• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.207-218
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• 1970

우리나라 김치의 공업적 생산에 이바지 하고저 본 연구에서는 김치의 경제적이고 실용적인 포장방법과 제품의 신선도를 장기간 유지시킬 수 있는 저장방법의 개발을 시도하였다. 1. Panel test의 결과 우리나라 사람들의 식성은 김치의 적정산도가 젖산으로서 0.4%부터 0.75% 사이에 있을 때를 가식범위로 하고 있으며 최적 성숙시기는 0.5%부근임을 알았다. 그런데 냉장이나 방부제 사용의 경우에는 포장 후에도 제품의 성숙이 미약하게나마 계속되므로 이를 감안하여 적정산도 0.45% 정도인 약간 미숙한 시기가 포장적기라 할 수 있다. 저온 가열살균 방법을 이용할 경우는 성숙이 순간적으로 정지되므로 적정산도 0.5%의 시기가 최적 포장적기라 할수 있다. 2. Polyethylene, polypropylene 및 polycello의 3종의 포장 재료중 polyethylene은 대체로 양호한편이나 작업 및 취급 도중 포장의 파열이 빈번하고 김치 냄새의 일산이 심한 것이 단점이며 , polypropylene은 전자 보다는 훨씬 우수하며 포장이 강인 하고 투명도도 좋으나 역시 냄새의 일산이 다소 있었다. polycello는 물리적인 특성면에 있어서는 거의 이상적인 재료이지만 가격이 비싼 것이 단점이었다. 그리고 김치포장시 플라스틱 필름의 두께는 0.08mm가 가장 적당하였다. 3. 냉동방법에 의한 김치 저장은 장기간 제품을 산패없이 보존할 수는 있으나 해동시 배추 조직으로부터의 탈수 현상이 일어나 김치의 texture가 불량하게 되므로 적당한 방법이라 할 수 없었다. 4. 냉장방법은 김치의 신선도를 오랫동안 잘 유지시키는 데에 있어서는 가장 좋은 방법이었다. 냉장온도는 $0^{\circ}C$가 최적이었고 3개월 정도의 저장이 가능하였다. 5. 방부제에 의한 김치의 저장은 대체로 큰 효과를 얻을 수 없었는데 사용한 방부제 중에서는 potassium sorbate가 가장 좋은 결과를 나타내었으며 이에 의한 저장 가능 기간은 $20^{\circ}C$에서 4일 $30^{\circ}C$에서 2일 정도이었다. 6. 저온 가열 살균 방법에 있어서는 제품의 크기 및 두께가 열 침투에 크게 영향을 미쳐 살균정도를 좌우하였다. 얻어진 결과로서는 1.5cm 정도의 포장 두께에서 $65^{\circ}C$, 20분간의 가열 살균이 최적이며 이렇게 처리된 김치는 신선도가 별로 손상되지 않고 실온에서 1개월정도 저장이 가능하였다. 7. 병합처리 방법으로는 방법으로는 방부제와 저온 가열 처리의 복합방법, 방부제와 냉장의 복합방법, 그리고 열처리와 냉장의 복합방법을 실험하였는데 앞의 두 방법은 별로 처리 효과가 없었으나 세번째 방법은 상당히 좋은 효과가 있어 가열처리 후 상온에 저장하였을 때 일어나는 조직의 점진적인 변화가 방지될 뿐더러 냉장만을 적용할때 오는 발효의 진행을 중지시켜 4개월 이상 김치를 신선하게 유지시킬 수 있었다. 이때 가열처리 조건은 $65^{\circ}C$에서 20분간이었으며 냉장온도는 $4^{\circ}C$였다.

