• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.255-273
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• 2018

To develop effective emission abatement strategies for eighteen coal-fired power plants located throughout Korea, power plant emission data and TAPM (The Air Pollution Model) were used to quantify the impact of emission reductions on primary $PM_{10}$ concentrations. TAPM was validated for two separate time periods: a high $PM_{10}$ concentration period from April 7 to 12, 2016, and a low $PM_{10}$ concentration period from June 1 to June 6 2016. The validated model was then used to analyze the impacts of five applicable power plant shut-down scenarios. The results showed that shut-down of four power plants located within the Seoul metropolitan area (SMA) would result in up to 18.9% reduction in maximum $PM_{10}$ concentrations, depending on synoptic conditions. A scenario for the shutdown of a single low stack height with highest-emission power plant located nearest to Seoul showed a small impact on averaged $PM_{10}$ concentrations (~1%) and 4.4% ($0.54{\mu}g/m^3$) decrease in maximum concentration. The scenario for four shutdowns for power plants aged more than 30 years within SMA also showed a highest improvement of 6.4% ($0.26{\mu}g/m^3$ in April) in averaged $PM_{10}$ concentrations, and of 18.9% ($2.33{\mu}g/m^3$ in June) in maximum concentration, showing almost linear relationship in and around SMA. Reducing gaseous air pollutant emissions was also found to be significant in controlling high $PM_{10}$ concentrations, indicating the effectiveness of coreduction of power plant emissions together with diesel vehicle emissions in the SMA. In addition, this study is implying that secondary production process generating $PM_{10}$ pollution may be a significant process throughout most regions in Korea, and therefore concurrent abatement of both gas and particle emissions will result in more pronounced improvements in air quality over the urban cities in South Korea.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권10호
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• pp.4359-4366
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• 2014

Intention to smoke is a valid and reliable factor for predicting future smoking habits among adolescents. This factor, however, has received inadequate attention in Malaysia. The present paper elaborates the prevalence and factors associated with intent to initiate or to cease smoking, among adolescent nonsmokers and smokers in Kota Tinggi, Johor, Malaysia. A total of 2,300 secondary school students aged 13-16 years were selected through a two-stage stratified sampling method. A set of standardized questionnaires was used to assess the smoking behavior among adolescents and the inter-personal and intra-personal factors associated with smoking intention (intention to initiate smoking or to cease smoking). Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify factors related to smoking intention. The prevalence of intention to smoke in the future or to cease smoking among non-smoking adolescents and current smokers were 10.7% and 61.7% respectively. Having friends who smoke, social influence, and poor knowledge about the ill effects on health due to smoking showed significant relationships with intention to smoke in the future among non-smokers. Conversely, perceived lower prevalence of smoking among peers, weak contributory social influence, and greater awareness of the ill effects of smoking are factors associated with the intention to cease smoking sometime in the future. The study found that prevalence of intention to initiate smoking is low among non-smokers while the majority of current smokers intended to cease smoking in the future. Existing anti-smoking programmes that integrate the factors that have been identified in the current study should be put in motion to reduce the prevalence of intention to initiate smoking and increase the intention to cease smoking among adolescents.

• 한국병원경영학회지
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.148-166
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to classify elderly patient in long-term care facilities using RUG(Resource Utilization Group)-III. It is designed by measuring patient medical characteristics and medical staff time. Elderly patients are classified into 7 categories by clinical(medical and behavioral) hierarchical typology of patients. Through the tertiary split, all 44 groups are formulated. This classification is explained by each patient resource(staff time) utilization level which is called CMI(Case-Mix Index). Major findings are as follows; 1. The objects in this study were classified into 35 groups out of 44 groups. The most frequent category is clinical complex category(CCC; 38.9%). And extensive service category(ESC; 18.8%), reduced physical function category(RPC; 13.1%), special rehabilitation category(SRC; 12.8%), and impaired cognitive category(ICC; 0.00%) are followed. 2. The mean of total CMI was $1.02{\pm}0.36$, ranging from 0.68 to 1.44(1 vs 2.12). The mean of CMI of SRC is only 1.17 which should be the highest. The means of ESC and see are equally 1.20. The means of CMI of CCI, ICC, BPC, and RPC were 0.90, 0.75, 0.83 and 0.96, respectively. 3. The validity of this classification was tested. Trend-test using Regression Analysis was done in the secondary split level. SCC, CCC, ICC, and RPC which covered 68.4% of this research objects showed linear trend of CMI in interim classification. This results were statistically significant. 4. In clinical hierarchy, the trend were showed linearity. But the multiple comparison of categories using Scheffe-test showed that SRC, ESC and see had same level of CMI means and CCC and ICC, too. This results were statistically significant. Classifying elderly patients with RUG-III, the results showed partly linear trend in clinical hierarchy and in interim classification in conclusion. But, in clinical hierarchy, it was failed to show the consistent order of CMI. It can be explained by two reasons. One is that this research subjects were overlapped in each clinical hierarchy group. And the other is that the some of the characteristics for clinical hierarchy is not appropriate for them. For the further study, it needs to have proper sample size and to modify RUG-III to K-RUG to consider our.. medical environment.

