• 제목/요약/키워드: Secretory pathway

검색결과 56건 처리시간 0.025초

Molecular Characterization of A Glycine and Proline-rich Antibacterial Protein from Larvae of A Beetle, Protaetia brevitarsis

  • Hwang, Jae-Sam;Kim, Seong-Ryul;Kang, Heui-Yun;Yun, Eun-Young;Ahn, Mi-Young;Park, Kwan-Ho;Jeon, Jae-Pil;Kim, Mi-Ae;Kim, Nam-Jung;Hwang, Seok-Jo;Kim, Ik-Soo
    • International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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    • 제15권1호
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    • pp.83-85
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    • 2007
  • A glycine and proline-rich antibacterial protein was cloned from larvae of a beetle, Protaetia brevitarsis. The DNAs encoded a deduced propeptide of 127 amino acid residues with predicted molecular weight of 14.0 kDa and PI of 7.89. Structural analysis of this protein indicated the presence of a recognition sequence for the cleavage site within the constitutive secretory pathway(Arg-Xaa-Lys/Arg-Arg), suggesting that mature portion(72 amino acid residues) is produced by cleavage of signal peptide and propeptide from 127 amino-acid-long precursor protein. Mature portion sequence of this protein showed 72% similarity to that of Oryctes rhinoceros Rhinocerosin and 91% to that of Holotrichia diomphalia holotricin 2. The mRNA expression was reached the highest level at 4 hrs after E. coli injection and then declined gradually.

Effect of Endothelin-1 on Proliferation and Differentiation of Rat Tracheal Epithelial Cells

  • Kim, Chang-Soo;Oh, Sae-Ock;Woo, Jae-Suk;Jung, Jin-Sup;Kim, Yong-Keun;Lee, Sang-Ho
    • The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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    • 제2권6호
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    • pp.763-770
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    • 1998
  • A number of substances involved in the proliferation and differentiation of the tracheobronchial epithelium have been identified. The defects in the control of the proliferation and differentiation of tracheobronchial epithelial cells appear to constitute crucial steps in the transition of normal cells to neoplastic ones. Endothelin-1 is produced by tracheal epithelial cells, and its receptors are present in tracheal epithelial cells. However, the effect of endothelin-1 on the proliferation and differentiation of tracheal epithelial cells has not been clearly elucidated. This study was undertaken to investigate these actions of endothelin-1 in primary cultured cells of rat tracheal epithelia. Endothelin-1 stimulated proliferation of tracheal epithelial cells 1.5-fold when compared with that of control cells. Endothelin-1 increased mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activity. Herbimycin A, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, inhibited endothelin-1-induced proliferation of epithelial cells. The treatment of endothelin-1 during the primary culture of tracheal epithelial cells increased AB-PAS-stained cell population and ciliated cell population 6.5 fold and 1.5 fold, respectively, when compared with those in control cells. The responsiveness to carbachol and forskolin in the $Cl^-$ secretion was increased 1.7 and 1.9 fold, respectively, in the endothelin-treated epithelial cells. These results indicated that endothelin-1 increases proliferation via MAPK pathway and stimulates differentiation to secretory and ciliated cells in rat tracheal epithelial cells.

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Induction of Apoptosis in Chicken Oviduct Cells by C2-Ceramide

  • Kim, Sung Hak;Choi, Ji Young;Sihn, Choon-Ryoul;Suh, Eun Jung;Kim, Sun Young;Choi, Kang Duk;Jeon, Iksoo;Han, Jae Yong;Kim, Tae-Yoon;Kim, Sang Hoon
    • Molecules and Cells
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    • 제19권2호
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    • pp.185-190
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    • 2005
  • The chicken oviduct is a dynamic organ that produces secretory proteins such as ovalbumin and its cells undergo cell proliferation and differentiation. There has been no study of the cellular mechanism involved in cell death in the chicken oviduct. Therefore, this study has focused on the study of apoptosis in primary oviduct cells. Because ceramide is known to activate apoptosis in tumor cells and is produced in the oviduct, we used an exogenous ceramide analog to induce cell death. The viability of ceramide-treated chicken oviduct cells decreased in a dose-dependent manner and apoptotic cells were detected by staining with annexin V. The expression of apoptosis-related genes was assessed by RT-PCR and bcl-2 mRNA was found to decrease after exposure to ceramide while Bcl-x mRNA increased 12 h post-treatment. In addition, caspase-3 was expressed strongly in the early stages of apoptosis, while caspase-1 and -9 transcripts increased at later times. We conclude that ceramide induces apoptosis in oviduct-derived primary cells via a caspase- and bcl-2-dependent pathway.