• Strategy21
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• 통권30호
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• pp.99-142
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• 2012

Withe increased North Korea's security threats, the South Korean navy has been faced with deteriorating security environment. While North Korea has increased asymmetric forces in the maritime and underwater with the development of nuclear weapons, and China and Japan have made a large investment in the buildup of naval forces, the power of the Pacific fleet of the US, a key ally is expected to be weakened. The biggest threat comes from China's intervention in case of full-scale war with North Korea, but low-density conflict issues are also serious problems. North Korea has violated the Armistice Agreement 2,660 times since the end of Korean War, among which the number of marine provocations reaches 1,430 times, and the tension over the NLL issue has been intensifying. With tension mounting between Korea and Japan over the Dokdo issue and conflict escalating with China over Ieo do Islet, the US Navy has confronted situation where it cannot fully concentrate on the security of the Korean peninsula, which leads to need for strengthening of South Korea's naval forces. Let's look at naval forces of neighboring countries. North Korea is threatening South Korean navy with its increased asymmetric forces, including submarines. China has achieved the remarkable development of naval forces since the promotion of 3-step plan to strengthen naval power from 1989, and it now retains highly modernized naval forces. Japan makes an investment in the construction of stat of the art warship every year. Since Japan's warship boasts of its advanced performance, Japan's Maritime Self Defense Force is evaluated the second most powerful behind the US Navy on the assumption that submarine power is not included in the naval forces. In this situation, naval power construction of South Korean navy should be done in phases, focusing on the followings; First, military strength to repel the energy warship quickly without any damage in case of battle with North Korea needs to be secured. Second, it is necessary to develop abilities to discourage the use of nuclear weapons of North Korea and attack its nuclear facilities in case of emergency. Third, construction of military power to suppress armed provocations from China and Japan is required. Based on the above naval power construction methods, the direction of power construction is suggested as follows. The sea fleet needs to build up its war potential to defeat the naval forces of North Korea quickly and participate in anti-submarine operations in response to North Korea's provocations. The task fleet should be composed of 3 task flotilla and retain the power to support the sea fleet and suppress the occurrence of maritime disputes with neighboring countries. In addition, it is necessary to expand submarine power, a high value power asset in preparation for establishment of submarine headquarters in 2015, develop anti-submarine helicopter and load SLAM-ER missile onto P-3C patrol aircraft. In case of maine corps, division class military force should be able to conduct landing operations. It takes more than 10 years to construct a new warship. Accordingly, it is necessary to establish plans for naval power construction carefully in consideration of reality and future. For the naval forces to safeguard maritime sovereignty and contribute to national security, the acquisition of a huge budget and buildup of military power is required. In this regard, enhancement of naval power can be achieved only through national, political and military understanding and agreement. It is necessary to let the nation know that modern naval forces with improved weapon system can serve as comprehensive armed forces to secure the command of the sea, perform defense of territory and territorial sky and attack the enemy's strategic facilities and budget inputted in the naval forces is the essential source for early end of the war and minimization of damage to the people. If the naval power construction is not realized, we can be faced with a national disgrace of usurpation of national sovereignty of 100 years ago. Accordingly, the strengthening of naval forces must be realized.

