• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.22-28
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• 2006

Attempts were made to control Diatrype stigma occurred on the bed-log of Shiitake using wood vinegar, Pinus koraiensis extract, Piper nigrum extract, and fungicides. Mycelial growth of D. stigma was inhibited completely at 35,000 ppm and no ascospore germinated at 25,000 ppm wood vinegar. Inhibition rates of Pinus koraiensis extract (200 ppm), and Piper nigrum extract (1,000 ppm) to ascospore germination were 98.9% and 95.9%, respectively. In fungicide selection, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of benomyl, carbendazim, and thiabendazole ranged $0{\sim}0.4\;{\mu}g\;a.i/m{\ell}$. Difenoconazole at $0.08\;{\mu}g\;a.i/m{\ell}$ inhibited 98.9% of ascospore germination. Inhibition efficacy of fungicides was not highly variable among the low-, middle-, and high-temperature type strains of shiitake. Benomyl, carbendazim, thiabendazole and thiophanate-methyl could not suppress the mycelial growth of Shiitake. Tebuconazole at $0.4\;{\mu}g\;a.i/m{\ell}$ suppressed 80% of the mycelial growth and it was the highest inhibition rate among the fungicides. In field trials, wood vinegar, Pinus koraiensis extract, Piper nigrum extract, and fungicides were sprayed on the bed-logs before or after D. stigma produced pycnidia. Wood vinegar at 150,000 ppm concentration, showed control effect of 72.7% in the treatment before pycnidiospore formation. On the other hand, 70,000 ppm wood vinegar and 1,000 ppm of thiophanate-methyl showed control effects of 58.1% and 52.3% in the treatment after pycnidiospore formation.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.90-97
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• 1987

An attempt was done at the Yeongnam Crop Experiment Station in 1986-'87 to obtain herbicide tolerant variant through cell culture. Immatured rice grain was more rapidly and efficiently formed callus in dehulled rice culture method for both rice cultivar types, Tongil type (Indica/Japonica) and Japonica-type. However, Japonica-type cultivar was generally superior than Tongil-type Cultivar in callus formation. Expression rate of herbicide tolerant variant varied depending upon rice cultivar, plant species and herbicide properties. In case of Nagdongbyeo (Japonica) at the first subculture, 46.3% of total callus pieces appeared as herbicide tolerant variant in herbicide media of CGA142464 and followed by NC-311 (11.6%), Butachlor (7.5%), 2.4-D (2.1%), Quinclorac (0.89%), and Propanil (0.25%), in order. This degree of appearance of herbicide tolerant variants rapidly increased as passage of subculture was advanced. Herbicide tolerant callus hardly regenerated as normal plant even though large variations exhibited among culture media.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Earth Science Education
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.50-61
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to analysis eye tracking for high school students' learning styles in the process of solving in the behavioral domains of the College Scholastic Ability Test on Earth Science I. The subjects of this study were 50 students from two classes out of 4 classes in E high school in Chungcheong province. Among them, we conducted experiments by randomly sampling 2 students of each type of learning based on the criteria that they had not encountered the problem of Earth Science I from the past two years. The findings indicate that the item correctness rate of divergers, assimilators, convergers, and accommodators were higher in the knowledge domain, application domain, knowledge-understanding domain, and understanding domain. This confirms that there is a difference among the four learning styles in the level of achievement according to the behavioral areas of the assessment questions. The latter finding was that the high eye-share of AOI 2 appeared higher than AOI 1, 3, 4 in the course of solving the problems. This is because the four types of learners pay more careful attention to the AOI 2 area, which is the cue-or-information area of problem solving, that is, the Table, Figure, and Graph area. Therefore, in order to secure the fairness and objectivity of the selection, it is necessary that an equal number of questions of each behavioral domain be selected on the Earth Science I Test of the College Scholastic Ability Test in general. Besides, it seems to be necessary that the knowledge, understanding, application, and the behavior area of the inquiry be highly correlated with the AOI 2 area in development of test questions.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.45-50
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to produce wanted sex progeny of genetically confined White Hanwoo (albinism) with preselected sex sperm. One bull of White Hanwoo was chosen for semen donor and X sperm was sorted by MoFlo XDP cell sorter. To compare the pregnancy and birth rates, KPN straw was used as control, total number of unsorted sperm was $20{\times}10^6/straw$. Sexed X frozen semen with $20{\times}10^6$ cells or $4{\times}10^6$ cells per straw were in seminated twice on Hanwoo heifers. The abnormality of the sexed X semen was $24.9{\pm}7.31%$ and distal reflex abnormality of mid piece was significantly (p<0.05) higher (11.7%) compared with that of KPN 768 (5.6%). There were no differences on the pregnancy and birth rates between $2{\times}10^6$ cells or $4{\times}10^6$ cells of X-sperm but KPN semen showed significant differences (p<0.05). The pregnancy rates of KPN 768, $2{\times}10^6$ cells and $4{\times}10^6$ cells X-sperm of White Hanwoo cattle were 85.0%, 26.3% and 50%. The birth rates were 80.0%, 15.8% and 21.4%, respectively. The female offspring rates of KPN 768, $2{\times}10^6$ cells and $4{\times}10^6$ cells X-sperm of White Hanwoo cattle were 43.8%, 100% and 100% (p<0.05). These results indicated that sex sorted White Hanwoo could be used for the production of wanted progeny with $2{\times}10^6$ cells/straw for AI. To increase the efficiency of calf production, the sperm number of sex sorted semen will be optimized for sex selection of White Hanwoo progeny.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.366-372
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• 2012

