• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.569-577
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• 1996

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of water potential by PEG treatment on germination and quantitative changes of seed storage reserves of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], peanut(Arachjs hypogaea L.) and corn(Zea may L.). Water potential of PEG(M.W. 10, 000) solution as germination media was 0.0, -0.2, and -0.5MPa. The highest moisture uptake rate was found in soybean seedlings among three crops. Moisture content of seedlings of three crops was decreased at -0.5MPa treatment and seedling length was delayed with water potential decrement. As water potential decreased, decreasing rate of protein content of the seedlings compared to seeds was declined in soybean and peanut. Decreasing rate of starch content of the seedlings was decreased in corn at -0.5MPa treatment. Increasing rate of sugar content of the seedlings was markedly decreased at -0.5MPa treatment in all crops. The results of this experiment showed that availability of moisture and synthesis of sugar for seed germination were influenced below -0.5MPa water potential in three crops.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.177-182
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• 2013

A genus Camelina has been attracted as a promising oil crop, especially available in drought and marginal conditions. Due to more demands on arable land for bioenergy crops, price of agricultural products has been a challengeable issue. In that respect, development of Camelina crop with higher germination rate and germination energy can be a strategy to secure seedling establishment, nutrient uptake and long vegetative period. In order to be easily available in the field and laboratory conditions, Camelina seed needs to be optimized for its germination temperature. Germination temperature regime was in a range of 8 to $32^{\circ}C$ initially, and consecutively narrowed down to 8 to $20^{\circ}C$. Based on the temperature range, Camelina germinated greater than 96% at $8-16^{\circ}C$ in two weeks after sowing, but germination rate started to decrease at the higher than $24^{\circ}C$ and was significantly low at higher than $32^{\circ}C$. In terms of rapid time to reach the maximum germination rate and greater germination energy, temperature ranged from 12 to $16^{\circ}C$ was found to be desirable for Camelina germination. Although germinationa rate was greater at $16^{\circ}C$, lower temperature close to $12^{\circ}C$ would be favored for the field conditions where greater root growth leading to healthier seedlings and better nutrient or water availability is considerably demanded.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.298-309
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• 2020

Background: Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is a useful medicinal and oil crop in Korea. However, when safflower is cultivated, the flowering period overlaps with the rainy season, and seed maturation is poor. Therefore, this study aimed to use basic research data to develop superior varieties using agronomic characteristics and crossing method. Methods and Results: A total of 34 safflower germplasms were sown and their agronomic characteristics were investigated. Based on these investigations, the cultivar 'ui-san-hong-hwa' was selected as the mother plant, and 'Myanmar safflower' (Hsu Pan) was selected as the father plant. In addition, we developed a floret-protecting cap to cover florets after emasculation during the artificial crossing. When florets were protected by the cap, the seed setting rate increased in comparison to that in the non-covered florets. Conclusions: Agronomic characteristics can contribute to developing suitable varieties. The results suggest that the protection cap will be helpful in breeding without the floral organ drying. This study contributes an efficient breeding method to develop new safflower varieties.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2020.08a
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• pp.94-94
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• 2020

Safflower, a draught and salt tolerant oil seed crop of Compositae family, has been cultivated around the world mainly as source of edible oils and dyes, where India, the USA, Mexico, Australia, and Ethiopia contributing about 85% of the production altogether. In this study we have characterized some selected morphological properties of safflower plant and determined the the total phenolic content (TPC) and fatty acid composition in seeds of 237 genetic resources. All the seed coats were white colored while the petals had red, yellow and white pigments. The yellow was the predominant petal color being recorded in 182 accessions followed by red occurring in 49 accessions. The petal color of 47 of the accessions changed with development while the 190 accession showed no change of color. The leaves are ovate to obovate, mostly with dentate (21 moderate and 205 weak) and few smooth (11) margins. The plant length, leaf length, and leaf width were ranged between 65.7 and 160.8 cm, 14.3 and 37.0 cm, and 3.3 and 12.1 cm, respectively. The TPC was determined using Folin-Ciocalteu method and fatty acid compositions were evaluated using gas chromatography. The TPC content ranged from 23.71 to 132.72 µgGAE/mg dried extract (DE). The seeds of safflower genetic resources accounted an average crude fat content of 26.25% (14.84 to 41.70%). The total fatty acid is mainly comprised of 71.72% linoleic acid (18:2) and 20.08% oleic acid (18:1) on average, the remaining palmitic acid (16:0), stearic acid (18:0) and linolenic acid (18:3) contributing 5.84, 2.23 and 0.15 %, respectively. The fatty acid composition of safflower seeds has shown great variability, where oleic and linoleic acid have a wide range of variation, from 9.23 to 83.35% and from 10.46 to 82.62%, respectively

