• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.68 no.3
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• pp.216-223
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• 2023

This study aimed to identify and compare the characteristics of Elymus humidus on common wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Chinse Spring, CS). The seed length, width, height, and weight of E. humidus were smaller than those of the CS. In particular, the germination rate of E. humidus was substantially lower than that of CS. In the anatomical dissection of the leaf, E. humidus showed a considerably different xylem diameter of the main vascular bundle in the main vein; however, there was no difference in the phloem of the main vascular bundle compared with the xylem and phloem of the main vascular bundle in the main vein of CS, although E. humidus showed a leaf structure similar to that of CS. In addition, E. humidus had a thinner epidermis than that of CS. Regarding stomatal traits, E. humidus showed a graminoid stomata type similar to that of CS. On the adaxial and abaxial sides, the density, length, and width of the stomata in E. humidus were smaller than those in CS, whereas the distance between stomata in E. humidus was greater than that in CS. The chromosomes of E. humidus were classified as long and short based on their respective lengths. Long chromosomes were classified based on the ratio of the long arm to the short arm e.g., 1:1 or 2:1. Short chromosomes showed the same trend and some short chromosomes were microsatellites. To evaluate genetic diversity, 38 barley EST markers with polymorphisms between E. humidus and CS were selected from 236 barley EST markers.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.147-154
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• 2023

Mulberry exhibits unique characteristics and functionalities across various components, including the roots, branches, leaves, and fruits. However, despite numerous studies on mulberry, research on this plant at the seedling stage is insufficient. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the suitability for seedling cultivation and antioxidant effects of four Korean mulberry cultivars, namely, Daesim, Suhong, Simgang, and Cheongsu. In terms of seed weight, germination rate, and growth rate, Daesim was the most suitable cultivar for seedling production. Polyphenol and flavonoid content analysis showed that all cultivars, except for Cheongsu, showed the highest phenolic content at the 2-week seedling stage. Similarly, antioxidant assays using 2,2'-azino-di-3-ethylbenzthiazoline sulfonic acid (ABTS) and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals revealed that the antioxidant effect of all cultivars, except for Cheongsu, increased with cultivation at 2- 4- and 6-week. However, mulberry seedlings had a slower reaction rate against DPPH radical removal than mulberry leaves. In addition, ABTS radical scavenging activity showed a different correlation with polyphenol content. This phenomenon may be due to the different polyphenol compositions between mulberry leaves and seedlings. The results of this study suggest that mulberry seedlings exhibit different bioactivities from mulberry leaves, and component analysis is required in further research.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.65 no.4
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• pp.346-352
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• 2020

Currently, many studies are being conducted to cope with climate changes due to global warming and abnormal weather. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of weather on the growth, yield components, and quality of soybeans using weather data from 2017 and 2018. The average temperature in 2018 was higher than that in 2017 from R1 to R5 of the growth stage for all cultivars. On the other hand, precipitation in 2018 was reduced compared to that in 2017 for Daewon and Daepung-2ho. It was observed that the flowering date in 2018 was earlier than that in 2017 for Daewon and Daepung-2ho, but the flowering date for Pungsannamul in 2018 was similar to that in 2017. Simulating soil water content with the estimation model (AFKAE0.5) determined that there were fewer drought dates in 2017 than those in 2018, and drought lasted from R1 to early R5 of the growth stage in 2018. Soybean growth in 2017 was better than that in 2018, and seed yield and 100-seed weight of soybean were higher in 2017 than those in 2018 for all cultivars. The seed size in 2017 was larger than that in 2018 for all cultivars. Oil content in 2017 was higher than that in 2018; in particular, the difference between both years was observed for Daewon and Daepung-2ho. Protein content was higher in 2018 than that in 2017; however, there were different levels for each cultivar. Thus, these results indicate that the yield component and quality of soybeans are affected by high temperature and drought.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.29
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• pp.43-53
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• 2011

The possibility of making Cheongukjang by the use of soy-powder and pill type re-made from soy-powder was investigated. Some of experimental results obtained are summarized as follows; 1. Regardless of three different types for the source material of Cheonggukjang, soybean seed, soy-power, and pill, the dry weight of fermented Cheonggukjang showed continuously decreasing trends along with the time of fermentation applied. 2. In all type of source materials, the length of viscous substance during fermentation was increased along with the time of fermentation, and the rate of elongation was much reduced after 48hr of fermentation. Out of four soybean varieties tested, Taekwangkong produced longest viscous substance fermented in the type of soybean seed. No viscous substance was formed when the depth of soy-powder in the fermentation box was shallow, one centimeter. 3. Not much difference was observed in the number of microbes, Bacillus licheniformis B1, in all soybean varieties. The number was proportionally increased in the type of powder but it increased rapidly from 12 hour to 24 hour with low rate of increase thereafter in the pill type. 4. Along with the time of fermentation in all types, the color of Cheonggukjang changed from yellow to dull. At the same time, the tone of color and chroma changed into reddish and yellow, respectively. 5. Along with the time of fermentation in all types, pH of Cheonggukjang changed in alkali. 6. Along with the time of fermentation, the content of isoflavone in Cheonggukjang increased by 48hr but decreased thereafter. 7. In general, the quality of Cheonggukjang fermented in types of soy-powder and pill re-made from soy-powder was lower than that of soybean seed. More study is seemed to be needed to produce high quality Cheonggukjang by the use of soy-power.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2005