• 치위생과학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2007

이 연구는 치과 진료실에서 치과위생사의 감염예방 실태를 파악하여 치과위생사가 감염예방을 실천하는데 기초 자료로 제공하고자 한다. 연구 대상은 2005년 10월과 11월에 인천경기도회와 서울시회 보수교육에 참여한 치과위생사로 하였으며, 감염 예방에 관한 설문조사를 자기기입방식으로 시행하였다. 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 감염예방 교육경험은 "있다"로 응답한 자가 72명(42.9%)이었고, "없다"고 응답한 자가 96명(57.1%)이었고 감염예방 교육경로를 보면 "근무병원 자체 교육을 통해서"가 42명(58%)으로 가장 많았다. 2. 손상 경험은 "있다"로 응답한 자가 147명(87.5%)이었고 "없다"로 응답한 자가 21명(12.5%)이었으며, 손상 경험이 있는 대상자 147명의 전체 연 평균 손상 횟수는 7.7회였다. 손상을 입힌 기구 명으로는 "explorer"가 125(75%)명으로 가장 많았다. 3. 감염성 질환에 감염된 경험은 "있다"로 응답한 자가 6명(3.6%)이었는데 질환으로는 "B형 간염"이 4명으로 가장 많았고, "풍진" 1명, "결핵" 1명이었다. 4. 실천 점수가 높은 문항은 "2. 나는 진료 후에 손을 씻는다(1.86점)", "7. 나는 국소 마취 후 마취주사바늘 뚜껑을 덮는다(1.86점)", "20. 나는 폐기물을 분리수거하여 적출물처리업자에게 위탁 한다(1.85점)"이었으며, 실천 점수가 낮은 문항은 "16. 나는 진료복을 하루에 한번 갈아입는다(0.24점)"와 "감염성 환자 진료 후에는 진료복을 매번 세탁 한다(0.52점)"이었다. 5. 지식도가 가장 높은 문항은 "1. 치과 진료를 하는 동안에 전염은 감염원, 전염방법, 전염경로, 감염되기 쉬운 숙주에 의해 좌우 된다(0.95점)" 이었으며 지식도가 가장 낮은 문항은 "5. HBV(B형간염)는 95oC에서 5분 이상 가열해야 파괴 된다(0.27점)"이였다. 6. 조직관련 요인 점수가 가장 높은 문항은 "나는 필요한 경우 마스크, 장갑 등의 보호 장구가 항상 이용 가능하다(0.89점)"이었으며 가장 점수가 낮은 문항은 으로 "내가 일하는 곳에는 감염과 관련된 위험한 상황에 노출되었을 때 참고할 수 있는 지침서가 있다(0.33점)" 이었다. 7. 진료환경에서 세면대와 진료실의 거리는 "1미터 미만"이 116명(69.0%), 소독실과 진료실의 거리는 "2미터 미만"이 77명(45.8%)으로 가장 많았으며 보호 장구 구비 현황은 마스크(일회용) 168명(100%), 일회용 장갑(라텍스) 167명(99.4%)으로 대부분 구비되어 있었다. 반면 안면 보호대는 응답자수가 108(64.3%)명으로 가장 적었다. 소독, 멸균기에서는 autoclave가 있다고 응답한 자가 165명(98.2%)이었다.

• 의료법학
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.109-132
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• 2019

최근 수술 관련 의료사고가 증가하고, 일부 의료사고가 보건범죄와 연루되었다는 사실이 언론에 보도되었다. 환자단체는 수술실 내 CCTV 설치 및 운영 의무화를 촉구하였고, 이에 대한 이해관계인들의 논의가 활발히 이루어지고 있어 관련 법령에 대한 검토가 필요한 상황이다. 본 연구에서는 수술실 CCTV에 대한 특성을 파악하고, 수술실 CCTV 설치 및 운영에 관련 법령에 대해 비판적으로 검토하고자 한다. 현재 의료기관 내에서 CCTV는 시설물 관리용 및 환자안전관리용을 주목적으로 사용되고, 수술실의 경우 의료기관이 선택적으로 CCTV를 설치 및 운영하고 있다. 헌법은 모든 개인의 사생활 및 통신의 비밀과 자유를 침해받지 않을 권리를 보장하고 있으나, 이는 공공복리를 위해 법률로써 제한할 수 있다고 규정하고 있다. 그러나, 수술실 CCTV 설치 및 운영과 관련하여 법률이 현재 존재하지 않기 때문에 이는 법률의 흠결에 해당할 수 있다. 현 법체계상으로는 수술실 CCTV 설치가 의무화될 경우 정보주체인 의료진의 권리에도 불구하고 보건의료서비스 공급자의 특성상 개인정보자기결정권을 침해받을 가능성이 크다. 또한, 영상정보처리기기운영자의 CCTV 조작 시 열람과 업무 중 알게 되는 비밀의 누설에 관한 제한규정이 미흡한 상태여서 영상정보의 안전성이 위협받을 수 있다. 나아가, 수술실 CCTV의 경우 영상정보 보관기간, 보관장소 등이 명확히 규정되지 않는다면 환자안전과 의료사고 예방이라는 본래 목적에 부합되지 못할 가능성이 크다. 수술실 CCTV 설치 및 운영에 대해서 현재 활발하게 논의가 이루어지고 있고, 관련 의안이 몇 차례 발의되고 있어 이에 대한 법적 검토의 필요성이 증가하고 있지만 이에 관한 선행연구가 거의 없다는 측면에서 본 연구의 의의가 있다. 향후 수술실 CCTV 설치 및 운영 관련 법령 제·개정 시 본 연구 결과를 활용할 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

