• Title/Summary/Keyword: Sejo

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A Bibliographical Study on the Metal Type Buddhist Book Editions during the Joseon Dynasty Period (조선시대 금속활자본 불교서적의 서지적 연구)

  • Song, Il-Gie;Jung, Wang-Kun
    • Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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    • v.49 no.1
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    • pp.223-246
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    • 2015
  • This study examined the characteristics of Buddhist books printed using metal type during the Joseon Dynasty period from a bibliographical perspective. It was found that there are 36 kinds of Buddhist books published using metal type during the Joseon Dynasty period that currently exist. In terms of the types used for publication, there were 9 kinds of printed editions by Gapinja, 13 kinds of printed editions by Eulhaeja, 2 kinds of printed editions by Jeongchukja, 3 kinds of printed editions by Eulyuja and 9 kinds of printed editions by Jeonsaja. Among them, The Buddhist books printed using Eulhaeja were 36 % of total with the highest quantity of 13 kinds. In terms of periods of publication, it was found that 27 kinds and 9 kinds of Buddhists books were published respectively in the first and latter parts of Joseon Dynasty periods. Among them, there were 19 kinds of metal type book editions published during the King Sejo period that occupied 70% of total. It appears that such phenomenon was a result of King Sejo's abnormal enthronement and Buddhism-friendly tendency.

A Study on the Change of the List of Medical Textbooks During the Era of King Sejong and Sejo (세종과 세조연간의 의학교과서 변화에 대한 고찰)

  • KUG Soo-ho
    • The Journal of Korean Medical History
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    • v.35 no.1
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    • pp.59-67
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    • 2022
  • The medical text books used during the Joseon Dynasty can be seen to change over time by examining various records. These records show that the list of medical textbooks suddenly changed a lot between the era of King Sejong and Sejo in the Joseon Dynasty. However, since there are not many studies on this topic yet, this study was conducted and the following causes of these changes were identified: The first reason is the compilation project of Euibangyoochui (醫類聚聚) because the date of compilation of Euibangyoochui is clearly related to the period of change to the list of medical textbooks. The second reason is the difficulty of the medical examination during the Joseon Dynasty. Medical tests in the Joseon Dynasty were very difficult. Therefore, it was too unrealistic to keep 25 or 26 textbooks. Third, there was the problem of supply and demand of medical textbooks. Because the prices of these books were very high at that time, owning 25 or 26 medical books for an individual was a significant financial hardship. This study was able to confirm this through various forms of circumstantial evidence. However, more historical materials should be discovered in the future and research should be conducted to more accurately grasp the situation of the time.

The Rebuilding and Patronage of Naksansa Temple in Joseon Royal Family (조선왕실의 낙산사(洛山寺) 중창과 후원)

  • Lee, Sang-Kyun
    • Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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    • v.50 no.2
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    • pp.116-139
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    • 2017
  • Naksansa Temple was famous for a miracle temple where Lee Haeng-ri(李行里), King Ikjo(翼祖), had prayed for offspring and soon begat King Dojo(度祖). According to the First King's Annals("太祖實錄"), King Dojo was the person who directly received prophecy of founding a Joseon. For these reasons, Naksansa Temple received attention concerning the foundation of Joseon. The birth story of King Dojo and his father's prayer at the Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva cave(觀音窟), Naksansa Temple, was well known among the noblemen and royal families until the Late Joseon period. Lee Seoung gye(李成桂) paid particular attention to the Naksansa Temple, and King Sejo(世祖) also made people rebuild the temple when he went for a royal tour in Gangwon-do. Naksansa Temple was built during the time when King Sejo made many temples in order to strengthen the royal authority. King Sejo made people extensively rebuild the temple, praying for health and longevity of King Yejong(his son). King Sejo's will of rebuilding the Naksansa Temple was very strong. The residents of the area had to pay a huge cost because the rebuilding of the Naksansa Temple was a big construction. Hak-yeol(學悅), who had a responsibility of rebuilding the Naksansa Temple, forcedly obtained supplies as he received protection from the royal family. Naksansa Temple thrived with the protection of the royal family after rebuilding. King Yejong and Seongjong gave Naksansa Temple slaves and fields(田地). He also bestowed upon the temple the salts which was the tribute paid by Gangwon-do. In order to protect the precincts of the Naksansa Temple, the government closed the Yang Yang Main Street near Naksansa Temple and built a new road. And the signs of preventing fishing(捕漁) was built along the coast of Naksan in four kilometers in order to keep people out. Although the Naksansa Temple declined in the late Joseon period, it still received support under the protection policy and maintained its reputation as an original Buddhist shrine.