Altered Expression of Aquaporins in Rat Submandibular Glands after Parasympathetic Denervation

  • Jung, Ji-Yeon;Byun, Kang-Ok;Kim, Won-Jae
    • The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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    • 제7권2호
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    • pp.97-101
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    • 2003
  • The salivary glands produce 1.5L of fluid per day. As in other exocrine organs, the general mechanism in the salivary glands is that water movement occurs secondary to osmotic driving forces created by active salt transport. Therefore, high water permeability in the salivary glands is expected to have a variety of aquaporin (AQP), a water channel. Although some AQPs have been known to be present in the salivary glands, roles of parasympathetic nerve in AQP expression have not yet been examined. This study was designed to examine the changes of AQPs and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in the submandibular glands after parasympathetic denervation. Right chorda-lingual nerve was cut, and each right (experiment) and left (control) submandibular gland was excised at 1, 3, 7, 14, 30 days after denervation. The denervated right submandibular glands were resulted in weight loss and morphologic changes, including cell loss and atrophy, as the time elapsed after parasympathetic denervation increased, whereas there were no histologic alteration in control side. AQP5 which is known to reside in apical membrane and secretory caraliculi of the submandibular acini were gradually underexpressed according, as the time after denervation increased. Expression of AQP4 in submandibular ductal epithelium was down-regulated after denervation. Besides, AQP3 and 8, which is known to be present in basolateral membrane of the glandular acini, were gradually underexpressed after denervation, similar to the pattern of other types. Expression of ERK, a mitogen-activated protein kinase, was downregulated after parasympathetic denervation in the submandibular gland. These results suggest that parasympathetic nervous system regulates the expression of AQPs in salivary glands, and is in part mediated by ERK pathway.

구제역의 병인론과 숙주와의 상호작용 (Pathogenesis and Host Interaction of Foot-and-mouth Disease)

  • 박종현;이광녕;김수미;고영준;이향심;조인수
    • 한국임상수의학회지
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    • 제28권1호
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    • pp.113-121
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    • 2011
  • Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a severe vesicular disease of cloven-hoofed animals including domesticated ruminants and pigs. Acute clinical signs may be mild in sheep and goats but are associated with lameness in pigs and mouth lesions with vesicles in cattle. The required condition for a successful pathogen appears to be the ability to counteract both the host innate and adaptive immune response. FMD virus (FMDV) inhibits the induction of antiviral molecules and interferes with the secretory pathway in the infected cell. The surface expression of Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) class I molecules is reduced in infected cells. Thus, the ability of the host to recognize and eliminate virus infected cells is decreased. Furthermore, FMDV infection results in a rapid, but transient lymphopenia, reducing the number of T and B cells, and affecting T cell function. The virus appears to premature apoptosis-mediated cell death because it has a very short replication cycle and is able to rapidly produce large amounts of virus. FMDV engages the host protective response at multiple steps to ensure its effective replication and pathogenesis. This review describes the recent pathological and immunological studies to overcome the powerful abilities of FMDV to counteract defense mechanism of host.