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.3-12
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• 2001

Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) are important components of brain phospholipds and play important role (s) in brain function. In rats, the maximum brain growth occurs during the period of lactation even though it happens during the third trimester of gestation in human. Since milk contained docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) even through the maternal diet had no DHA and/or a very small amount of its precursor, $\alpha$-linolenic acid ($\alpha$-LnA), an emphasis was given to maternal adipose tissue as a reservoir of this fatty acid. We, therefore, investigated the mesenteric and subcutaneous adipose tissues for their fatty acid composition in dams reared with different fat diets. Diets containing various amounts of $\omega$6 and $\omega$3 fatty acids were given to adult female rats (200-250g) throughout the pregnancy and lactation periods. Diets were composed of 10% (wt/wt) corn oil (CO), soybean oil (SO), perilla seed oil (PO) containing about 60% $\alpha$-LnA, or fish oil (FO) rich in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and DHA. The fatty acid ompositions of mesenteric and subcutaneous fat were measured and evaluated at Day-2 and Day-15 after parturition. In general, major characteristics of dietary fatty acid composition was reflected on the fatty acid composition of adipose tissues. Dietary fatty acid composition was reflected more on mesenteric fat as compared to subcutaneous fat. Mesenteric fat was found to contain less arachidonic acid (AA) and mesenteric fats of CO, SO and PO groups contained less DHA than did the subcutaneous fat. The P/M/S ratios of adipose tissues were similar between experimental groups while dietary P/M/S ratios differed significantly. It was noticeable that a small proportion of DHA was found in the adipose tissues of animals of CO, SO and PO groups (Day-2) and in SO and PO groups (Day-15), the groups which do not contain DHA in their diets. The percentage of DHA in mesenteric fat o CO, SO and PO groups decreased as lactation continues, while the proportion of DHA in FO group increased. Adipose tissues of FO group had higher DHA/EPA ratio as compared to the diet. Considering the fact that the body contains a large amount of adipose tissues, our present finding suggests that the adipose tissue can serve as a reservoir of DHA for pregnant and lactating rats.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.314-320
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• 1984

Effects of phosphorous fertilizer on the growth habit and yield of monoculm and branch types of two leading sesame varieties was investigated. The photosynthetic rate of at each growing stage was high at the flowering stage. The photosynthetic rate of monoculm sesame variety, Pungnyeon was high prior to flowering stage, while the Kwangsan variety, branch type was high after the flowering stage. The level of phosphate were most effective in increasing photosynthesis when standard level of fertilizer was applied in both varieties. Kwangsan variety showed higher photosynthetic rate per unit area, higher NAR, and CGR and higher LAR and RGR at the maximum flowering stage than the Pungnyoeon variety. Those characters attained maximum level when standard levels of phosphorous fertilizer were applied. The protein and oil content of seeds were higher in Kwangsan variety compared with Pungnyeon. However, the carbohydrate of seeds was high for Pungnyeon variety. The highest protein content was attained when standard level of fertilizer were applied. The oil content appeared to increase as the level of applied fertilizer increased. The results suggest that the vegetative growth and seed yields of sesame may be enough with present level of fertilizers. However, higher amount of phosphorous fertilizer may be required to increase the oil content of sesame seeds.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.12-18
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• 2021

