• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.287-292
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• 2005

The definitive correction of secondary lip nasal deformities is a great challenge for plastic surgeons. To rectify the secondary lip nasal deformities, various procedures and its modifications have been reported in many centers. However, no universal agreement exist to correct the various components of secondary nasal deformities. The secondary nasal deformity of the unilateral cleft lip has its own characteristic abnormalities including the retroplaced dome of the ipsilateral nasal tip, hooding of the alar rim, a secondary alar-columellar web, short columella, depressed alar base and so forth. Among these components of secondary nasal deformity, maxillary hypoplasia, especially in the area of piriform aperture, and alveolar bone defect can make the alar base depressed, which in turn, leads to wide and flat nasal profile, obtuse nasolabial angle coupled with subnormal nasal tip projection in aspect of aesthetic consideration. Moreover, the maxillary hypoplasia contributes to reduced size of the nasal airway in combination with other component of external nasal deformity and therefore the nasal obstruction may be developed functionally. Therefore, the current authors have performed corrective rhinoplasty with the augmentation of alar base with various methods which include rearrangement of soft tissue, vertical scar tissue flap and use of allogenic or autologous materials in 42 patients between 1998 and 2003. The symmetric alar base could be achieved, which provides the more accurate evaluation and more appropriate management of the various component of any coexisting secondary nasal deformity. In conclusion, the augmentation of alar base, as a single procedure, is a basic and essential to correct the secondary lip nasal deformities.

• Journal of Communications and Networks
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.67-80
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• 2014

Spectrum sensing is vital for secondary unlicensed nodes to coexist and avoid interference with the primary licensed users in cognitive wireless networks. In this paper, we develop models for bounding interference levels from secondary network to the primary nodes within a spectrum sensing framework. Instead of classical stochastic approaches where Poisson point processes are used to model transmitters, we consider a more practical model which takes into account the medium access control regulations and where the secondary Poisson process is judiciously thinned in two phases to avoid interference with the secondary as well as the primary nodes. The resulting process will be a modified version of the Mat$\acute{e}$rn point process. For this model, we obtain bounds for the complementary cumulative distribution function of interference and present simulation results which show the developed analytical bounds are quite tight. Moreover, we use these bounds to find the operation regions of the secondary network such that the interference constraint is satisfied on receiving primary nodes. We then obtain theoretical results on the primary and secondary throughputs and find the throughput limits under the interference constraint.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.61-68
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• 2000

The use of photo-catalytic processes in pollution abatement and resource has a significant economic importance. Therefore, the applications of photochemical oxidation of secondary effluent driven by UV, TiO2, TiO2/UV, H2O2/UV and TiO2/H2O2/UV, have been investigated in order to treat the secondary effluent from municipal sewage. Various experimental parameters such as BOD, CODcr, Nurbidity, total P, and SPC were examined in each photo-catalytic reaction system. The results showed that the application of single oxidant such as UV, TiO2 only has a minor effect on parameters reduction (CODcr, BOD, etc) to treat the secondary effluent, whereas the combinations of oxidants increase the removal efficiency. The best removal efficiency in every parameters was achieved by the combination of TiO2, H2O2 and UV. It was also found that the optimum amount of TiO2 for the treatment was 1g/ι to achieve water reuse standard. From the results, the photocatalytic reaction system can be an alternative as a post-treatment to treat the secondary effluent from municipal sewage.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.22 no.8
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• pp.292-298
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• 2022

The study aimed to measure the effectiveness of using Cognitive virtual tours based on Marzano model to develop the achievement and some of historical research Skills for secondary school students. To achieve the objectives of the study, the experimental method was used and two study groups consisted of (60) students were divided into two groups, one is Control (30) students and the other is in experimental (30) students at Alsalam secondary in Ismailia Governorate. The study used several tools: The experimental processing tool of Cognitive Virtual tours based on Marzano model, Cognitive achievement test for the first unit of Secondary first grade history Course. Historical research skills. The finding of the study showed the effectiveness of using cognitive virtual tours based on Marzano model in developing the achievement and some of historical research skills for first grade secondary students which there are Statistically differences at level (0.01) between the average scores of the students in (experimental and Control) groups in post application for Cognitive achievement test. Practical application of the study can contribute to clarify how to use Cognitive virtual tours based on Marzano model in teaching history, and Draw the attention of history developers to the development of historical research skills.

