• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.503-515
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• 2022

This paper presents the development of seismic fragility curves for a precast reinforced concrete bridge instrumented with a structural health monitoring (SHM) system. The bridge is located near an active seismic fault in the Dominican Republic (DR) and provides the only access to several local communities in the aftermath of a potential damaging earthquake; moreover, the sample bridge was designed with outdated building codes and uses structural detailing not adequate for structures in seismic regions. The bridge was instrumented with an SHM system to extract information about its state of structural integrity and estimate its seismic performance. The data obtained from the SHM system is integrated with structural models to develop a set of fragility curves to be used as a quantitative measure of the expected damage; the fragility curves provide an estimate of the probability that the structure will exceed different damage limit states as a function of an earthquake intensity measure. To obtain the fragility curves a digital twin of the bridge is developed combining a computational finite element model and the information extracted from the SHM system. The digital twin is used as a response prediction tool that minimizes modeling uncertainty, significantly improving the predicting capability of the model and the accuracy of the fragility curves. The digital twin was used to perform a nonlinear incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) with selected ground motions that are consistent with the seismic fault and site characteristics. The fragility curves show that for the maximum expected acceleration (with a 2% probability of exceedance in 50 years) the structure has a 62% probability of undergoing extensive damage. This is the first study presenting fragility curves for civil infrastructure in the DR and the proposed methodology can be extended to other structures to support disaster mitigation and post-disaster decision-making strategies.

• 한국지진공학회논문집
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.47-58
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• 2009

본 연구에서는 변전소 시스템의 지진취약도 분석을 수행하여 변전소에 대한 지진취약도 함수를 제시하였다. 변전소는 여러 개의 설비와 구조물이 복합적으로 구성되어 있는 시스템이므로 각 설비에 대한 지진취약도 분석을 수행하여 이를 바탕으로 고장수목을 작성하여 변전소 전체의 파괴확률을 산정함으로써 변전소에 대한 지진취약도 평가를 수행하였다. 이를 위하여 국내 변전소의 현황을 파악하여 지진피해추정을 위한 변전소의 분류형식을 결정하였으며, 결정된 대표변전소 형식에 대한 평가대상 기기를 선정하였다. 대표 변전소 형식으로는 765kV, 345kV, 154kV 변전소의 GIS형 변전소로 결정하였다. 각 변전소의 취약도 검토대상 기기로는 변압기와 절연 애자를 선택하였다. 각 변전소의 변압기와 절연애자의 파괴모드와 파괴기준을 설정하여 지진취약도 곡선을 도출하였다. 최종적으로 변전소에 대한 고장수목을 이용하여 각 기기의 지진취약도 곡선으로부터 변전소 전체의 파괴확률을 산정하여 정의된 손상상태별 변전소의 지진취약도 함수를 산정하였다.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.337-352
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• 2013

Seismic performance of critical facilities has been focused on the structural components over the past decade. However, most earthquake damages were observed to the nonstructural components during and after the earthquakes. The primary objective of this research was to develop the seismic fragility of the piping system incorporating the nonlinear Tee-joint finite element model in the full scale piping configuration installed in critical facilities. The procedure for evaluating fragility curves corresponding to the first damage state was considered the effects of the top floor acceleration sensitivities for 5, 10, 15, and 20 story linear RC and steel building systems subjected to 22 selected ground motions as a function of ground motion uncertainties. The result of this study revealed that the conditional probability of failure of the piping system on the top floor in critical facilities did not increase with increased level of story height and in fact, story level in buildings can tune the fragilities between the building and the piping system.

• 한국지진공학회논문집
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.285-292
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• 2020

The methodology classifying structural types of concrete buildings in the existing seismic fragility functions is too simple to estimate the fragility of existing residential buildings and neighborhood living facilities, especially those below five stories. Their structural types are dependent on information contained in the building register such as main use, total floor area, story, permission date, and first story floor area of the individual building. All of this information is not considered for classifying types in the existing functions; therefore, the goal of this study was to suggest a methodology that classifies structural types of concrete buildings by utilizing such information. The results of this study showed that the suggested methodology can classify structural types better than the existing methodology. Nevertheless, there is still a need to simplify the methodology because fragility estimation demands quickness rather than accuracy.

• 한국터널지하공간학회 논문집
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.187-200
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• 2023

본 연구에서는 주변 환경에 따른 굴착식 터널의 지진취약도 변화에 대한 분석을 진행하고 대표 지진취약도 모델을 제시하였다. 기 개발된 굴착식 터널의 지진취약도 모델들에 대한 분석을 진행한 후 각 모델들에 가중치를 부여하여 주변 환경에 맞게 새로 가중조합한 모델을 개발하였다. 주변 환경은 굴착식 터널 주변의 지반조건과 매설 깊이를 고려하였다. 지진취약도 곡선의 피해 발생 확률은 최대지반가속도(PGA)를 매개변수로 하여 결정된다. PGA가 0.3 g일 때 매설 깊이가 50 m이하의 조건에서는 경미한 손상을 초과하는 피해 확률이 20%, 매설 깊이가 50 m 이상 100 m 이하의 조건에서는 피해 확률이 10%, 매설 깊이 100 m 이상의 조건에서는 피해 확률이 3% 이하로 매설 깊이에 따라 피해 확률이 점차 낮아지는 것을 확인하였다. 또한 주변 지반이 토양으로 되어있을 때보다 암반으로 되어있을 때 동일한 지표의 PGA에 대해 같은 매설 깊이에서 피해 확률이 크게 나타나며, 매설 깊이가 깊어질수록 피해 확률이 작아진다. 이 연구는 향후 터널의 종합적 지진취약도 함수 개발에 유용하게 사용될 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국지진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지진공학회 2003년도 추계 학술발표회논문집
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• pp.319-325
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• 2003