The in vitro antioxidant activity of oregano seed fractions, fractionizing with 80% ethanol, n-hexane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and water, was evaluated, and their effects on edible oils were determined in corn oil at 180℃. The ethyl acetate fraction had the highest radical-scavenging activity. The ferric reducing antioxidant power activity and total phenol content of the ethyl acetate fraction were determined as 6,130 µmol ascorbic acid equivalents/g extract and 770 µmol tannic acid equivalents/g extract, respectively, which were significantly higher than those of the other fractions (p<0.05). Primary and secondary oxidation products in corn oil added with the ethyl acetate fraction of oregano seed significantly decreased by 1.5 and 1.26 times, respectively, compared with those in the control groups. The major volatile ingredients in the ethyl acetate fraction of oregano seeds were determined to be carvacrol, thymoquinone, and 3-cyclopentylcyl-cyclopentan-1-one. Ethyl acetate is a suitable solvent for extracting antioxidant compounds from oregano seeds and can be used as a natural antioxidant.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.149-158
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• 2007

To investigate the characteristics of the nitrogen mineralization of oil cakes according to changes in temperature(10, 20, $30^{\circ}C$) moisture(40, 50, 60, 70% of field capacity in loam and 50, 60, 70, 80% of field capacity in sandy loam), mineral nitrogen was measured in soil after incubation for 30 days. In addition, the mineralization in sandy loam and loam which had different soil texture were compared. According to incubating the castor seed, soybean, and rice bran cakes with soil, the higher the temperature and moisture content were, the higher the content of mineral nitrogen was observed. The content of mineral nitrogen was higher in sandy loam than loam. The content of mineral nitrogen was decreased with soil depth increasing and was also higher in sandy loam than loam.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.462-467
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• 2009

Cyclosporin A (CyA) produced by Tolypocladium inflatum is a promising drug owing to its immunosuppressive and antifungal activities. From an industrial point of view, the necessity to obtain a suitable and economic medium for higher production of CyA was the aim of this work. The present study evaluated the effect of different fermentation parameters in solid state fermentation, such as selection of solid substrate, hydrolysis of substrates, initial moisture content, supplementation of salts, additional carbon, and nitrogen sources, as well as the inoculum age and size, on production of CyA by Tolypocladium inflatum MTCC 557. The fermentation was carried out at $25{\pm}2^{\circ}C$ for 9 days. A combination of hydrolyzed wheat bran flour and coconut oil cake (1:1) at 70% initial moisture content supported a maximum production of $3,872{\pm}156\;mg$ CyA/kg substrate as compared with $792{\pm}33\;mg/kg$ substrate before optimization. Furthermore, supplementation of salts, glycerol (1% w/w), and ammonium sulfate (1% w/w) increased the production of CyA to $5,454{\pm}75\;mg/kg$ substrate. Inoculation of 5 g of solid substrate with 6 ml of 72-h-old seed culture resulted in a maximum production of $6,480{\pm}95\;mg$ CyA/kg substrate.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.1212-1219
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• 1999

The oils were extracted from the mixture of roasted(for 20 min at 190oC) perilla seeds(RPS) and roasted (commercially) peanuts(RPN) by solvent extraction(SE) and mechanical expression(ME). The effects of mixing ratio on physicochemical characteristics and oxidative stability of their oils were investigated. Yields of both SE and ME oils were increased as the RPN ratio in the mixture increased. In all the SE and ME oils, the major fatty acids were oleic, linoleic and linolenic acid, and total saturated fatty acids increased gradually, but total unsaturated fatty acids decreased gradually as the RPN ratio in the mixture was increased. The specific gravity and refractive index of both SE and ME oils decreased as the RPN ratio in the mixture was increased. Acid value, saponification value and iodine value of SE oils decreased as the RPN ratio in the mixture increased, whereas acid value and iodine value of ME oils decreased and saponification value increased. The colors of ME oils were darker brownish than SE oils. The oxidative stability of SE oils was decreased as the RPN ratio in the mixture increased, whereas that of ME oils was increased. Sensory evaluation of all the oils extracted from the mixture with various mixing ratio showed significant differences in flavor, taste, color and overall acceptance(p<0.01). The oil extracted from the mixture of the mixing ratio of 8:2(RPS:RPN) showed slightly higher preference regardless of extraction method.