• 복식
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• 제33권
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• pp.117-142
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• 1997

This study is on perfume case that is one of a great number of ornaments which was designed by out ancestors. We had developed the tradition and the history of perfume case bag fan-weight etc. These have the same function as the present perfume. case. There were basket-shaped perfume cases which were the smellest one among the personal girdle ornaments in the silla era. The various patterned perfume case were made of gold metal coral platinum or green jadeite etc. In the single-crop trinkets a embroidered perfume bag with the gold and silver thread whose forms perfectly match their functions appeared during the Yi Dynasty. There was also a perfume bag which was one of the daily necessities. A precious "jul perfume" was carried by noble women. A fan-weight perfume bag was attached to the fan to emphasize the intrinsic beauty of utility and function. It is necessary to know the function of prefume case. As perfume case is weared on the clothes it was given more decorative effects as well as the function of medicinal amulet with a sweet smell. Therefore it is very important for us to study perfume case that has various function as an ornament. So The purpose of this study is to investigate the practical and decorative side of perfume case with the general examines of perfume finding how to practice use through our life. The results were as follows; 1. The first use of perfume is perfume through smoke which is for ceremony of religion It removes human body odor by degrees and spreads a sweet odor. Also the materials for making perfume of early age is aromatic plants which will be used flour-made flowers stems. As the materials for making perfume use is increasing today we can invent alcohol perfume today 2. Our country the custom of perfume-used is wide. Among them men's perfume-used was very special phenomenon. For example men were wearing perfume bag in the Silla era. Because perfume represented wealth and noble in those days. They shew off social position personality through perfume-used. 3. One of early religion ceremony article there was the perfume. And perfume case was means for containing perfume. Gradually the perfume case was used widly as increasing needs of perfume in human life. 4. In the middle period of 'Koryo' Dynasty perfume cases had a close relationship with clothes but after Mongolian has been attacked 'Koryo' there were changes in wearing clothes therefore the position of perfume cases were transfered to coat string that was the origin of decoration style that they began. That is to say the perfume case has been influenced the position of perfume case shapes with changing of fashion. 5. The perfume case has been made manifest various function as an ornament. In the practical side First medical-perfume in perfume case has been played an important role in first-aid medicine in critical condition. Second it was amulet for self protection. That is the shape pattern color materials perfume of the perfume case was represented the amuletive nature. Third it was used as substitute article of perfume. Modern women use liquid-perfume as our ancestors used perfume case bag or jul perfume As started above. Also In the decorative side the perfume case has a beautiful formative arts by itself as well as a close relationship with clothes. That well as a close relationship with clothes. That is when the perfume case is worn on the clothes costume is showed aesthetices. That is the materials shapes color pattern of the perfume case we can see the visual beauty also the materials colors embroidered pattern knots tassel that are used the perfume case are increased the decorative beauty of costume. Sixth the symbol in pattern of the pattern case is shown ancetor's wealth and rank health longevity immortality many-born-boy in those days. Today the perfume case is not used with changing of costume by degrees, Accordingly I hope that the result of this study is an influened in devlopment of the perfume case design with matching the modern fashion.