• Journal of Communications and Networks
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.175-186
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• 2009

A new medium access control (MAC) scheme embedding physical channels into multiband carrier sense multiple access/collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) networks is proposed to provide strict quality of service (QoS) guarantee to high priority users. In the proposed scheme, two priority classes of users, primary and secondary users, are supported. For primary users physical channels are provided to ensure strict QoS, whereas secondary users are provided with best-effort service using CSMA/CA modified for multiband operation. The performance of the proposed MAC scheme is investigated using a new multiband CSMA/CA Markov chain model capturing the primary user activity and the operation of secondary users in multiple bands. The throughput of secondary users is obtained as a function of the primary user activity and other CSMA/CA parameters. It is shown that the new MAC scheme yields larger throughput than the conventional single-band CSMA/CA when both schemes use the same bandwidth.

• Journal of Power Electronics
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.1224-1232
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• 2014

A full-bridge secondary dual-resonant DC-DC converter using the asymmetrical pulse-width modulated (APWM) strategy is proposed in this paper. The proposed converter achieves zero-voltage switching for the power switches and zero-current switching for the rectifier diodes in the whole load range without the help of any auxiliary circuit. Given the use of the APWM strategy, a circulating current that exists in a traditional phase-shift full-bridge converter is eliminated. The voltage stress of secondary rectifier diodes in the proposed converter is also clamped to the output voltage. Thus, the existing voltage oscillation of diodes in traditional PSFB converters is eliminated. This paper presents the circuit configuration of the proposed converter and analyzes its operating principle. Experimental results of a 1 kW 385 V/48 V prototype are presented to verify the analysis results of the proposed converter.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.30 no.12 s.255
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• pp.1626-1633
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• 2006

In the present paper, in the context of the meshless interpolation of a moving least squares (MLS) type, a novel method which uses primary and secondary nodes in the domain and on the global boundary is introduced, in order to improve the accuracy of solution. The secondary nodes can be placed at any location where one needs to obtain a better resolution. The support domains for the shape functions in the MLS approximation are defined from the primary nodes, and the secondary nodes use the same support domains. The shape functions based on the MLS approximation, in an integration domain, have a single type of a rational function, which reduces the difficulty of numerical integration to evaluate the weak form. The present method is very useful in an adaptive calculation, because the secondary nodes can be easily added and moved without an additional mesh. Several numerical examples are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the present method.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.198-204
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• 1999

The treatment of cleft lip and palate patients requires multidisciplinary coorperation, and the involved clinicians rely on the completeness and accuracy of the patient's medical records in developing comprehensive treatment plans. There are so many classifications in cleft lip and palate but each classification has advantages and disadvantages. Furthermore there are few classification or assessment in secondary cleft lip and palate deformities. A modification of Kenahan's Y classification in primary cleft lip and palate and new classification in secondary cleft lip and palate deformities are proposed as a simple and reproducible method. These reproducible classification may be used to facilitate not only storing and analyzing of medical informations in computer but also the planning of secondary repairs

• The Mathematical Education
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.415-427
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• 2012

This study investigated the perception and utilization about computer of beginning secondary mathematics teachers by utilization frequency of computer. To increase utilization frequency of computer in school mathematics, our finding shows that beginning secondary mathematics teachers should have an interest in computer utilization and perceive computers as an important tool for mathematics learning. In addition, they are likely to use more frequently computer under the condition that computers have sufficient class materials and supplement their shortcomings that have derived less usage in math classes. Therefore, future studies have to investigate not only how to develope textbooks and run after-school classes but also how to make creative discretional activities by computer, which makes computers more useful for teacher training. In sum, the results of case studies for computer usability should be released to motivate computer utilization and increase mathematical thinking ability.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.178-189
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to look into the necessity of strengthening the knowledge base about longitudinal and latitudinal coordinate system in secondary educational curriculum. GPS based location service increases the use of longitude and latitude coordinate system. And many developed countries including USA and Japan have already included this contents in secondary education curriculum. But the secondary school Curriculum of Korea does not include the detailed contents regarding longitudinal and latitudinal coordinate system theory, and as a result the level of Korean students knowledge on this subject is low. The frequency of appearing of the information related to longitudinal and latitudinal coordinate systems in newspaper articles in Korea has been steadily increasing since after 2000. And a lot of articles appearing in newspapers provide the location information in the form of longitude and latitude coordinates, so the readers would be able to apply that. It was found out that the situation in schools is developed good enough for the use of spatial information system based upon the longitudinal and latitudinal coordinate system. The conclusion is that geography education in Korea needs systematical implementation of the knowledge base of longitudinal and latitudinal coordinate system.