The levels of polyamines were measured to investigate the alternative nitrogen metabolism during maturation and sprouting in rice. The rice plants (cv. Ansanbyeo) were cultivated in 20-year-old non-fertilized field. The flag leaves and spikes were collected weekly after the earing stage and the seeds were harvested daily after lodging. Free, bound, and conjugated polyamines were analyzed using reverse phase HPLC. Putrescine, spermidine, spermine, agmatine and tyramine were the major amines found in rice. The level of stress-induced amine, putrescine increased during the preharvest sprouting confirming that the process was a stress to the plants. With all other polyamines, tyramine in free form decreased in flag leaves and panicles during seed maturation. However, agmatine in bound form showed a noticeable increase about 8-fold during 6 weeks period of maturation after which it declined to the bottom level. Among the individual amines, tyramine and spermine in conjugated form showed a marked change during matutation and sprouting. Interestingly, the level of tyramine with all conjugated polyamine decreased in spikes during seed maturation and increased during preharvest sprouting implying that tyrosine decarboxyation and conjugation to phenolic acids may play a key role in preharvest sprouting. Spermine in conjugated form was synthesized only at the early earing stage in the level of $3.4mole\;g^{-1}$ fresh weight, and then decreased to the level of nmole during maturation. Thereafter, it dramatically increased to 2.8 mole during preharvest sprouting. In this study we found the tyramine is a major amine in rice, and it would play a critical role in N-assimilation during seed maturation and sprouting.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.36 no.12
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• pp.1537-1543
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• 2007

This study was investigate the effect of grape seed water extract (GSW) on lipid profiles, lipid metabolism and erythrocyte antioxidant defense system in high-fat diet-induced obese mice. Three groups of male C57BL/6 mice were fed different diets for 6 weeks: normal diet (Normal), high-fat diet (HF control; 37% calorie from fat) and high-fat diet supplemented with GSW (HF-GSW; 1% wt/wt). Supplementation of GSW did not affect the body weight, food intake, daily energy intake, white adipose tissue weights and plasma leptin level in high-fat fed mice. Plasma and hepatic cholesterol and triglyceride contents were significantly higher in the HF control group than in the Normal group; however, GSW supplement significantly lowered plasma triglyceride and hepatic cholesterol concentrations compared to the HF control group. GSW supplement significantly increased fecal excretion of triglyceride in high-fat fed mice. Hepatic carnitine palmitoyl transferase activity was significantly higher in the HF-GSW group than in the HF control group, while fatty acid ${\beta}$-oxidation tended to be lowered by GSW supplement. Erythrocyte superoxide dismutase activity was also significantly higher in the HF-GSW group than in the HF control group and glutathione peroxidase activity tended to be lowered in HF-GSW group. The GSW supplement significantly lowered erythrocyte lipid peroxidation level compared to the HF control group. Accordingly, these results suggest that GSW can be considered as a lipid-lowering agent and as being effective for enhancing erythrocyte antioxidant defense system in high-fat diet-induced obese mice.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.346-352
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• 2016

To investigate the oviposition preference and development of azuki bean weevil (Callosobruchus chinensis L.), the following six different leguminous seeds were used in this study: red bean (Vigna angularis (Willd.) Ohwi & Ohashi), black soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), seoritae (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), small black bean (Rhynchosia nulubilis) and kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris var. humilis Alef.). In the study of oviposition preference, the numbers of eggs per leguminous seed on red bean, black soybean, soybean, seoritae and small black bean were 1.23, 0.61, 0.69, 1.05 and 1.13, respectively. The maximum daily number of eggs was observed at 48 hours and the minimum was at 96 hours. According to each host leguminous seed, developmental time for each host seed was different. The shortest adult emergence time was on red bean (25.27 days). The other five leguminous seeds increased or doubled the adult emergence time. Adult emergence rates feeding on red bean, seoritae, black soybean, soybean, small black bean were 83.33%, 28.23%, 27.87%, 20.44%, and 11.59%, respectively. Emergence rate on red bean was four times higher than the rate on other seeds. The longevity of emerged female adults was almost all longer than that of males. The male adults weighed the lowest of feeding on small black bean. Female adults weighed the lowest of feeding on soybean. Adult weights were the heaviest for both males and females feeding on red bean. As a result, hosts of azuki bean weevil could decrease oviposition rate, emergence rate, adult longevity, and adult weight but increase emergence time. Especially in kidney bean, adult was not completely emerged. No eggs were laid. These results suggest that there might be emergence inhibitors in kidney bean. These imformation might be used to control damages caused by azuki bean weevils.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.10
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• pp.1619-1624
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• 2005