This study was conducted to estimate the extent of linkage disequilibrium (LD) and effective population size using whole genomic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) genotyped by DNA chip in Hanwoo. Using the blood samples of 35 young bulls born from 2005 to 2008 and their progenies (N=253) in a Hanwoo nucleus population collected from Hanwoo Improvement Center, 51,582 SNPs were genotyped using Bovine SNP50 chips. A total of 40,851 SNPs were used in this study after elimination of SNPs with a missing genotyping rate of over 10 percent and monomorphic SNPs (10,730 SNPs). The total autosomal genome length, measured as the sum of the longest syntenic pairs of SNPs by chromosome, was 2,541.6 Mb (Mega base pairs). The average distances of all adjacent pairs by each BTA ranged from 0.55 to 0.74 cM. Decay of LD showed an exponential trend with physical distance. The means of LD ($r^2$) among syntenic SNP pairs were 0.136 at a range of 0-0.1 Mb in physical distance and 0.06 at a range of 0.1-0.2 Mb. When these results were used for Luo's formula, about 2,000 phenotypic records were found to be required to achieve power > 0.9 to detect 5% QTL in the population of Hanwoo. As a result of estimating effective population size by generation in Hanwoo, the estimated effective population size for the current status was 84 heads and the estimate of effective population size for 50 generations of ancestors was 1,150 heads. The average decreasing rates of effective population size by generation were 9.0% at about five generations and 17.3% at the current generation. The main cause of the rapid decrease in effective population size was considered to be the intensive use of a few prominent sires since the application of artificial insemination technology in Korea. To increase and/or sustain the effective population size, the selection of various proven bulls and mating systems that consider genetic diversity are needed.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.80-88
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• 2013

Carrot (Daucus carota L. var. sativa) is one of the most extensively used vegetable crops in the world and a significant source of nutrient because of its high content of ${\beta}$-carotene, well known as the precursor of vitamin A carotenoid. However, seed-hairs generated and elongated from the epidermal cell of seeds inhibit absorption and germination by various factors such as carotol and so on. Accordingly, mechanical hair removal process is essential before commercialization of carrot seeds. Because of this process, producers will have additional losses such as time consuming, manpower, capital and so on. Furthermore, physical damage of seeds causes irregular germination rate. To overcome such cumbersome weaknesses, new breeding program for developing hairless-seed carrot cultivar has been needed and studies for molecular markers related to seed-hair characteristic is needed for a new breeding program. Therefore, in this study, cDNA libraries from seeds of short-hair seed phenotype CT-SMR 616 OP 659-1 line, hairy-seed phenotype CT-SMR 616 OP 677-14 line and short-hair seed phenotype CT-ATR 615 OP 666-13 line, hairy-seed phenotype CT-ATR 615 OP 671-9 were constructed, respectively. Furthermore, 1,248 ESTs in each line, total 4,992 ESTs were sequenced. As a result, 19 SNP sites and 14 SNP sites in each of 2 combinations were confirmed by analyzing these EST sequences from short-hair and hairy-seed lines. Then we designed SNP primer sets from EST sequences of SNP sites for high resolution melting (HRM) analysis. Designed HRM primers were analyzed using hairy seed phenotype CT-SMR 616 OP 1040 line and short-hair seed phenotype CT-SMR 616 OP 1024, 1025, 1026 lines. One set of HRM primers showed specific difference between the melting curves of hairy and short-hair seed phenotype lines. Based on this result, allele-specific (AS) PCR primers were designed for easier selection between hairy-seed carrot and hairless seed carrot. These results of HRM and AS-PCR are expected to be useful in breeding of hairless seed carrot cultivar as a molecular marker.