Lysophosphatidic acid enhances breast cancer cells-mediated osteoclastogenesis

  • Nam, Ju-Suk;Sharma, Ashish Ranjan;Nguyen, Lich Thi;Jagga, Supriya;Lee, Yeon-Hee;Sharma, Garima;Lee, Sang-Soo
    • The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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    • 제22권5호
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    • pp.503-511
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    • 2018
  • Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is known to play a critical role in breast cancer metastasis to bone. In this study, we tried to investigate any role of LPA in the regulation of osteoclastogenic cytokines from breast cancer cells and the possibility of these secretory factors in affecting osteoclastogenesis. Effect of secreted cytokines on osteoclastogenesis was analyzed by treating conditioned media from LPA-stimulated breast cancer cells to differentiating osteoclasts. Result demonstrated that IL-8 and IL-11 expression were upregulated in LPA-treated MDA-MB-231 cells. IL-8 was induced in both MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468, however, IL-11 was induced only in MDA-MB-231, suggesting differential LPARs participation in the expression of these cytokines. Expression of IL-8 but not IL-11 was suppressed by inhibitors of PI3K, NF-kB, ROCK and PKC pathways. In the case of PKC activation, it was observed that $PKC{\delta}$ and $PKC{\mu}$ might regulate LPA-induced expression of IL-11 and IL-8, respectively, by using specific PKC subtype inhibitors. Finally, conditioned Medium from LPA-stimulated breast cancer cells induced osteoclastogenesis. In conclusion, LPA induced the expression of osteolytic cytokines (IL-8 and IL-11) in breast cancer cells by involving different LPA receptors. Enhanced expression of IL-8 by LPA may be via ROCK, PKCu, PI3K, and NFkB signaling pathways, while enhanced expression of IL-11 might involve $PKC{\delta}$ signaling pathway. LPA has the ability to enhance breast cancer cells-mediated osteoclastogenesis by inducing the secretion of cytokines such as IL-8 and IL-11.

Physiological Functions of the COPI Complex in Higher Plants

  • Ahn, Hee-Kyung;Kang, Yong Won;Lim, Hye Min;Hwang, Inhwan;Pai, Hyun-Sook
    • Molecules and Cells
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    • 제38권10호
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    • pp.866-875
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    • 2015
  • COPI vesicles are essential to the retrograde transport of proteins in the early secretory pathway. The COPI coatomer complex consists of seven subunits, termed ${\alpha}-$, ${\beta}-$, ${\beta}^{\prime}-$, ${\gamma}-$, ${\delta}-$, ${\varepsilon}-$, and ${\zeta}$-COP, in yeast and mammals. Plant genomes have homologs of these subunits, but the essentiality of their cellular functions has hampered the functional characterization of the subunit genes in plants. Here we have employed virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) and dexamethasone (DEX)-inducible RNAi of the COPI subunit genes to study the in vivo functions of the COPI coatomer complex in plants. The ${\beta}^{\prime}-$, ${\gamma}-$, and ${\delta}$-COP subunits localized to the Golgi as GFP-fusion proteins and interacted with each other in the Golgi. Silencing of ${\beta}^{\prime}-$, ${\gamma}-$, and ${\delta}$-COP by VIGS resulted in growth arrest and acute plant death in Nicotiana benthamiana, with the affected leaf cells exhibiting morphological markers of programmed cell death. Depletion of the COPI subunits resulted in disruption of the Golgi structure and accumulation of autolysosome-like structures in earlier stages of gene silencing. In tobacco BY-2 cells, DEX-inducible RNAi of ${\beta}^{\prime}$-COP caused aberrant cell plate formation during cytokinesis. Collectively, these results suggest that COPI vesicles are essential to plant growth and survival by maintaining the Golgi apparatus and modulating cell plate formation.

초파리 단안의 발생시기에 따른 각막형성세포의 형태 (Morphology of Drosophila Ocellar Corneagenous Cells to the Development)