• 대한지역사회작업치료학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.19-27
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• 2011

목적 : 본 연구는 대구 경북지역을 중심으로 장애아전담보육시설을 이용하는 부모들의 작업치료 이용실태와 만족도를 조사하여 장애아전담보육시설에서 작업치료 저변 확대 및 필요성에 대한 기초 자료를 제시하고자한다. 연구방법 : 2009년 5월 15일부터 29일까지 장애아전담어린이집 부모 105명을 대상으로 설문조사하였으며, 수집된 자료는 대상자의 일반적 사항, 작업치료 서비스 이용실태, 만족도를 분석하였다. 결과 : 장애아전담보육시설을 이용하는 부모의 연령층은 30, 40대가 다수였으며 교육 수준은 중졸과 고졸이 58%, 대졸이상이 38.9%였다. 작업치료 기간은 3년 이상인 경우가 37.1%로 가장 많았으며 치료 빈도는 주당 3~4회, 치료시간은 일회 20~30분이 가장 많았다. 작업치료의 세부적 프로그램으로는 감각통합치료, 사회적응훈련, 일상생활 동작훈련이 가장 많았다. 대상자의 75%가 장애아동이 작업치료를 충분히 받고 있다는 견해를 보였으며 치료비용에 대한 부담이 작업치료를 받는데 있어서 가장 큰 요인이라고 지적하였다. 결론 : 장애아전담보육시설에서 아동의 개별화된 목표에 맞는 질적인 작업치료가 제공되기 위해서는 보육시설에 대한 작업치료의 저변확대, 장애아동부모의 작업치료 욕구 증가, 충분한 인원의 작업치료사 확충과 시설확보, 정부 및 지자체의 재정지원이 적절하게 이루어져야 한다. 작업치료 서비스가 제공되기 위한 바람직한 환경이 조성되도록 정부 및 지자체와 보육시설장, 작업치료사, 부모 모두의 노력이 있어야 할 것이다.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.319-324
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• 2010

A family of calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) is a unique enzyme which plays crucial roles in intracellular calcium signaling in plants, algae, and protozoa. CDPKs of malaria parasites are known to be key regulators for stage-specific cellular responses to calcium, a widespread secondary messenger that controls the progression of the parasite. In our study, we identified a gene encoding Plasmodium vivax CDPK4 (PvCDPK4) and characterized its molecular property and cellular localization. PvCDPK4 was a typical CDPK which had well-conserved N-terminal kinase domain and C-terminal calmodulin-like structure with 4-EF hand motifs for calcium-binding. The recombinant protein of EF hand domain of PvCDPK4 was expressed in Echerichia coli and a 34 kDa product was obtained. Immunofluorescence assay by confocal laser microscopy revealed that the protein was expressed at the mature schizont of P. vivax. The expression of PvCDPK4-EF in schizont suggests that it may participate in the proliferation or egress process in the life cycle of this parasite.