Transforming the Wongaksa Bell[Buddhist Bell] to the Bosingak Bell[Court Bell]: An Example of the Debuddhismization during the Joseon Dynasty (원각사종(圓覺寺鐘)에서 보신각종(普信閣鍾)으로 -조선시대 탈불교화의 일례-)

  • Nam Dongsin
    • MISULJARYO - National Museum of Korea Art Journal
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    • v.104
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    • pp.102-142
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    • 2023
  • The Bronze Bell of Wongaksa Temple, also known as the Bosingak Bell, was produced in 1468 during the reign of King Sejo for dedication at Wongaksa Temple in the middle of the capital Hanyang in celebration of the tenth anniversary of his accession to the throne. It is currently heavily damaged and cannot be struck. This paper focuses on the man-made damage inflicted on the Bosingak Bell and explores when, why, and by whom the bell was damaged along with the historical significance of this damage. In the first section, the relevant literature is reviewed and the problems concerned, research perspective, and methodology are presented. The history of related theories is investigated focusing on the relationship between Bosingak Bell and Wongaksa Bell. The perspective that Bosingak Bell and Wongaksa Bell are the same is introduced. My discussion will be developed from this perspective. In the second section, the background to King Sejo's construction of Wongaksa Bell is examined. Specifically, the bells commissioned by the kings of the early Joseon era are divided into court bells (jojong) and Buddhist bells (beomjong). They total four court bells and three Buddhist bells. The former are the Jongnu Tower Bell commissioned by King Taejo, Donhwamun Gate Bell by King Taejong, Gwanghwamun Gate Bell by King Sejong, and Sajeongjeon Hall Bell by King Sejo. The latter are the bells of Yongmunsa, Heungcheonsa (or Jeongneungsa) and Wongaksa Temples, all of which were made during the reign of King Sejo. Sejo also made Wongaksa Bell and gave it the meaning that the monarch and the Buddha both wish to enlighten the people through the sound of the bells. In the third section, traces of the man-made damage done to Bosingak Bell are closely examined. By observing the current condition of Bosingak Bell and comparing it with the contemporaneous Heungcheongsa Bell (1462) and Bongseonsa Bell (1469), the components of Bosingak Bell that were damaged can be identified. The damaged parts are again divided into Buddhist elements and non-Buddhist elements. The former includes the reversed lotus petals on the shoulder band, four standing bodhisattvas, and the inscription of the bell composed by Choe Hang. The latter includes lists of chief supervisors (dojejo). I describe the phenomenon of deliberately damaging Buddhist elements on bells as "effacement of Buddhism," meaning Buddhist images and inscriptions are eliminated, and I note the prevailing rejection of Buddhism theory among Neo-Confucianists as its ideological root. The erasure of non-Buddhist images was probably caused by political conflicts such as Yeonsangun's purge in 1504. Since both ideological and political factors played a role in the changes made to Bosingak Bell, the damage was possibly done between the Purge of 1504 and the abdication of Yeonsangun in 1506. Chapter four traces the transformation of the Buddhist bell of Wongaksa Temple into the Bosingak court bell. Finally completed in 1468, the Wongaksa Bell only served its role as a Buddhist bell at related services for a relatively brief period of 36 years (until 1504). Wongaksa Temple was closed down and the bell lost its Buddhist function. In 1536, it was moved from Wongaksa Temple to Namdaemun Gate, where it remained silent for the next 90 years until it was struck again in November 1594. However, after the destruction of the Jongnu Bell in a fire during the Japanese Invasions of Korea (1592-1598), the Buddhist bell from Wongaksa Temple became a court bell. The Wongaksa Temple bell was relocated to Jongnu Tower in 1619, traveling through Myeongdong Pass. From then on, as the official Jongnu Bell (later renamed Bosingak Bell), it was regularly rung at dawn and dusk every day for nearly 300 years until 1908, when Japanese authorities halted the ritual. The transformation of the Wongaksa Bell (a Buddhist bell) to Bosingak Bell (a court bell) means that the voice of the Buddha was changed to the voice of the king. The concept of "effacement of Buddhism," evident in the transformation of Wongaksa Bell to Bosingak Bell, was practiced widely on almost every manifestation of Buddhism throughout the Joseon period. In short, the damage evident in Bosingak Bell underscores the debuddhismization in Korean society during the Joseon Dynasty.