• FLOWER RESEARCH JOURNAL
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.128-136
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• 2009

To obtain pure lines for breeding $F_1$ varieties of spreading surfinia and wave petunia, Petunia ${\times}$ hybrida, 20 lines of surfinia petunia and 28 lines of wave petunia that were considered uniform in growth and flowering characteristics were selected by self-pollination of the fifth($S_5$) or the seventh generation($S_7$). The 20 selected lines of surfinia petunia had the branch number ranged from 6.0 to 11.0 cm, and the internode length ranged from 2.0 to 4.2 cm. Among them, ten lines, including '$Pe99-017^7$' were above 60 cm of plant width, above 300 leaves in a plant. Fourteen lines including '$Pe99-017^7$' were more than 150 in the number of flower. In the petal color, thirteen lines, including '$Pe99-017^7$', were red-purple; three, including '$Pe99-007^7$', were purple; '$Pe04-086^7$' and '$Pe04-159^7$' were violet; and line '$Pe072-1^7$' was white. Eight lines including '$Pe02-205-2^5$' ranged from 4.0 to 5.0 cm of flowers diameter, and seven lines including '$Pe04-086^5$' ranged from 3.0 to 4.0 cm of leaf length, which is relatively low. Germination rate of the lines was more than 50%. In the wave petunia, the branch number of the 28 selected lines ranged from 8.0 to 13.0 cm, and the internode length ranged from 1.0 to 3.2 cm, which is relatively higher than surfinia petunias. Among them, ten lines, including '$Pe99-020^7$' were above 60 cm of plant width, above 200 leaves in a plant. Twelve lines including '$Pe04-034-2^5$' were more than 150 in the number of flower. In the petal color, eighteen lines, including '$Pe99-020^7$', were red-purple; three, including '$Pe04-113-4^5$', were red; three, including '$Pe04-263^5$', were white; '$Pe04-201^5$' and '$Pe04-263^5$' were violet blue; and line '$Pe04-072-5^5$' was purple. Nine lines including '$Pe04-201^5$' ranged from 4.0 to 5.0 cm of flowers diameter, and eleven lines including '$Pe04-263^5$' ranged from 3.0 to 4.0 cm of leaf length, which is relatively low. All the lines with various growth and flowering characteristics would be very promising to use as breeding materials for $F_1$ hybrids of spreading petunia, Petunia ${\times}$ hybrida.

• Proceedings of the Optical Society of Korea Conference
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• 2003.07a
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• pp.60-61
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• 2003

A new approach to reduce the computation time of genetic algorithm (GA) for making binary phase holograms is described. Synthesized holograms having diffraction efficiency of 75.8% and uniformity of 5.8% are proven in computer simulation and experimentally demonstrated. Recently, computer-generated holograms (CGHs) having high diffraction efficiency and flexibility of design have been widely developed in many applications such as optical information processing, optical computing, optical interconnection, etc. Among proposed optimization methods, GA has become popular due to its capability of reaching nearly global. However, there exits a drawback to consider when we use the genetic algorithm. It is the large amount of computation time to construct desired holograms. One of the major reasons that the GA' s operation may be time intensive results from the expense of computing the cost function that must Fourier transform the parameters encoded on the hologram into the fitness value. In trying to remedy this drawback, Artificial Neural Network (ANN) has been put forward, allowing CGHs to be created easily and quickly (1), but the quality of reconstructed images is not high enough to use in applications of high preciseness. For that, we are in attempt to find a new approach of combiningthe good properties and performance of both the GA and ANN to make CGHs of high diffraction efficiency in a short time. The optimization of CGH using the genetic algorithm is merely a process of iteration, including selection, crossover, and mutation operators [2]. It is worth noting that the evaluation of the cost function with the aim of selecting better holograms plays an important role in the implementation of the GA. However, this evaluation process wastes much time for Fourier transforming the encoded parameters on the hologram into the value to be solved. Depending on the speed of computer, this process can even last up to ten minutes. It will be more effective if instead of merely generating random holograms in the initial process, a set of approximately desired holograms is employed. By doing so, the initial population will contain less trial holograms equivalent to the reduction of the computation time of GA's. Accordingly, a hybrid algorithm that utilizes a trained neural network to initiate the GA's procedure is proposed. Consequently, the initial population contains less random holograms and is compensated by approximately desired holograms. Figure 1 is the flowchart of the hybrid algorithm in comparison with the classical GA. The procedure of synthesizing a hologram on computer is divided into two steps. First the simulation of holograms based on ANN method [1] to acquire approximately desired holograms is carried. With a teaching data set of 9 characters obtained from the classical GA, the number of layer is 3, the number of hidden node is 100, learning rate is 0.3, and momentum is 0.5, the artificial neural network trained enables us to attain the approximately desired holograms, which are fairly good agreement with what we suggested in the theory. The second step, effect of several parameters on the operation of the hybrid algorithm is investigated. In principle, the operation of the hybrid algorithm and GA are the same except the modification of the initial step. Hence, the verified results in Ref [2] of the parameters such as the probability of crossover and mutation, the tournament size, and the crossover block size are remained unchanged, beside of the reduced population size. The reconstructed image of 76.4% diffraction efficiency and 5.4% uniformity is achieved when the population size is 30, the iteration number is 2000, the probability of crossover is 0.75, and the probability of mutation is 0.001. A comparison between the hybrid algorithm and GA in term of diffraction efficiency and computation time is also evaluated as shown in Fig. 2. With a 66.7% reduction in computation time and a 2% increase in diffraction efficiency compared to the GA method, the hybrid algorithm demonstrates its efficient performance. In the optical experiment, the phase holograms were displayed on a programmable phase modulator (model XGA). Figures 3 are pictures of diffracted patterns of the letter "0" from the holograms generated using the hybrid algorithm. Diffraction efficiency of 75.8% and uniformity of 5.8% are measured. We see that the simulation and experiment results are fairly good agreement with each other. In this paper, Genetic Algorithm and Neural Network have been successfully combined in designing CGHs. This method gives a significant reduction in computation time compared to the GA method while still allowing holograms of high diffraction efficiency and uniformity to be achieved. This work was supported by No.mOl-2001-000-00324-0 (2002)) from the Korea Science & Engineering Foundation.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.419-428
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• 2021