  • 윤춘식
    • Applied Microscopy
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    • 제29권2호
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    • pp.231-239
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    • 1999
  • 초파리 단안의 발생단계에 따른 각막형성세포의 형태적인 변화를 관찰하고, 생산된 단백질의 이동방향을 조사하였다. 그 결과 우화 후 수일이 지나면서 각막형성세포는 그 기능이 급격하게 감소하는 것으로 보인다. 반면 우화 직후의 각막형성세포는 왕성한 분비활동을 하는 것으로 생각된다. 특히 자기방사섭의 결과에서는 각막형성세포에서 생산된 대부분의 단백질이 랜즈쪽으로 가는 것을 볼 때, 이 시기에서 이들 세포는 시세포에 기능하기보다는 렌즈형성에 주 기능을 할 것으로 사료된다. 번데기시기의 각막형성세포는 더욱 잘 발달되어 있었다. 렌즈가 형성되고 있는 시기의 각막형성세포에는 rER이 잘 발달되어 물질생산이 왕성하게 일어나고 있음을 보여주었다. 또한 분비과립과 미세소관이 많이 관찰되는데, 후자는 물질이 이동하는 통로를 제공하기 때문이다. 발생도중의 단안에서 새롭게 만들어진 렌즈의 가장 아래층의 저밀도의 불연속적 라멜라구조를 이루고 있고, 이 부분의 각막형성세포는 미세융모가 잘 발달되어 있어 물질을 분비하는 조직의 일반적인 특징을 보여준다. 결론적으로 각막형성세포는 렌즈가 왕성하게 형성되는 시기에는 잘 발달하고, 우화 후 완전히 형성된 추에는 그 기능이 급격하게 감소하면서 세포의 크기도 작아진 다는 것을 알 수 있었다.

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Turtle Bladder 정단세포막(丁端細胞膜)의 역동적(力動的) 변화와 상피수송(上皮輸送)에 관하여 (Transepithelial transport and dynamic changes on apical membrane area of turtle bladder)

  • 전진석
    • Applied Microscopy
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    • 제23권1호
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    • pp.1-14
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    • 1993
  • 본 연구는 세포질 액포의 수와 기능적으로 상호작용하는 정단세포막(丁端細胞膜)의 역동적(力動的) 변화로 인한 세포수송의 조절과 세포막의 재순환(再循環) 과정의 증거를 분석(分析)하였다. 주사전자현미경(走査電子顯微鏡) 관찰에 의하면 Turtle bladder 점막(粘膜)에는 다음 세 증류의 주요세포가 있다. 과립성세포(顆粒性細胞)는 방광점막(膀胱粘膜) 세포의 대다수를 차지하는 것으로서 총 세포수의 80%에 해당하며, 나머지 20%의 세포는 탄산탈수효소가 풍부한 A 및 B형으로 분류되는 상피세포(上皮細胞)가 특징이다. 탄산탈수효소가 풍부한 두 종류의 세포내의 관상액포(管狀液胞)나 대부분의 액포에서 horseradish peroxidase의 흡수를 조사한 결과, 세포막부분이 정단세포질(丁端細胞質) 액포에 내화(內化)되어 있었다. 마치 탄산탈수효소를 함유한 세포가 세포내(細胞內) 액포(液胞)를 소유하고 있는것 같으며 이 세포내 액포는 정단세포막으로 재순환(再循環)하는 proton 펌프를 지니는 것으로 생각된다. Turtle bladder에서 과립상세포는 두렷한 세포외분필(細胞外分泌) 기작에 의하여 다량의 mucin과 기타 단백질을 능동적으로 분비하는 constitutive pathway로서 믿어지며. 조절된 분비경로를 통해 방광상피세포(膀胱上皮細胞)가 mucin을 분비하는 가능성에 대해서는 엄밀하게 규명되어있지 않으므로 이러한 vesicular transport 상당부분이 미결상태로 남아있다.

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식물성 일반식품 자원의 에탄올 추출물이 염증 효소계에 미치는 영향 (Inhibitory Effects on the Enzymes Involved in the Inflammation by the Ethanol Extracts of Plant Foodstuffs)