A Study on the Skin Diseases of the Kings during the First Period of Joseon Dynasty (조선전기(朝鮮前期) 임금들의 피부병(皮膚病)에 관한 고찰 - 『조선왕조실록(朝鮮王朝實錄)』을 중심으로 -)

  • Lee, Hai-Woong;Lee, Sang-Hyup;Kim, Hoon
    • The Journal of Korean Medical History
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    • v.27 no.2
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    • pp.145-157
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    • 2014
  • The "Annals of the Joseon Dynasty (朝鮮王朝實錄)" is the precious historical material which contains royal culture of Joseon dynasty as an official document. It kept a record of the diseases and treatments relating to the 27 Kings for a period of 518 years, who had a variety of different symptoms. Among them the most frequent disease was a skin disorder such as a boil of a painful infected swelling. Dermatosis became the direct cause of death of several Kings. In this article we tried to conduct research using the "Annals of the Joseon Dynasty" into the skin diseases of the Kings during the first period of Joseon dynasty from the first King Taejo (太祖) to the 12th King Injong (仁宗). Among the 12 Kings, the 5th King Munjong (文宗), the 7th King Sejo (世祖), the 9th King Seongjong(成宗), the 10th King Yeonsangun (燕山君), and the 11th King Jungjong suffered from dermatosis. The King Munjong died at the age of 38 and suffered from severe boils before his death. The cause of death is thought to be septicaemia. The King Sejo does not have any specific record of skin disease, however, the recently discovered relics showed the indications of serious skin trouble of boils. The King Seongjong suffered from skin diseases at the age of 20, 27, 28 and 38. Nevertheless, the direct cause of death was not dermatosis. The King Yeonsangun had skin trouble of boils on his face when he was 20. He lost the throne and died of an infectious disease at 31. The King Jungjong had a record of suffering from dermatosis at the beginning of twenties, at the middle of forties, and at the age of 57 when he died. The skin trouble affected the whole of the body. He was treated with acupuncture therapy and medication for both internal and external uses among which folk remedies were included.

The Study of Military train through Soupjun in Early Joseon Dynasty (조선전기 습진(習陣)과 군사훈련)

  • Kwak, Nak-hyun
    • (The)Study of the Eastern Classic
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    • no.35
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    • pp.359-385
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    • 2009
  • The study aims to investige how Soupjin, military training has been changed in early Joseon Dynasty. The conclusions are following these. First, Jin means military marching or attacking the enemy and Jinbeop means how to make Jin or traning but now Jinbeop indicates textbook of Jinbeop rather than practing it. Second, publishing Owijinbeop is completed as a result of continuous series of Jinbeop textbook and Owi systems are built up by military construction reorganization. Third, the total number of articles is 268 from Taejo to Seonjo in early Joseon Dynasty. They are divided into different parts according to kings. Forth, Taejo, Taejong, Munjong, Sejo, Yejong and Jungjong are the kings who take the lead of Jinbeop training directly. Among them Munjong and Sejo are highly considered that they edited and revised Sinjinbeop and tried to unify military organization. Besides Jungjong discussed Jinbeop textbooks which are published by prior kings and even make them be practiced. But after Imjinwaeran, Seonjo accepted the book Gihyosinseo by Cheokgyegwang in China and transformed our Jinbeop for protecting the country. Firth, We found that Hyangmyung and Jintoigyjak had been focused from Sejo to Jungjong. Because in this period Joseon had to find the way to protect the country from north Yeojin, But after Imjinwaeran Seonjo introduced Cheokgyegwang's Jeolgangjinbeop in China because of Japanese attacks.