• 한국표면공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국표면공학회 2009년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.111-112
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• 2009

Diamond-like carbon (DLC) is a convenient term to indicate the compositions of the various forms of amorphous carbon (a-C), tetrahedral amorphous carbon (ta-C), hydrogenated amorphous carbon and tetrahedral amorphous carbon (a-C:H and ta-C:H). The a-C film with disordered graphitic ordering, such as soot, chars, glassy carbon, and evaporated a-C, is shown in the lower left hand corner. If the fraction of sp3 bonding reaches a high degree, such an a-C is denoted as tetrahedral amorphous carbon (ta-C), in order to distinguish it from sp2 a-C [2]. Two hydrocarbon polymers, that is, polyethylene (CH2)n and polyacetylene (CH)n, define the limits of the triangle in the right hand corner beyond which interconnecting C-C networks do not form, and only strait-chain molecules are formed. The DLC films, i.e. a-C, ta-C, a-C:H and ta-C:H, have some extreme properties similar to diamond, such as hardness, elastic modulus and chemical inertness. These films are great advantages for many applications. One of the most important applications of the carbon-based films is the coating for magnetic hard disk recording. The second successful application is wear protective and antireflective films for IR windows. The third application is wear protection of bearings and sliding friction parts. The fourth is precision gages for the automotive industry. Recently, exciting ongoing study [1] tries to deposit a carbon-based protective film on engine parts (e.g. engine cylinders and pistons) taking into account not only low friction and wear, but also self lubricating properties. Reduction of the oil consumption is expected. Currently, for an additional application field, the carbon-based films are extensively studied as excellent candidates for biocompatible films on biomedical implants. The carbon-based films consist of carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen, which are biologically harmless as well as the main elements of human body. Some in vitro and limited in vivo studies on the biological effects of carbon-based films have been studied [$2{\sim}5$].The carbon-based films have great potentials in many fields. However, a few technological issues for carbon-based film are still needed to be studied to improve the applicability. Aisenberg and Chabot [3] firstly prepared an amorphous carbon film on substrates remained at room temperature using a beam of carbon ions produced using argon plasma. Spencer et al. [4] had subsequently developed this field. Many deposition techniques for DLC films have been developed to increase the fraction of sp3 bonding in the films. The a-C films have been prepared by a variety of deposition methods such as ion plating, DC or RF sputtering, RF or DC plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD), electron cyclotron resonance chemical vapor deposition (ECR-CVD), ion implantation, ablation, pulsed laser deposition and cathodic arc deposition, from a variety of carbon target or gaseous sources materials [5]. Sputtering is the most common deposition method for a-C film. Deposited films by these plasma methods, such as plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) [6], are ranged into the interior of the triangle. Application fields of DLC films investigated from papers. Many papers purposed to apply for tribology due to the carbon-based films of low friction and wear resistance. Figure 1 shows the percentage of DLC research interest for application field. The biggest portion is tribology field. It is occupied 57%. Second, biomedical field hold 14%. Nowadays, biomedical field is took notice in many countries and significantly increased the research papers. DLC films actually applied to many industries in 2005 as shown figure 2. The most applied fields are mold and machinery industries. It took over 50%. The automobile industry is more and more increase application parts. In the near future, automobile industry is expected a big market for DLC coating. Figure 1 Research interests of carbon-based filmsFigure 2 Demand ratio of DLC coating for industry in 2005. In this presentation, I will introduce a trend of carbon-based coating research and applications.