  • 권은숙;김일낭;권훈정
    • 한국식품과학회지
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    • 제39권3호
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    • pp.348-352
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    • 2007
  • 한국인이 상용하는 식물성 식품 30종의 에탄올 추출물을 이용하여 $sPLA_{2}$, COX-1, COX-2, 12-LOX 의 활성 억제 효과를 측정하여 식물 추출물이 염증 효소계에 미치는 영향을 포괄적으로 평가하였다. 그 결과 모든 식물 추출물은 적어도 한 개 이상의 염증 관련 효소의 활성을 저해하였다. 몇 가지 두류와 숙주나물, 일부 잎채소는 염증반응의 상위 단계 효소인 $sPLA_{2}$의 활성을 저해하였으며, 12-LOX 활성은 발아나물인 콩나물과 숙주나물에 의해서만 특이적으로 저해되었다. 대부분의 식품들은 COX-1과 COX-2 활성을 동시에 저해하였고, 미나리와 비름만이 COX-1 활성 저해 없이 COX-2만을 선택적으로 저해하였다. 모든 두류 유래식품과 식물 뿌리류는 COX-2에만 선택적이지는 않았으나, COX-1보다 더 낮은 농도에서 COX-2 활성을 억제하였다. 여러 식품들 중 염증반응의 상위단계 효소인 $sPLA_{2}$ 활성을 억제하는 일부 두류와 잎채소류 및 숙주나물은 염증 초기에 작용하여 염증 반응의 발전을 차단하는데 도움을 줄 수 있을 것으로 보인다. 특히, 녹두는 비교적 낮은 $IC_{50}$ 값을 보이며 $sPLA_{2}$와 COX-2를 효과적으로 저해하는 것으로 나타나 염증반응의 여러 단계에서 항염 효과를 나타낼 수 있는 유용한 식품으로 판단된다. 또한 각각의 염증 관련 효소에 대한 억제 능력이 크지는 않았지만, 염증 반응의 초기 및 후기 단계의 모든 효소를 저해 하였던 숙주나물과 12-LOX 및 COX-2를 동시에 저해한 콩나물도 여러 염증 효소를 복합적으로 억제시킴으로써 항염능을 나타낼 수 있다는 점에 주목 할 필요가 있다. 본 연구 결과 식물성 식품에 의한 염증 완화 및 예방 효과는 각기 다른 염증 효소의 활성을 다양한 정도로 저해함으로써 발현됨을 알 수 있다. 밝혀졌으며 제2형 당뇨모델인 $KK-A^{y}$ 마우스를 이용한 동물실험에서도 뚜렷한 혈당강하효과를 나타내어 인슐린 민감성 제재로 개발 할 수 있는 가능성을 보여 주었다.균은 $0.9{\sim}2.6%$이었으며, 8종류 약제에 저항성인 균도 1.7%있었다. 이상의 결과로 국내에서 분리된 M. pneumoniae 균주는 적게는 1-4 종류의 항생제에, 많게는 5-8 종류의 항생제에 저항성인 균주가 있으므로 마이코플라스마폐렴 환자를 치료할때는 macrolide계나 quinolone계의 항생제 선택에 신중을 기하여야 하며, 가급적이면 항생제 감수성 검사를 실시하여 적절한 항생제를 선택함으로써 저항성균의 출현율을 줄일 수 있고 효율적인 치료도 할 수 있도록 하여야 할 것으로 생각된다.이어트에도 도움이 되리라 생각한다. 56.3%, 엽산 81.3% 등으로 높게 나타나 근로자들의 영양 문제가 심각함을 알 수 있다.혁신지방분권위원회에서 제시한 자치경찰제도(안)을 중심으로 자치경찰제도 운용의 목적 충족과 실질적인 효과의 측면에서 분석하고 바람직한 자치경찰제도의 운용에 대해 살펴본다.rc}C$ 이내에서 높을수록, 염분은 20-35 psu 이내에서 높을수록 잠입률이 높은 경향을 나타내었다. 교수학습모형에 관련된 지식을 묻는 내용으로 주로 출제되었다. 이에 구체적인 개선방안으로 특정 교수학습모형의 이론적 토대가 되고 전체적인 교수설계를 하기 위한 기본 바탕이 될 수 있는 교수학습이론에 관한 내용, 또한 현재가정과교육에 있어서 유용한 교수학습법이라고 입증되고 있는 실천적 추론 가정과 수업에 관한 내용으로의 확대를 제안하였다. 가정과교육평가 문항의 출제는 대다수의 문항이 수행평가에 관한 문항내용으로 출제되었다. 이에 구체적인 개선방안으로 문항의 변별도 여부의 판단, 평가문항의 내용 타당도 분석, 평가결과를 해석하는 능력, 평가자의 철학적 관점과 같은 내용으로의 확대를 제안하였다.