• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.89-106
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• 2003

Analyses of tidal observations and a numerical model of the $M_2$ and $M_4$ tides in the Uldolmok waterway located at the southwestern tip of the Korean Peninsula are described. This waterway is well known fer its strong tidal flows of up to more than 10 knots at the narrowest part of the channel. Harmonic analysis of the observed water level at five tidal stations reveals dramatic changes in the amplitude and phase of the shallow water constituents at the station near the narrowest part, while survey results show a decreasing trend in local mean sea levels toward the narrow section. It was also observed that the amplitudes of semi-diurnal constituents, $M_2$ and $S_2$ are diminishing toward the narrowest part of the waterway. Two-dimensional numerical modeling shows that the $M_2$ energy flux is dominated by the component coming from the eastern boundary. The $M_2$ energy is inward from both open boundaries and is transported toward the narrow region of the channel, where it is frictionally dissipated or transferred to other constituents due to a strong non-linear advection effect. It is also shown that the $M_4$ generation is strong around the narrow region, and the abrupt decrease in the M4 amplitude in the region is due to a cancellation of the locally generated M4 with the component propagated from open boundaries. The superposition of both propagated and generated M4 contributions also explains the discontinuity of the M4 phase lag in the region. The tide-induced residual sea level change and the regeneration effect of the $M_2$ tide through interaction with $M_4$ are also examined.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.201-208
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• 2015

Organogels are semi-solid systems that consist of an apolar solvent as the liquid phase within a three-dimensional networked structure. In this study, we developed a stable and skin penetration-enhanced Lecithin Organogel (LO) containing genistein, which is one of the poorly soluble active ingredients in both polar and apolar phase. After screening of various components (type of gelators, organic and aqueous phase), hydrogenated lecithin (HL), sunflower oil (SO), dipropylene glycol (DPG), and polyethylene glycol (PEG) were mainly used in this formulation. Phase ternary diagram was employed for optimization of the composition in the LO. The formulated LO were evaluated for its organoleptic characteristics, stability, pH, rheology, phase transition temperatures, microscopic analysis and skin penetration. The optimized stable LO system can be utilized as an effective and stable cosmetic formulation that can carry poorly soluble active ingredients at high concentration for topical dermal delivery.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.437-443
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• 2016

Background: Previous phytochemical studies of whole Vernonia cinerea L. plants have identified sesquiterpene lactones, sterols, and triterpenes, which possess anticancer, antifeedant, and antimalarial activities. However, there are no reports of other types of bioactive metabolites. Therefore, the present study aimed to identify phenolic compounds with anti-inflammatory activity in the aerial parts of the plant. Methods and Results: Compounds were isolated from the aerial parts of V. cinerea using a silica and C-18 gel columns and semi-preparative HPLC instrument, and the structures of the compounds were determined using one- and two- dimension nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass spectroscopy. The chloroform soluble extracts and isolated compounds were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory potential based on their ability to inhibit nitric oxide production and $TNF-{\alpha}$ induced $NF-{\kappa}B$ activity. Conclusions: Phytochemical study of the aerial parts of V. cinerea led to the isolation of six phenolic compounds. Compound 1 was a major metabolite, and to the best of our knowledge, compounds 2 - 6 were isolated from V.cinerea for the first time. Among the isolates, compounds 1 and 3 exhibited $TNF-{\alpha}$-induced $NF-{\kappa}B$ activity with $IC_{50}$ values of 7.5 and 11.5 M, respectively, and the inhibitory activity of phenyl propanoid compound 3 on $TNF-{\alpha}$-induced $NF-{\kappa}B$ was evaluated for the first time.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.56 no.5
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• pp.607-624
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• 2018

We review SAFT equation of state (EOS) which is based on TPT theory and statistical-mechanical principles, and confirm that it can be used as a useful tool to predict vapor-liquid phase equilibria of associating fluid mixtures. We examine theoretical structure of PC-SAFT EOS in great detail, and then assess the applicability and performance of the EOS while applying it to various mixtures containing nonpolar components, polar components and associating components in a stage-wise manner. In contrast to the conventional engineering EOS, PC-SAFT EOS can accurately predict nonideal behaviors of those mixtures without using semi-empirical binary interaction parameter. This is because the SAFT theory is based on a rigorous theoretical framework at molecular level which effectively accounts for various intermolecular interactions, and it thus provides substantial benefits in applying the SAFT EOS to complex thermodynamic phenomena of multi-component mixtures.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.115-131
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• 2020