• 의료법학
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.177-219
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• 2016

상업광고는 경쟁의 수단이자 그 자체 표현양식이기도 하다. 따라서 이는 영업의 자유(헌법 제15조)와 언론 출판의 자유(헌법 제21조 제1항)의 보호를 받는다. 영업의 자유 내지 경쟁과 관련하여서는 부정경쟁행위로서 제재되어야 하는 부당광고와 그 제한이 부당한 경쟁제한으로 오히려 금지될 수 있는 정당한 광고의 구분이 중요하다. 언론 출판의 자유 내지 표현과 관련하여서는 검열금지의 원칙(헌법 제21조 제2항)이 문제된다. 이 글에서는 이들 두 쟁점을 중심으로 (자유)전문직 광고규제, 특히 의료광고를 검토하였다. 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, (자유)전문직 광고, 특히 의료광고라 하더라도 사전심의를 받게 할 것은 아니다. 이는 검열금지가 상업광고에 대하여 적용되어야 한다는 뜻은 아니다. 검열금지를 상업광고에까지 적용하는 것은 부적절하다. 그러나 헌법재판소는 검열금지를 상업광고에 적용하고 있고, 실제로 의료광고에서 사전검열이 필요하다고 보이지도 아니한다. 사전심의를 지지하는 이는 주로 의료에 정보비대칭성이 있고, 잘못된 의료로 인한 해가 중대할 뿐 아니라 회복불가능하다는 점에서 그 근거를 찾는데, 의료법은 의료과오책임과 설명의무로 이에 대응하고 있고 의료광고가 여기에 미치는 영향은 매우 제한되어 있기 때문이다. 사전심의는 전면 폐지하거나 굳이 틀을 유지하려면 심의 받은 광고에 대한 인증제도 또는 완전한 자율규제로 전환하여야 한다. 둘째, (자유)전문직 광고, 특히 의료광고에 대하여 광고 일반보다 더 높은 규제를 가할 근거도 없다. 더 높은 수준의 규제를 가하여야 한다는 주장은 그 근거로 (자유)전문직은 윤리성, 비영리성을 갖고 있고, 특히 의료업은 국민건강보험체제에 편입되어 있는바, 경쟁이 이 체제의 안정성을 해할 수 있다는 점을 지적한다. 그러나 (자유)전문직이라 하더라도 직업윤리 등의 제약 하에 영리를 추구하고 경쟁할 수 있고, 또 실제로 하고 있으며, 의료업이 국민건강보험체제에 편입되어 있다는 사정 또한 경쟁의 수단 등에 일정한 제약을 부과할 뿐 경쟁 자체를 배제하지는 아니한다. 의료업에 대하여 일반 광고규제보다 더 엄격한 광고규제를 가하는 것은 초보의사에 대한 진입장벽으로 작용할 가능성이 높고, 그러한 점에서 경쟁제한적 행위로서 그 정당성이 의심스럽다.

• 한국미생물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국미생물학회 2008년도 International Meeting of the Microbiological Society of Korea
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• pp.39-41
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• 2008