The effect of far-infrared (FIR) irradiation on the antioxidant activity of extracts from grape seed (GS) was evaluated. GS (5 g) were placed in Pyrex petri dishes (8.0 cm diameter) md FIR irradiated at 150$^{\circ}C$ for 10, 20, 30, 40 or 60 min with a FIR heater. After FIR irradiation, water extract (WE) (1.0 g/10 mL), methanol extract (ME) (1.0 g/10 mL) and 70$\%$ ethanol extract (EE) (1.0 g/10 mL) of GS were prepared, and total phenol contents (TPC) and radical scavenging activity (RSA) of the extracts were determined. The antioxidant activities of GS extracts increased as FIR irradiation. For example, FIR irradiation of GS at 150$^{\circ}C$ for 10 min increased the TPC and RSA of WE from 0.95 mM to 1.84 mM and 33,87$\%$ to 58.55$\%$, respectively, compared to non-irradiated control. In the case of ME at the same conditions of FIR irradiation (150$^{\circ}C$ for 10 min), the TPC and RSA also increased from 3.4 mM to 4.52 mM and 76.55$\%$ to 89.41$\%$, respectively. The TPC and RSA of EE increased from 2.65 mM to 4.82 mM and 66.89$\%$ to 84.62$\%$, too. According to the GC/MS analysis, several low-molecular-weight phenolic compounds such as vanillic acid and 3,4-hydroxy benzoic acid were newly formed in the EE after FIR irradiated at 150$^{\circ}C$ for 10 min. There were slight differences in the kinds of phenolic compounds between EE of non irradiated control and FIR irradiated samples. These results indicated that FIR irradiation onto GS could enhance antioxidant activities of its extracts with increasing the amount of phenolic compounds.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.32 no.7
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• pp.1102-1107
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• 2003

To study the effects of substances in paeonia seeds (Paeonia lactiflora Pall.) on lipid metabolism, crude methanol extract and secondary ether-soluble fraction out of defatted methanol extract and trans-resveratrol were prepared from the seeds and added to 0.5% (w/w) cholesterol diets for rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 120$\pm$11 g were divided into six experimental groups: control group with no extra supplement, 0.1% (MP1) and 0.2% methanol extract (MP2) supplemented groups, 0.05% (EP1) and 0.1% ether-soluble fraction (EP2) supplemented groups and 0.02% resveratrol supplemented group. Experimental diets were fed ad libitum to the rats for 3 weeks. Body weight gains and food efficiencies were not different among the six experimental groups. Relative liver weights were lower in EP2 group compared to those in control group, but serum GOT and GPT levels of paeonia seed groups including trans-resveratrol group were not different from those of the control group. Serum total cholesterol levels reduced in EP2 and resveratrol groups but HDL-/total cholesterol ratios significantly increased in the four paeonia groups except EP1 group compared with the control group and serum triglyceride level lowered only in EP2 group than that of the control. However, liver cholesterol levels lowered in the five paeonia groups but triglyceride level lowered in MP2, EP1, EP2 groups than that of the control group. Fecal cholesterol excretion significantly increased in MP2, EP1, and EP2 groups than that of the control group, but bile acid excretions were not changed except that a reduction in EP2 group. These results suggest that paeonia seeds contain substances improving serum lipid status mostly via HDL pathway and resveratrol as monomer is one of the effective components but others including resveratrol oligmer are involved in the lipid improving effect.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.217-221
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• 2012

This study was carried out to evaluate residual characteristics of tolclofos-methyl in ginseng and elucidate the reason for its high detection rate from fresh ginseng selling at markets. Seeds of ginseng were sowed after seed dressing with tolclofos-methyl and after a year of growth, the young seedlings were transplanted to field. They were then harvested annually until three-years of growth and the pesticide residue was analyzed in them. LOD and LOQ of the pesticide were 0.001 and 0.003 mg/kg, respectively. Recovery test was carried out to validate the analytical method for tolclofos-methyl in ginseng. The ginseng seedlings were fortified with the test pesticide at the level of LOQ, ten times of LOQ and maximum residue concentration of tolclofos-methyl. Its recovery ranged from 77.37 to 100.16%. Residual concentration of tolclofos-methyl in ginseng seedlings just before transplanting and two-year-old ginseng were from 7.58 to 8.05 and from 6.46 to 6.79 mg/kg, respectively. In case of three-year-old ginseng, it was found to be from 4.18 to 4.35 mg/kg. As a result of annual pesticide residue analysis, concentration of the pesticide was found to decrease time-coursely in ginseng. This may be due to decomposition and increasing of fresh weight of the ginseng during the cultivation periods of three years.