• 건축역사연구
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.68-87
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• 1992

This study is the conditions of location according to formed the times in the clan village. The results of this study are as follows ; 1. in the 15th century, the characterestics of the village established residencial place where mountain stream flowed surrounded by the mountain and deep in the mountains with superior quality land. That's because Sa-dae-bu put equal importance on beautiful scenery and practical benefit for living. Stream House provided economical foundation for Sa-dae-bu to be able to keep confucial manners by putting limit their economic status to small medium sized land owner. Topographical condition such as valley or hollow separated from the exterior maintained unification of consanguineous village in self sufficient farming society and held on to independent territory against external to be able to stay away from turbulent days so that they formed residential area of Sa-dae-bu clan. And the valley where flowed clean water was considered as the connection of continuous place where distinctiveness of form in each curve and and factor of calm and dynamic scenery of the clean stream. Scholars in the middle of Chosun Dynasty located in the utopia as place for confucious retirement to study, a place for refinement by combination with the nature or as a way of spacial practice based on Confucious view of nature. 2. in the 16th-l7th century, Most of existing consanguineous villages adopt deep in the mountains for refuge. at that place, upward rank was established by settlement of the ancestor who entered in the village first, the principal was placed in the center of the village and since descendants became numerous, it was serialized as the space of descendants. So, it was arranged in the order of social rank. Most of the villages showed development step by step started from precaution by apperance of the mountain to the lower part. It's because the topography of valley around the village worked as the natural hedge against external force and genealogy of the clan, regularity of social status, order of entrance into the village were reflected into residencial destribution. Also, order of the rank coincided with the one of aspects on geomancy. Genealogical rank within the village represented spacial rank. Houses of descendants and branch families were placed lower than the principal which showed worship to the principal. 3. In 18th century after, as the village was settled nearby cultivated land considering economical loss caused by long distance between residencial area and cultivated land, direction of sect followed by development of village expanded from the front part of the village to the rear part. The principal that was poped out to the front presented frontage over exterior. Therefore, residencial area of branch families expanded to the rear starting from the principal. This represented a slice of social structure at that time. after 18th century, spirit was percieved superior over material, After then, development of cultivation and expantion of land created difference of economic strength within one village. In order to maintain and show off the status of Yang-ban, economic power of indigenous land owner became fundamental, so, sense to worship and to keep the principal became weak eventually. Taking advantage of that situation, residencial area of branch family expanded to the rear part of the principal which showed dual disposition conflicted with each other. However, these clan rules were destroyed and new rules were created after 18th century because of the situation and consciousness at that time.

• 동양고전연구
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• 제70호
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• pp.407-434
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• 2018

본고는 한국 불교사에서 거의 주목되지 않은 조선초 요동 월경과 월경승 만공(滿空)과 적휴(適休)의 중국 불교행적에 대해서 살펴보았다. 조선초 태종과 세종대의 대대적인 불교탄압 시책에 대하여 불교계가 속수무책으로 아무런 대응을 하지 않은 것이 아니라 불교계 나름대로 저항을 하였던 것이다. 특히 조계종의 나옹혜근과 태고보우의 문도 계열이 두드러졌다. 보우의 문도들이 주로 신문고를 치거나 불교의 자정을 주창하였으며, 나옹의 문도 계열은 무학을 중심으로 불교계를 재편하거나 탄압에 맞섰으며, 명(明)의 황제의 도움을 받아 불교계를 수호하고자 하거나 아예 요동으로 월경(越境)하기도 하였다. 월경을 시도하다가 해선(海禪)처럼 체포되기도 하였으나 태종대 만공(滿空)과 세종대 적휴(適休)처럼 월경하여 중국 불교계에 뚜렷한 행적을 남기기도 하였다. 만공(滿空)은 태종대 요동으로 월경한 11명 가운데 한 고승으로 홍도(洪道) 홍인(洪因) 등과 함께 하였는데 무학의 문도이자 나옹의 문손인 듯하다. 나옹의 문도인 듯한 만공은 월경후 북경에서 다시 해로로 이동하여 금릉 금릉(金陵) 천계사(天界寺)에 주석하다가 조선과 친근하며 유서가 있는 산동(山東) 태안(泰安)으로 이주하여 죽림사(竹林寺)와 보조선사(普照禪寺)를 중창하면서 불법을 널리 홍포하였다. 적휴(適休)는 세종대에 승려 신내(信乃)와 신휴(信休) 신담(信淡) 혜선(惠禪) 홍적(洪迪) 해비(海丕) 신연(信然) 홍혜(洪惠) 신운(信雲) 등 총 10명과 함께 요동으로 월경하여 북경에서 명 황제의 보호속에 산해관을 거쳐 금릉 천계사(天界寺)에 이주하였다. 그후 그들의 행적은 더 알 수 없으나, 적휴는 북경 곡적산(穀積山)에서 고려 승속이 거주하였던, 특히 나옹과 문도 무학 등이 머물렀던 영암선사(靈巖禪寺) 근처에 반야선사(般若禪寺)를 창건했다. 이와같이 이와같이 조선초 승려들은 국가의 탄압에 저항하거나 월경하였는데 태종과 세종대 만공과 적휴는 중국 불교계를 유력하면서 사찰을 중창하며 중국불교의 발전에 기여하였다.