The effective range of surface current data observed by high-frequency radar (HFR) operated in the northern coastal area of Jeju Island by Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology was estimated and the distribution and variability of the M₂ tidal current of the Jeju Strait was analyzed. To evaluate the HFR data, the M₂ tidal current corrected from 25 hours current data observed by the Korea Hydrographic and Oceanographic Agency (KHOA) was compared with the M₂ tidal current in the Jeju Strait analyzed from the surface currents of HFR. The reliability of HFR data was confirmed by analyzing the characteristics of the tide components of these two data sets, and the effective range of HFR data was estimated through temporal and spatial analysis. The observation periods of HFR used in the analysis were from 2012 to 2014, and it was confirmed that there is a difference in the effective range of HFR data according to the observation time. During the analysis periods, the difference between the M₂ current ellipses from the data of KHOA and the HFR was greater in the eastern than in the western part of the Jeju Strait, and represented a high reliability in the western and central parts of the Jeju Strait. The tidal current of the Jeju Strait analyzed using the HFR data revealed a seasonal variability a relatively weak in summer and a strong in winter, about a 17% fluctuations between the summer and winter based on the length of the semi-major axis of tidal ellipse. Appraisals and results of regarding the characteristics and seasonal variability of the M₂ tidal current in the Jeju Strait using HFR data have not been previously reported, so the results of this study are considered meaningful.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2014.02a
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• pp.309.2-309.2
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• 2014

산화아연은 넓은 밴드갭과 큰 엑시톤 에너지를 갖고 있어 광전자반도체 물질로 산화인듐주석의 대체물질로 유망하다. 그러나, 산화아연 박막 및 나노막대는 대부분 c-축 방향으로의 성장이 보고되고 있다. 하지만, c-축으로 성장하는 극성 산화아연은 자발분극과 압전분극을 갖으며 이는 quantum confinement Stark effect (QCSE)를 발생시킨다. 그러므로, 반극성과 무극성 산화아연의 연구가 활발히 진행 되고 있다. 더욱이, 산화아연 나노구조체는 넓은 표면적, 높은 용해도, 광범위한 적용분야 등의 이점으로 많은 연구가 이뤄지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 m-면 사파이어 기판 위에 원자층 증착법을 이용하여 비극성 산화아연의 박막을 형성 후 전기화학증착법을 이용하여 반극성 산화아연 막대를 성장하고 이에 대한 성장 메커니즘을 분석하였다. 반극성 (10-11) 산화아연 나노구조체를 성장하기 위하여 두 단계 공정을 이용하였다. 먼저 원자층 증착법을 이용하여 m-면 사파이어 기판 위에 60 nm의 산화아연 씨앗층을 $195^{\circ}C$에서 성장 하였다. X-선 회절분석을 통하여 m-면 사파이어 위에 성장한 산화아연 씨앗층이 무극성 (10-10)으로 성장한 것을 확인하였다. 무극성 산화아연 씨앗층 위에 나노구조체를 형성하기 위하여 전기화학 증착법을 이용하여 주 공정이 진행되었다. 전구체로는 질산아연헥사수화물 ($Zn(NO3)2{\cdot}6H2O$)과 헥사메틸렌테트라민을 ((CH2)6N4)을 사용하였다. 무극성 산화아연 기판을 질산아연헥사수화물과 헥사메틸렌테트라민을 용해한 전해질에 담근 뒤 $70^{\circ}C$에서 두시간 동안 -1.0V의 정전압을 인가하였다. SEM을 이용한 표면 분석에서 원자층 증착법을 이용해 성장한 무극성 산화아연 씨앗층 위에 산화아연 나노구조체를 성장 시, 한 방향으로 기울어진 반극성 산화아연 나노구조체가 성장하는 것이 관찰되었다. 산화아연 막대의 성장 시간에 따라 XRD를 측정한 결과, 성장 초기에는 매우 약한 $31.5^{\circ}$ (100), $34.1^{\circ}$ (002), $36^{\circ}$ (101) 부근의 피크가 관찰되는 반면, 성장 시간이 증가함에 따라 강한 $36^{\circ}$ 부근의 피크가 관찰되는 X-선 회절 분석 결과를 얻을 수 있었다. 이는, 성장 초기에는 여러 방향의 나노구조체가 성장하였지만 성장시간이 점차 증가함에 따라 (101) 방향으로 우선 성장되는 것을 확인하였다.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.233-247
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• 2020