The fragility curves of seismic retrofitted bridges by steel jacketing of bridge columns and restrainers at expansion joints after the 1994 Northridge earthquake are developed. Fragility curves are represented by lognormal distribution functions with two parameters(fragility parameters consisting of median and log-standard deviation) and developed as a function of peak ground acceleration (PGA). Two parameters in the lognormal distribution are estimated by the maximum likelihood method. The sixty ground acceleration time histories for Los Angeles area developed for FEMA SAC project are used for the dynamic analysis of the bridges and a computer code is developed to calculate hysterestic parameters of bridge columns before and after steel jacketing. The effect of retrofit is expressed in terms of the increase of the median value of the fragility curve for the retrofitted bridge from that of the bridge before retrofit. The comparison of fragility curves of the bridges before and after column retrofit demonstrates that the improvement of the bridges with steel jacketing on the seismic performance is excellent for the damage states defined in this study. The comparison of fragility curves of the bridges before and after restrainers at expansion joints also shows the improvement in the seismic performance of restrained bridges for the severe damage states.

• 한국지진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지진공학회 2006년도 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.261-268
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• 2006

This study represents results of fragility curve development for 3-span continuous bridge. To research the response of bridge under earthquake excitation, Monte Carlo simulation is performed to study nonlinear dynamic analysis. Because of limited number of real time histories from the Korean peninsula, a set of 150 synthetic time histories were generated. Fragility corves in this study are represented by lognormal distribution functions with two parameters and developed as a function of PGA. Five damage states were defined to express the condition of damage based on the actual experimental damage data of bridge column. As a result of this research, the value of damage probability corresponding to each damage state were determined. This approach may be used in constructing the fragility curves for all of bridge structure and, by extension, in constructing the seismic hazard map.

• 한국지진공학회논문집
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.293-303
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• 2021

Seismic fragility functions for unreinforced masonry buildings were derived based on the incremental dynamic analysis of eight representative inelastic numerical models for application to Korea's earthquake damage estimation system. The effects of panel zones formed between piers and spandrels around openings were taken into account explicitly or implicitly regarding stiffness and inelastic deformation capacity. The site response of ground motion records measured at the rock site was used as input ground motion. Limit states were proposed based on the fraction of structural components that do not meet the required performance from the nonlinear static analysis of each model. In addition to the randomness of ground motion considered in the incremental dynamic analysis explicitly, supplementary standard deviation due to uncertainty that was not reflected in the fragility assessment procedure was added. The proposed seismic fragility functions were verified by applying them to the damage estimation of masonry buildings located around the epicenter of the 2017 Pohang earthquake and comparing the result with actual damage statistics.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.203-214
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• 2018

Predictive demand and collapse fragility functions are two essential components of the probabilistic seismic demand analysis that are commonly developed based on statistics with enormous, costly and time consuming data gathering. Although this approach might be justified for research purposes, it is not appealing for practical applications because of its computational cost. Thus, in this paper, Bayesian regression-based demand and collapse models are proposed to eliminate the need of time-consuming analyses. The demand model developed in the form of linear equation predicts overall maximum inter-story drift of the lowto mid-rise regular steel moment resisting frames (SMRFs), while the collapse model mathematically expressed by lognormal cumulative distribution function provides collapse occurrence probability for a given spectral acceleration at the fundamental period of the structure. Next, as an application, the proposed demand and collapse functions are implemented in a seismic fragility analysis to develop fragility and consequently seismic demand curves of three example buildings. The accuracy provided by utilization of the proposed models, with considering computation reduction, are compared with those directly obtained from Incremental Dynamic analysis, which is a computer-intensive procedure.

• 한국지진공학회논문집
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.215-222
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• 2024

Many older reinforced concrete (RC) buildings were constructed and designed with only gravity loads in mind. Columns in those buildings have insufficient reinforcement details that do not satisfy the requirements specified in current seismic design standards. This study aims to develop drift-based fragility functions for lightly RC columns. For this purpose, a database of 193 lightly RC columns was constructed to determine central and dispersion values of drift ratios for individual damage states. Additionally, to develop more accurate fragility functions of the columns, the failure mode of RC columns was incorporated into fragility functions. The classification procedure for column failure mode is proposed in this study. Fragility functions for older RC columns are constructed according to four different damage states. The main variables of the fragility functions proposed in this study are column properties and failure mode.