In order to develope a mobile-based greenhouse energy calculation program, firstly, the overall thermal transmittance of 10 types of major covers and 16 types of insulation materials were measured. In addition, to estimate the overall thermal transmittance when the cover and insulation materials were installed in double or triple layers, 24 combinations of double installations and 59 combinations of triple installations were measured using the hotbox. Also, the overall thermal transmittance value for a single material and the thermal resistance value were used to calculate the overall thermal transmittance value at the time of multi-layer installation of covering and insulating materials, and the linear regression equation was derived to correct the error with the measured values. As a result of developing the model for estimating thermal transmittance when installing multiple layers of coverings and insulating materials based on the value of overall thermal transmittance of a single-material, the model evaluation index was 0.90 (good when it is 0.5 or more), indicating that the estimated value was very close to the actual value. In addition, as a result of the on-site test, it was evaluated that the estimated heat saving rate was smaller than the actual value with a relative error of 2%. Based on these results, a mobile-based greenhouse energy calculation program was developed that was implemented as an HTML5 standard web-based mobile web application and was designed to work with various mobile device and PC browsers with N-Screen support. It had functions to provides the overall thermal transmittance(heating load coefficient) for each combination of greenhouse coverings and thermal insulation materials and to evaluate the energy consumption during a specific period of the target greenhouse. It was estimated that an energy-saving greenhouse design would be possible with the optimal selection of coverings and insulation materials according to the region and shape of the greenhouse.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.54 no.1
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• pp.10-22
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• 2021

Purpose: Key Foods refers to foods that have a high contribution in the nutrient intake of individuals, and exert important effects on their health. This study was undertaken to identify Korean Key Foods, using data from the 7th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHNES). Methods: The data source for the extraction of Key Foods was the 24-hour dietary survey data obtained from the 7th KNHNES (2016-2018), and 21,271 subjects were evaluated. A total of 17 nutrients were selected as the key nutrients for identifying the Key Foods, including energy, carbohydrates, protein, lipid, dietary fiber, calcium, phosphorus, iron, sodium, potassium, vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin C, cholesterol, and sugars. The nutrient consumption approach was applied to generate a list of potential Key Foods. Foods included in 85% of the cumulative intake contribution from one or more key nutrients, were subsequently selected as Key Foods. Results: Of the 1,728 foods consumed by survey respondents, we extracted 728 Key Foods. These Key Foods explained 94% key nutrient intakes of the subjects. Based on the contribution rate to key nutrient intake, the top 10 Key Foods identified were multigrain rice (5.32%), plain white rice (4.23%), milk (3.3%), cabbage kimchi (2.82%), grilled pork belly (1.56%), apples (1.52%), fried eggs (1.49%), cereal (1.36%), instant coffee mix (1.21%), and sweet potatoes (1.12%). These 10 foods accounted for 23.93% total key nutrient intake of the survey respondents. Conclusion: Seven hundred and twenty-eight foods were extracted and identified as the 2020 Korean Key Foods. These Key Foods can be considered the priority foods to be analyzed for establishing a national nutrient database.