Distribution System and the Environment (환경과 유통시스템)

  • Sejo Oh;Lim, Young-Kyun
    • Proceedings of the Korean DIstribution Association Conference
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    • 2000.10a
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    • pp.183-185
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    • 2000
  • A proactive approach on environmental issues may be one of critical competitive factors for global business in near future. Especially, distribution systems are very related to the various environmental issues, including development of green products and packaging, selection of the transportation vehicles and pallets, design of retail stores and distribution facilities, participation for solving the local environmental problems, and so on. In order to approach the environmental issues on distribution systems, for the first time managers need to understand the strategic framework for green management and then, to find the key success factors of leading companies in this field. Finally, future directions of strategic green management on distribution systems are discussed and shared.

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A Study on the Tales related to the Creation of 'Humninjeongeum' of Sinmi and the Way of their culture-convergence contents (신미의 '훈민정음' 창제 관련 설화와 문화융합의 콘텐츠 방안)

  • Baek, Won-gi
    • Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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    • v.8 no.2
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    • pp.127-135
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    • 2017
  • So far, it has been a general opinion that 'Hunminjeongeum' creation was made only by King Sejong himself under Jiphyeonjeon scholars' help. However, this paper stresses that 'Hunminjeongeum' was made not only by King Sejong but also by Sinmi's positive effort on King Sejong's secret order, and examines the possibility of the culture-convergence contents related to these tales as well. To reveal the ground, the method of this research was proceeded particularly focusing on following texts: Sejongsillok, Munjongsillok, Hangukbulgyojeonseo, etc. The result was as followings. 1) King Sejong's absolute trust in Sinmi, 2) Sinmi's outstanding linguistic talent in Sanskrit. 3) King Sejong's donation of Amitaba-Triad Buddha images to Bokcheonsa Temple and Sejong's granting a respecting title of 'Wugukise Hyeogakjonja' to Sinmi. 4) Sinmi's vow to educate and spread 'Hunminjeongeum' based on Buddhism, and 5) Sejo's visit Sinmi at Bokcheonsa Temple. Furthermore, if the tales related to 'Hunminjeongeum' creation are activated into a type of national or regional events or festivals without remaining simply in a story level, it would be a good way to spread the excellence of convergence K-culture with various culture contents.

A study on the xylographica of ${\ulcorner}$Classified Collection of Medical Prescriptions${\lrcorner}$ ("의방류취(醫方類聚)"에 대한 판본(版本) 연구)

  • Shin, Soon-Shik;Choi, Hwan-Soo
    • Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
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    • v.3 no.1
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    • pp.1-15
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    • 1997
  • ${\ulcorner}$Classified Collection of Medical Prescriptions${\lrcorner}$(1445) is a book compiled the medical achievements of China and Choseon in those times and it's our source of pride to have it In this country. It also deserves careful investigation since this book can provide some clues of features of missing books in China and Korea. The extent of accuracy of xylographica of old books determines the possiblity of in depth further study. So authors attempted to investigate the xylographica of ${\ulcorner}$Classified Collection of Medical Prescriptions${\lrcorner}$ one of the 3 main books in Korea. Previous investigation done by Miki Sakae and Kim Doo Jong are noticeable. On the basis of their respective works, we analyzed 'Annals of the Choseon Dynasty' to find records related with ${\ulcorner}$Classified Collection of Medical Prescriptions${\lrcorner}$ and estimated the situation of its publication. We tried figure the situation of those times of China, Japan and Korea(including North Korea) and tried to estimate the book's original xylographica as much as we could. By King Sejong's command, the first draft of ${\ulcorner}$Classified Collection of Medical Prescriptions${\lrcorner}$ consisted of 365 books was made by collaboration of civil officials and medical officers during the period from 1443 to 1445. And then from 1451(first year of Moonjong's reign) to 1464(l0th year of Sejo's reign) lots of manpowers were employed and through the process of countless erasure, proofreading, arrangement and rearrangement revised version of ${\ulcorner}$Classified Collection of Medical Prescriptions${\lrcorner}$ which is called by Sejo text was completed. After 3 years of wood engraving work, the first printed form of ${\ulcorner}$Classified Collection of Medical Prescriptions${\lrcorner}$ (alternately called Seongjong text) in folding case consisted of 266 chapters, 264 volumes came into the world in 1477.(8th year of Seongjong's reign). This was 32 years after the initial completion of the edition. So ${\ulcorner}$Classified Collection of Medical Prescriptions${\lrcorner}$ exists in three forms as Sejong text, Sejo text and Seongjong text respectively. Since those texts were plundered during the Japanese invasion of Korea in 1592, none of the original copy remains within korea. The texts were constantly moved to kadeungcheongieong, to Kongdeungpyeongio, Jesookoan of Edo, to East University of department of classic books, to Cheoncho archives, to the Imperial Museum and finally is kept in the royal palace at present. (Doseoryo text Eulhae printing type) Reduced-size republication books of ${\ulcorner}$Classified Collection of Medical Prescriptions${\lrcorner}$ in wooden type were imported at the time of 'Byeongja Korea-Japan Treaty in 1876' and of those 2 books, one copy was treasured in the Royal Household of the Yi Dynasty and than was lost during the Korean War circa 1950. The other remaining copy has been kept succesively by Kojong's imperial grant, Royal doctor Hong Cheol Bo, Hong Taek Joo, Hong Ik Pyo the book agent, and now is kept In Yonsei University Library and this is the only existing copy in Korea at present. In 1965, Dongyang Medical college published the transcription version of ${\ulcorner}$Classified Collection of Medical Prescriptions${\lrcorner}$ consisting of 11 books and then in 1981 after edition and arrangement by Choonghoa(中華) publishing company, photoprint copy of ${\ulcorner}$Classified Collection of Medical Prescriptions${\lrcorner}$ was published in Keumgang(金剛) publishing company In 1991, October Yeokang(驛江) publishing company producd photocopies of ${\ulcorner}$Classified Collection of Medical Prescriptions${\lrcorner}$ which were previously translated into Korean by North Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine and then issued by medical publishing company. In China, two institutes, Zhejiang Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Huzhou Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital cooperated to publish a revised and marked text consiting of 11 books by adding marking points to japanse Edohakhoondang text which were used as a reference. Both the korean and chinese texts issued were grounded by the ${\ulcorner}$Classified Collection of Medical Prescriptions${\lrcorner}$ kept in the royal palace. Any further study concerning ${\ulcorner}$Classified Collection of Medical Prescriptions${\lrcorner}$ can acquire its accuracy and objectivity when the japanese text kept in the royal palace is taken as an original copy.

