• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.20-27
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• 1980

This experiment was to study semen properties of Charolais for the a, pp.ication ot artificial insemination. The result obtained were summarized as follows: 1. In the preservation of liquid semen for 6 days, the survival rates of Charolais semen averaged 57.14% in skim milk solution and 58.17% in tris buffer solution. There were not differences. 2. Recovery of semen after thawing was vigorous in the semen that was diluted and frozen in 48 hrs. 3. The real rates of survival sperm for Charolais averaged 83% after living sperm was diluted and stained for 6 days. 4. Methylene blue reduction test diluted semen was fresh when it was diluted within 48 hrs. 5. If the diluted semen was preserved below 5$^{\circ}C$ in Charolais, the pH decreased by 0.2 in a day. 6. Diluted semen was more resistant to the cold shock than fresh semen. 7. In resistance against hot shock, sperm was almost dead in 20 minutes in 46.5$^{\circ}C$ in diluted semen, while it was dead in 30 minutes in 42.5$^{\circ}C$ in diluted semen. 8. In examination of morphological changes of sperm acrosome for 6 days, normal sperm in skim milk solution and tris buffer solution was 80% and 76.97% respectively, swelling sperm 12.8% and 15.27%, deficient sperm 0.6% and 0.97% abnormal staining 3.07% and 5.25%, immature sperm 0.28%, and 0.23%, whereas other abnormal sperm was 1.28% and 1.42%.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.61-69
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• 2016

Objectives : This study is to propose discriminative keys with stereoscope for minute seed herbs easily mixed up, but hard to discriminate by naked eyes: Alli Tuberosi Semen(ATS)✳Alli Fistulosi Semen(AFS), Malvae Semen(MS)✳ Abutili Semen(AS), Plantaginis Semen(PS)✳Schizonepetae Semen(SS).Objectives : We reviewed the description of original plants and medicinal herbs from literature. The specimen of original plant were collected, determinated and compared to samples in the market. Primary classification was performed with naked eyes. and we found out other discrimination keys for non-distinctive herbs with stereoscope. Discrimination keys were set as the morphological criteria of authentic herbs, percentage of adulteration, and standards for discriminating genuine herbs from adulteration.Results : 1) ATS is bigger, has reticulate pattern on protuberant side and unique garlic chives taste. AFS which is usually mixed up, is smaller, has 1~2 ridges and unique welsh onion taste. 2) MS is smaller, has no villus, but its length of bumps are similar. AS easily mixed up, is bigger and has white villus. Its upper side bump is longer and more sharp. 3) PS has dent at middle of the back side. It becomes very sticky when it is put or boiled in water. SS which can be mixed up has no dent and low viscosity compared to PS.Conclusions : With this result, we propose discriminative keys which can identify the original plants and processed herbal state of six herbs. Because minute medicinal herbs are hardly distinguishable by sensory test, It is essential to differentiate by using stereoscope.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.245-266
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• 1984

As a fundamental study to increase the reproductive efficiency in cattle, highly motile sperm were separated and collected from raw semen, extended semen and frozen semen by different methods using various concentrations of bovine serum albumin or Tyrode's solution. Various characteristics and light microscopic and electron-microscopic morphology of sperm separated by different methods were compared. The results obtained were as follows; 1. The sperm separated from raw semen using bovine serum albumin showed significantly high value in motility, motile sperm count, percent of normal sperm and progressive motility, as compared with control sperm and revealed the highest sperm recovery rate when separated with 6% bovine serum albumin. 2. The sperm motility, percent of normal sperm and progressive motility of the highly motile sperm frozen after being separated from raw semen with bovine serum albumin, showed significantly high value than those of a control sperm and especially found the highest value when separated with 20% bovine serum albumin. 3. Light-microscopic percent of abnormality was significantly low in the prefrozen and postfrozen highly motile sperm separated with bovine serum albumin, as compared with control sperm. 4. Electron-microscopic finding of the highly motile sperm separated with bovine serum albumin showed low percent of deformity in the dilatation and vesiculation of cell membrane, in dilatation and density loss of acrosome than in those of control sperm. 5. It was impossible to separate the highly motile sperm from frozen semen with bovine serum albumin, but it was possible with Tyrode's solution. 6. Recovery rate of highly motile sperm from raw semen extended semen and frozen semen was the highest when the sperm pellet stood in Tyrde's solution for 80 minutes. 7. The highly motile sperm separated from raw semen, extended semen and frozen semen with Tyrode's solution showed significantly high value in motility, progressive motility and percent of normal sperm, as compared with control sperm. 8. Highly motile sperm, when separated from raw semen, extended semen and frozen semen with Tyrode's solution, showed significantly low percent of microscopic abnormality as compared with control sperm.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.188-191
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• 1986