The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been shown to contain three isoforms of citrate synthase (CS). The mitochondrial CS, Cit1, catalyzes the first reaction of the TCA cycle, i.e., condensation of acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate to form citrate [1]. The peroxisomal CS, Cit2, participates in the glyoxylate cycle [2]. The third CS is a minor mitochondrial isofunctional enzyme, Cit3, and related to glycerol metabolism. However, the level of its intracellular activity is low and insufficient for metabolic needs of cells [3]. It has been reported that ${\Delta}cit1$ strain is not able to grow with acetate as a sole carbon source on either rich or minimal medium and that it shows a lag in attaining parental growth rates on nonfermentable carbon sources [2, 4, 5]. Cells of ${\Delta}cit2$, on the other hand, have similar growth phenotype as wild-type on various carbon sources. Thus, the biochemical basis of carbon metabolism in the yeast cells with deletion of CIT1 or CIT2 gene has not been clearly addressed yet. In the present study, we focused our efforts on understanding the function of Cit2 in utilizing $C_2$ carbon sources and then found that ${\Delta}cit1$ cells can grow on minimal medium containing $C_2$ carbon sources, such as acetate. We also analyzed that the characteristics of mutant strains defective in each of the genes encoding the enzymes involved in TCA and glyoxylate cycles and membrane carriers for metabolite transport. Our results suggest that citrate produced by peroxisomal CS can be utilized via glyoxylate cycle, and moreover that the glyoxylate cycle by itself functions as a fully competent metabolic pathway for acetate utilization in S. cerevisiae. We also studied the relationship between Cit1 and apoptosis in S. cerevisiae [6]. In multicellular organisms, apoptosis is a highly regulated process of cell death that allows a cell to self-degrade in order for the body to eliminate potentially threatening or undesired cells, and thus is a crucial event for common defense mechanisms and in development [7]. The process of cellular suicide is also present in unicellular organisms such as yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae [8]. When unicellular organisms are exposed to harsh conditions, apoptosis may serve as a defense mechanism for the preservation of cell populations through the sacrifice of some members of a population to promote the survival of others [9]. Apoptosis in S. cerevisiae shows some typical features of mammalian apoptosis such as flipping of phosphatidylserine, membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation and margination, and DNA cleavage [10]. Yeast cells with ${\Delta}cit1$ deletion showed a temperature-sensitive growth phenotype, and displayed a rapid loss in viability associated with typical apoptotic hallmarks, i.e., ROS accumulation, nuclear fragmentation, DNA breakage, and phosphatidylserine translocation, when exposed to heat stress. Upon long-term cultivation, ${\Delta}cit1$ cells showed increased potentials for both aging-induced apoptosis and adaptive regrowth. Activation of the metacaspase Yca1 was detected during heat- or aging-induced apoptosis in ${\Delta}cit1$ cells, and accordingly, deletion of YCA1 suppressed the apoptotic phenotype caused by ${\Delta}cit1$ mutation. Cells with ${\Delta}cit1$ deletion showed higher tendency toward glutathione (GSH) depletion and subsequent ROS accumulation than the wild-type, which was rescued by exogenous GSH, glutamate, or glutathione disulfide (GSSG). Beside Cit1, other enzymes of TCA cycle and glutamate dehydrogenases (GDHs) were found to be involved in stress-induced apoptosis. Deletion of the genes encoding the TCA cycle enzymes and one of the three GDHs, Gdh3, caused increased sensitivity to heat stress. These results lead us to conclude that GSH deficiency in ${\Delta}cit1$ cells is caused by an insufficient supply of glutamate necessary for biosynthesis of GSH rather than the depletion of reducing power required for reduction of GSSG to GSH.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제54권4호
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• pp.401-407
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• 2015

온실재배 오이에 발생하는 목화진딧물의 발생밀도를 추정하는 표본조사법을 개발하기 위하여 2개년(2013-2014년) 동안 주 전체의 잎별 발생밀도를 조사하였다. 목화진딧물의 공간분포 특성은 일반적으로 사용되는 Taylor's power law(TPL)와 Iwao's patchiness regression (IPR) 두 가지 방법을 이용하여 분포특성을 조사하였다. 목화진딧물의 주 전체 밀도를 대표할 수 있는 표본단위를 일정 잎 위치의 평균밀도와 주 전체의 잎당 평균밀도와의 일반선형 회귀식을 이용하여 결정하였다. 적정 표본단위는 오이 생육기에 따라 달랐는데, 총엽수가 9매 미만일 경우 2매(중위엽과 최하위+1번째 엽), 그 이상인 경우에는 3매(위로부터 4번째, 7번째, 최하위+1번째 엽)를 조사하는 것이 적합하였다. 오이에서 목화진딧물의 공간분포 특성은 TPL과 IPR의 기울기가 모두 "1"보다 커 집중분포를 하고 있었으며, 진딧물의 평균-분산 관계를 TPL이 IPR보다 더 잘 설명하였다. TPL의 기울기와 절편은 연차간에 차이가 없었으며, Green과 Kuno의 식을 이용하여 고정 정확도(D) 수준에서의 축차표본조사법을 개발하였다. 목화진딧물의 축차표본조사법은 Green의 방법이 Kuno에 비해 더 효율적이었다. 목화진딧물의 일정 평균밀도를 추정하기 위해 필요한 조사 주수는 D값과 잎당 평균밀도가 낮을수록 증가하는 경향이었다. 표본조사를 중지할 수 있는 누적 진딧물 수는 D값이 낮을수록, 조사 주수가 적을수록 증가하는 경향이었다. 목화진딧물 잎당 10마리의 밀도를 추정하기 위해 필요한 조사 주수는 13주이었으며, 이 때 조사를 중지하기 위한 누적 진딧물수는 131마리이었다.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.396-417
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• 1991