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A Study on the Explanation of the Title of 'Siyongjeongdaeeopbo' in Daeakhubo Volume 2 (『대악후보』 권2 시용정대업보(時用定大業譜) 편명(篇名) 해설 고찰)

  • Lee, Jong-Sook;Nam, Sang-Sook
    • Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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    • v.49 no.4
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    • pp.80-95
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    • 2016
  • This study sought to disclose the problems surrounding the erroneous explanation of the title of the musical script 'Jeongdaeeop,' which is Jongmyojeryeak(Jongmyo Shrine ritual music), shown in Daeakhubo, Korea's treasure No.1291. Daehakhubo imitated and adopted expressions like 1 Byeon(change) and 1 Pyeon(edition), shown in the music written in the Annals of King Sejong, the foundation of Jongmyojeryeakbo music. Originally, 'Jeongdaeeop' recorded during the reign of King Sejong consisted of 6-Byeon and 13-Pyeon compositions, except Inlet and Outlet tunes. King Sejo, however, while rearranging this music into Jongmyo Shrine Mumuak music, reduced it to 9 tunes. And, when registering such arrangements in the musical scripts in the Annuals of King Sejo, he did not list the explanation of the titles as in the Annals of King Sejong. He just listed the nine tunes. In contrast to the musical scripts in the Annals of King Sejo, in Daeakhubo the details of Byeon and Pyeon under the nine tune titles are listed as in the Annals of King Sejong. This study revealed that Byeon and Pyeon expressed in Daeakhubo were the results of arbitrarily transcribing the different Byeon and Pyeon of 'Jeongdaeeop' and 'Balsang' in the Annals of King Sejong into the revised 'Jeongdaeeop' during the reign of King Sejo. Thus, under the titles of each score in 'Jeongdaeeop' of Daeakhubo are written the explanations of the muscial scores shown in both 'Jeongdaeeop' of the Annals of King Sejong and 'Balsang' of the Annals of King Sejong. Thus, the story of the son Ikjo is described even ahead of the story of the father Mokjo, and stories totally different from the original movements are described, creating overall errors. Such errors were presumably caused by powers that created the false musical script 'Sokakwonbo' during the Japanese colonial rule of Korea and disguised it as a traditional musical script.