This experiment was carried out to examine the correlation among the semen characteristics of Holstein bulls. Seventy-two samples of semen were collected from 6 Holstein bulls, 2 to 10 years old. The characteristics of the semen were estimated by ordinary methods. The results obtained in this experiment were summarized as follows: 1. Semen characteristics on an average were 6.0 ml of volume, 16${\times}$108/ml of concentration, 92.4${\times}$108 of total sperm number(TSN), 72.1% of motility and 4.6% of abnormality. 2. Semen volume was positively high correlated (P<0.01) with total sperm number, but negative correlation was observed with the sperm motility (P<0.05) and semen concentration. 3. In relation to their age, older bulls semen volume and total sperm number were increased (P<0.01), but semen concentration and motility were decreased (P<0.01).

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.420-430
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• 2000

These studies were preformed to investigate the freezing conditions to achieve good post-thaw viability of spend and the practical methods of artificial insemination frozen canine semen. Semen were collected from nine male dogs which had been proved to be fertile in the past and the semen were treated for freezing procedure. Post-thaw motility and viability of canine sperm were evaluated to investigate individual tolerance of freezing, difference among freezing extenders, dif-ference among freezing equipments and freezing conditions, difference between fast and slow cooling rate, difference according to different glycerol concentration, effect of seeding on post-thaw viability, difference according to cutting part of straw, difference according to thawing temperatures, and dif-ference according to media added to thawed semen. Thawed semen for insemination were added with equal volnme of canine capacitation medium (CCM) and the volume of semen and the number per insemination were adjusted as 2-3 ml and $20-30 {\times}10^7,$ respectively. The semen were inseminated in vagina using balloon catheter and en17ryos were cellected from 9 to 11 days after the second Al to d determine fertilization.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.249-252
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• 2007

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of administration of Prostaglandin $F_2{\alpha}$ ($PGF_2{\alpha}$) on semen collection training and semen characteristics in sexually inexperienced boars. Boars were moved individually to a semen collection pen and were trained to mount dummy sow. During the first and second semen collection secessions, 4 out of 17 boars and 4 out of remaining 13 boars allowed collection of semen. The 9 boars that failed semen collection from first 2 attempts received immediately 15 mg of $PGF_2{\alpha}$ i.m. (intramuscular injection) upon entering the collection pen for semen collection resulted in successful semen collection from all 9 boars. Total numbers of spermatozoa were higher in $PGF_2{\alpha}$ treated boars but there was no significant difference in % motility kinematics characteristics between control and $PGF_2{\alpha}$ treated groups during 72 hr period. Overall, administration of $PGF_2{\alpha}$ in sexually inexperienced boars increased the sex drive and facilitated the mounting activity to the dummy sow for semen collection.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.13-17
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• 1993

This study was conducted to determine the cost of production of semen and the rate of conception for artificial insemination in eight randomly selected districts of Bangladesh. A sample of 640 adopting farms were investigated. Results indicate that the cost of liquid semen per dose on full-cost and cash cast basis were Tk. 16.17 and Tk. 14.48, while the cost of locally produced exotic semen and imported semen were Tk. 31.25 and Tk. 110.00 respectively. The cost of liquid semen per insemination, per conception and per progeny on full-cost were Tk. 26.65, Tk. 50.64, and Tk. 56.27 respectively and on cash cost were Tk. 23.88, Tk. 45.37 and Tk. 50.41 respectively. The average cost of semen paid by the farmers was Tk. 14.00 and it was higher in urban areas than in rural areas. Out of the cost of A.I. centres, government had subsidized 92.16 percent and the rest 7.84 percent accrued as returns. About 40 percent of the produced semen was lost in the system which could not be used at all. The conception rate on first insemination was 53.6 percent. The rate increased to 73.2 percent upto the last insemination. The difference in conception rate between liquid semen (69.97%) and frozen semen (70.48%) was not statistically significant.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.33-38
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• 2013