This study was carried out at 5 sites 11 times over two years to identify the variation of benthic environments and benthic polychaetous community and analyze the benthic healthiness in Dangdong Bay, a small semi-enclosed inner bay of Jinhae Bay. The temperature of bottom water showed the typical temporal fluctuation of a temperate zone and was in the range of 5.94 ~ 23.94℃. The salinity did not change significantly during the study period and was in the range of 32.93 ~ 35.72 psu. The concentration of dissolved oxygen of bottom water fluctuated a great deal and was in the range of 0.31 ~ 10.20 mg/L. The lowest DO value was recorded in July 2015, as 0.31±0.04 mg/L corresponding to the hypoxic water mass. The hypoxic water mass was formed continuously at some sites also in July and August 2016. The mean grain size was in the range of 7.57 ~ 9.81Ø and the average was 8.89±0.20Ø. The surface sediments were mainly composed of fine sediment (mud) above 85%. The mean of TOC was 3.09±0.22% and LOI was 13.30±0.47%, showing very high levels in Korean coastal waters. The concentration of AVS was in the range of 0.33 ~ 1.28 mgS/g-dry. The high values of organic contents and AVS indicated that there had been the serious organic enrichment in Dangdong Bay. The number of species and the density of the benthic polychaetous community in Dangdong Bay were in the range of 2 ~ 38 species and 2 ~ 2,185 ind./㎡ during the study period. The number of species and density were highly sustained in winter and spring, and then decreased gradually with the formation of a hypoxic water mass in summer, and the lowest number of species and density were recorded in autumn. In September and November 2015, the dead zone expanded to almost the whole study area. Dominant polychaetous species were Capitella capitata, Lumbrineris longifolia, Paraprionospio patiens and Sigambra tentaculata, each known as opportunistic species and potential organic pollutant indicator species. In particular, Paraprionospio patiens showed a very high population density of 2,019 ind./㎡ in December 2016. Polychaetous communities at each sampling time were classified into 4 temporal groups according to dominant species in each period by cluster analysis and nMDS. 'Period Group AI' was formed in winter and spring of 2015, dominated by Capitella capitata, 'Period AII' in summer dominated by Lumbrineris longifolia, 'Period B' in autumn with no fauna in the dead zone, and particularly 'Period C' in winter of 2016 dominated by Paraprionospio patiens. As a result of analysis of benthic healthiness, the study area was estimated to be in a Fair~Very Poor condition by AMBI and in a Poor~Very Poor condition by BPI during the study period. Both AMBI and BPI showed that the study area was in a Very Poor condition in September and November 2015, and when the dead zone occurred. In Dongdong Bay, the fact that the formation of a hypoxic water mass occurred in summer and a dead zone in autumn were confirmed. In addition, the dominance of opportunistic and organic pollutant indicator species was also observed clearly. The benthic healthiness indexes such as AMBI and BPI showed that organic enrichment was serious in Dangdong Bay.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.163-187
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• 2006

Taxonomic studies were conducted to evaluate the interspecific relationships in Viola albida var. albida and its related taxa using seven populations for morphology, palynology and anatomy. Molecular phylogenetic studies were also examined in 28 populations including 19 Korean, four Chinese, two Japanese, one American population and two outgroups using nrITS, and 27 populations except V pinnata for trnL-F region of chloroplast DNA. Morphological differences was observed among seven populations of three species in leaf shape, but characters such as serrate number of leaf margins, petal size, pistil shape were showed overlap between populations. Pollen shape of seven populations was monad and grain shape on the polar axis was semi-angular. Morphology of aperture was tri-colporate, and the surface sculpturing was scabrate in rugulate. The grain shape of equatorial view of five populations was prolate whereas V albida var. taknhashii type 1 and V albida var. chaerophylloides type 3 were subprolate. The anatomical characters of rnidvein of leaf, petiole, peduncle, root were also described for the species. The stomatal apparatus of the leaves was observed only in abaxial surface, and the number of stoma per unit ($mm^2$) were abundant in incised than lobate or cleft margin of the leaves. The nrITS analysis shows that V. pinnata and V. dissecta was monophyletic and occupied a basal position in the V. albida var. albida and its related taxa. The other clade including infraspecific populations of V. albida, and V. eizanensis was paraphyletic. The trnL-F noncoding region analysis was similar to the ITS tree. According to the above observations in morphology, palynology, anatomy, and molecular phylogenetic analysis, the significant differences were not found except for leaf shape in Viola albida var. albida and its related taxa, therefore V. albida var. takanhashii and V. albida var. chaerophylloides were considered to be an infraspecific taxa of V. albida var. albida rather than an independent species, subvariety or variety of V. pinnata and V. dissecta.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.183-194
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• 1990

