by wet-mill method. The sintering temperature read 1300-1350$[^{\circ}C]$ and the holding time was 3 hours. The quantity of $Sb_2O_3$ and $Al_2O_3$ for an activation of the far-infrared radiation in ceramics was doped. In sintering, R-T property was measured by varying the grade temperature. The anatase-lighting apparatus and microstructures by using XRD and SEM were observed. $Sb_2O_3$. oxides additive. affected the semiconducting and emissivity and MnO was devoted an increase of resistivity. The specimen which only $Sb_2O_3$ is added to was high appeared far-infrared emissivity and Mno was not affacted the far-infrared radiation. The ceramics shows that it is effective in the structure of the human bodies as organic bodies and can be applied as electron device.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 1989년도 하계종합학술대회 논문집
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• pp.310-313
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• 1989

The semiconducting bodies were prepared by doping the bariume titanate with $Sb_2O_3,Nb_2O_5$and by subsequent sintering in air. The sintered bodies were annealed between $1100^{\circ}C$ and $1250^{\circ}C$ for 30 minutes to 2 hours in air. The resistivity was measured as a function of temperature from $20^{\circ}C$ to $240^{\circ}C$. The anomalous effect in resistivity occurred all of the $Nb_2O_5$ and $Sb_2O_3$doped barium titanate specimens, which were sintered in air atmosphere, and the most effective PTC effect occurred through 1 hour of sintering time at $1350^{\circ}C$ and 30 minute of annealing time at $1200^{\circ}C$. The resistivity - temperature characteristics seem to be intimately related to oxygen adsorption at grain boundaries and also to the thickness of insulating layers formed at grain boundaries during heat treatment.