Objectives : The present study has been undertaken to investigate the effects of Carthami Semen and Jogyeongjongok-Tang on pregnant rats. Method : In this experiment, the pregnant rats were administered by water extracts of Carthami Semen and Jogyeongjongok-Tang. The levels of weights, ALT, AST, ALP, BUN, creatinine, progesterone, Na and K in serum and reproductive indices of the rats were measured after treatment. Results : The levels of body weight gains were not significantly changed in comparison with Control group in Carthami Semen group and Jogyeongjongok-Tang group. In the levels of reproductive indices of the rats, the number of corpora lutea, implantation and viable fetuses, post-implantation loss, fetal weight and placental wight were not significantly changed in comparison with Control group in Carthami Semen group and Jogyeongjongok-Tang group. But pre-implantation loss was significantly increased in comparison with Control group in Carthami Semen group. The levels of BUN, creatine, ALT, AST and ALP were not significantly changed in comparison with Control group in Carthami Semen group and Jogyeongjongok-Tang group. The level of progesterone was not significantly changed in comparison with Control group in Carthami Semen group and Jogyeongjongok-Tang group. The levels of Na and K were not significantly changed in comparison with Control group in Carthami Semen group and Jogyeongjongok-Tang group. Conclusion : Reviewing these experimetal results, it appeared that Carthami Semen and Jogyeongjongok-Tang had not toxicity on pregnant rats.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.405-409
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• 1997

This study was carried out to investigate the general characteristics such as semen volume, pH, sperm motility and sperm concentration of the semen collected from Korean Jindo dogs by the mothod of Digital manipulation of penis, and the effect of temperature and preservation time on motility of fresh semen. Multiple ejaculates were collected from four male Korean Jindo dogs. The results obtained in this experiment were as follows : 1. Average semen volume per ejaculate, semen pH, sperm motility and sperm concentration of the second fraction and the small volume of third fraction from the ejaculate were 3.29ml, 6.30, 96.70% and 1.64$\times$108 cells/ml, respectively. 2. Average semen volume per ejaculate, semen pH, sperm motility and sperm concentration of the first fraction from the ejaculate were 1.16ml, 6.10, 6.67% and 5.07$\times$105cells/ml. Average semen volume per ejaculate, semen pH, sperm motility and sperm concentration of the second fraction from the ejaculate were 2.30ml, 6.33, 97.66% and 1.92$\times$108cells/ml. Average semen volume per ejaculate, semen pH, sperm motility and sperm concentration of the third fraction from the ejaculate were 3.24ml, 6.51, 93.33% and 3.13$\times$107cells/ml. 3. Motility of fresh semen during preservation were higher at 17$^{\circ}C$ than at 5$^{\circ}C$ or 36$^{\circ}C$. When preservation temeprature was 17$^{\circ}C$, motility were 95.75% at 1 h, 90.00% at 6 h, 84.25% at 12 h, 68.00% at 18 h, 36.25% at 24 h and 28.75% at 30 h, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.319-326
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• 2010

Bacteroiospermia is a frequently finding in fresh raw and extended porcine semen and can results in detrimental effects on semen quality and longevity. This study aims to evaluate the type of bacterial contaminants in raw and extended porcine semen and the reducing effect of antibiotic test. To investigate bacterial contaminants, out of 387 sample (raw semen 201, extended semen 186) were collected from 6 artifical insemination centers in Gyeongsangnam-do, were inoculated onto blood agar and MacKonkey agar, respectively. Bacterial colonies were selected after culturing for 48 hours, at $37^{\circ}C$, followed by Gram staining, KOH test, oxidase test, catalase test and eventually identified using VITEK System. Total 15 genus and 24 species of bacteria were isolated from these semen samlpes. In raw semen, the most prevalent contaminants were Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus auricularis, Delftia acidovorans, Acinetobacter lowffii, S. aureus and others. And in extended porcine semen, A. lowffii, S. aureus, S. auricularis and other bacteria were identified. Most of them was G(-), which is nonpathogenic bacteria. It seems that bacterial contaminants in fresh raw and extended porcine semen originated from multiple sources at the farms/stud, and were from animal origin and non-animal origins. Whereas, the 7 virus which is known to be detected in porcine semen in 75 cases was not detected. This results showed that removal of bacterial contamination in raw and extended porcine semen is essential and farms were kept for biosecurity and individual hygienes.