In order that nursing care an essential quality of nursing practice be acceptable and satisfying, it is necessary that client's culture be respected and that nursing practice be appropriate to that culture. Since cultural elements are an important influence on health practices and life patterns related to medical treatment, recovery from and prevention of disease, nurses need to have an understanding and knowledge of social and cultural phenomena to aid in the planning of nursing interventions. To understand the health practices surrounding health and illness, the health beliefs and practices of both folk and professional healing systems should be ascertained. Cultural data are required to provide care of high quality to clients and to reduce possible conflict between the client and the nurse. It is nursing's goal to provide clients from various cultures with quality nursing care which is satisfying and valuable. The problem addressed by this study was to identify Korean health practices which would contribute to the planning of professional caring practice with the culture : ultimately this study was intended to make a contribution to the development of the science of nursing. The concrete objectives of this study were ; 1) to identify Korean health practices, 2) to interpret the identitial health practices through traditional cultural thought, and 3) to compare the Korean health practices with those of other cultures. The investigator used the ethnosceintific approach outlined by spradly in a qualitative study. To discover ancestral wisdom and knowledge related to traditional health practeces, the subjects of this study were selected from residents of a small rural mountain village in south west Korea, a place considered to be maintaining and transmitting the traditional culture in a relatively well -preserved state because of being isolated from the modern world. The number of subjects was 18, aged 71 to 89. Research data were collected from January 8 to March 31, 1990. Five categories of health practices were identified : “Manage one's own mind”, “Moderation in all thing”, “Live in accord with nature”, “Live in mutuality with others”, and “Live to the best of one's ability”. Values derived from these ways of thinking from Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism help fashion a traditional way of life, examplified by the saying “Benifience to all”. Korean thought and philosophy is influenced primerily by Confucianism, Confucian principles of ethics, embedded deeply in the peoples' minds, form the idea that “heaven and human being are intimately united” based on concept that “heaven is, so to speak, reason”. Twoe Gae's theory of existential subjectivity develops the concept of self which is the basis of the spirit of reverence in modern Confucian philosophy. The human md is granted from heaven out of the idea of matter, and what control the mind is the spirit of reverence. Hence the idea of “The primacy of the mind" and provided that one should control one's own mind. The precepts of duty to parents, respect for elders and worship of ancestors, and moderation in all behavior put a restraint on life which directed that one live earnestly according to Nature's laws with their neighbors. Not only Confucianism, but also Buddism and Taoism have had an important effect upon these patterns of ideas. When compared with western culture, Korean health practices tend to be more inclusive, abstract and intuitive while westerner health practices found to be mere concrete, practical and personal. Values and beliefs based and pragmatism and existentialism infuence western civilization, Ethical values may be founded on utilitarianism, which considers what is good for the persons in their circumstances as the basis of conduct and takes a serious view of their practical lives including human aspirations rather than an absolute truth. These philosophical and ethical ideas are foundations for health practices related to active, practical and progressive attitudes. This study should be enable nursing not only to understand clients as reflections of the traditional culture when planning nursing practice, but to dovelop health education corresponding to cultural requiments for the purpose of protection against disease and improvement of health, and thus promote sound health practice. Eventually it is hoped that through these processes quality nursing care as the central idea of the science of nursing will be achieved.