In an attempt to develop prophylactic and therapeutic measures of the intestinal giant-cystic disease caused by Thelohanellus kitauei in the Israel carp, Cyprinus carpio nodus, pathological observations were conducted upon the carps which were hatched in May 1988 and raised in a net cage fish farm at the Soyang lake, managed by Horim Fisheries for the period of 21 months with 1~2 months interval. After a gross inspection of the carps, necropsy was carried out periodically in order to clarify the pathological changes in various internal organs and muscular tissues. Also. the prevalence of the disease was checked during the period from 1988 to 1990. Gross inspections revealed that the infected carps showed some degree of fading in body and gill color, back-emaciation symptoms, reddish anus accompanying erosion and relaxation and pot-belly, as well as discharge of yellowish white mucoid material from the anus. However, most carps died eventually of intestinal obstruction. Other significant necropsy fadings included cyst formation of various size in the intestinal mucosa, ascites, anemic condition through internal organs and muscular tissues, hyperemia and dilation of intestines with decreased tension, thinness and fragility, and full contents of semi-fluid or yellowish white mucoid material in the intestinal canals. Based on the morphological characteristics of the spores found in the cysts, parasitic location in the intestines, macro- and microscopic findings of the lesions, the parasites were identised as Thelohanellus kitauei Egusa os Nakajima, 1981. Although monthly changes of water temperature were distinct, the extrusion rates of the polar filaments of the spores stayed constant throughout the year with an exception of a lower rate in July, The lesions initiated from mucosa and submucosa in early July became large swellings and then complete mature (orms following the peracute course. From late August the upper cysts were gradually opened and most of the spores were dispersed from anus into the surrounding water through December but only a few lasted until next April. The cysts were completely recovered until next September. Comparing the incidence and prevalence of the disease by year tremendous infection and death rates were checked in the first prevalent year, 1988, but the rates were significantly decreased in the second year, and showed an almost normal status in the third year, 1990. As the above summarized results showed, the disease entity might come to an end in three years after the first prevalent year, however, the spores must be strictly prevented because they could be infective in the water for one year.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.35 no.6_1
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• pp.933-944
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• 2019

This study analyzes the tide deformation of land boundary regions on the east (Region A) and west (Region B) sides of the Ross Ice Shelf in Antarctica using Double-Differential Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (DDInSAR). A total of seven Sentinel-1A SAR images acquired in 2015-2016 were used to estimate the accuracy of tide prediction model and Young's modulus of ice shelf. First, we compared the Ross Sea Height-based Tidal Inverse (Ross_Inv) model, which is a representative tide prediction model for the Antarctic Ross Sea, with the tide deformation of the ice shelf extracted from the DDInSAR image. The accuracy was analyzed as 3.86 cm in the east region of Ross Ice Shelf and it was confirmed that the inverse barometric pressure effect must be corrected in the tide model. However, in the east, it is confirmed that the tide model may be inaccurate because a large error occurs even after correction of the atmospheric effect. In addition, the Young's modulus of the ice was calculated on the basis of the one-dimensional elastic beam model showing the correlation between the width of the hinge zone where the tide strain occurs and the ice thickness. For this purpose, the grounding line is defined as the line where the displacement caused by the tide appears in the DDInSAR image, and the hinge line is defined as the line to have the local maximum/minimum deformation, and the hinge zone as the area between the two lines. According to the one-dimensional elastic beam model assuming a semi-infinite plane, the width of the hinge region is directly proportional to the 0.75 power of the ice thickness. The width of the hinge zone was measured in the area where the ground line and the hinge line were close to the straight line shown in DDInSAR. The linear regression analysis with the 0.75 power of BEDMAP2 ice thickness estimated the Young's modulus of 1.77±0.73 GPa in the east and west of the Ross Ice Shelf. In this way, more accurate Young's modulus can be estimated by accumulating Sentinel-1 images in the future.