• 대한공업교육학회지
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.252-273
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• 2009

생물기술의 중요성으로 인해 기술교육, 과학교육, 그리고 농업교육 분야에서는 중등교육에서 생물기술교육의 중요성을 인식해오고 있다. 기술교육에서 생물기술이 하나의 내용조직자로서 인식되어왔지만, 실제 생물기술의 교육은 폭넓게 실천되고 있지 않은 실정이다. 기대-가치 이론의 측면에서 기술교사의 동기유발은 생물기술을 가르치는 하나의 중요한 요인이 될 수 있다. 이 연구는 한국기술교사의 생물기술교육에 대한 동기유발과 생물기술 내용에 대한 그들의 스스로 인식하고 있는 능력과 가치를 연구하였다. 이런 동기유발의 측정을 위해, 하나의 온라인 설문지 (15개의 생물기술관련 동기유발 문항, 8개의 생물기술내용에 대한 교사들 스스로 인식하고 있는 능력과 가치, 그리고 기타 정보) 가 개발되었다. 114명의 한국기술교사의 반응에 의해, 이 연구는 기술통계, 독립표본 t-검증, 그리고 요인 분석들 (SPSS와 M-plus를 사용하여 탐색적 그리고 확인적 요인 분석)을 수행하였다. 생물기술내용에 대한 한국 기술교사의 가치(중요성 평가) 는 상대적으로 높은 점수를 나타내고 있는 반면 생물기술내용에 대한 그들의 능력은 낮은 점수를 나타내고 있다. 성별과 교사의 연수 여부에 따른 독립표본 t-검증 결과 교사들의 가치면에서 몇개의 의미있는 차이점을 찾았다. 탐색적 요인분석의 결과, 15개의 항목이 2개의 요인들(6개의 기대항목과 8개의 가치항목)로 나뉘었다. 한 항목 (6번) 은 교차로딩으로 제거되었다. 또한, 확인적 요인분석은 탐색적 요인분석의 결과를 지지하고 있다. 이 연구의 결과는 생물기술과 관련된 연수 프로그램에 대해 의미있는 함의를 가지고 있으며, 결론적으로 이 연구는 다른 교사들에 대한 타당성 평가, 동기유발 하위개념에 대한 연구, 그리고 생물기술교육에 대한 심화된 연구의 필요성에 대해 제언하고 있다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.285-294
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• 2011

The abatement of methane emission from ruminants is an important global issue due to its contribution to greenhouse gas with carbon dioxide. Methane is generated in the rumen by methanogens (archaea) that utilize metabolic hydrogen ($H_2$) to reduce carbon dioxide, and is a significant electron sink in the rumen ecosystem. Therefore, the competition for hydrogen used for methanogenesis with alternative reductions of rumen microbes should be an effective option to reduce rumen methanogenesis. Some methanogens parasitically survive on the surface of ciliate protozoa, so that defaunation or decrease in protozoa number might contribute to abate methanogenesis. The most important issue for mitigation of rumen methanogenesis with manipulators is to secure safety for animals and their products and the environment. In this respect, prophylactic effects of probiotics, prebiotics and miscellaneous compounds to mitigate rumen methanogenesis have been developed instead of antibiotics, ionophores such as monensin, and lasalocid in Japan. Nitrate suppresses rumen methanogenesis by its reducing reaction in the rumen. However, excess intake of nitrate causes intoxication due to nitrite accumulation, which induces methemoglobinemia. The nitrite accumulation is attributed to a relatively higher rate of nitrate reduction to nitrite than nitrite to ammonia via nitroxyl and hydroxylamine. The in vitro and in vivo trials have been conducted to clarify the prophylactic effects of L-cysteine, some strains of lactic acid bacteria and yeast and/or ${\beta}$1-4 galactooligosaccharide on nitrate-nitrite intoxication and methanogenesis. The administration of nitrate with ${\beta}$1-4 galacto-oligosaccharide, Candida kefyr, and Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis were suggested to possibly control rumen methanogenesis and prevent nitrite formation in the rumen. For prebiotics, nisin which is a bacteriocin produced by Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis has been demonstrated to abate rumen methanogenesis in the same manner as monensin. A protein resistant anti-microbe (PRA) has been isolated from Lactobacillus plantarum as a manipulator to mitigate rumen methanogenesis. Recently, hydrogen peroxide was identified as a part of the manipulating effect of PRA on rumen methanogenesis. The suppressing effects of secondary metabolites from plants such as saponin and tannin on rumen methanogenesis have been examined. Especially, yucca schidigera extract, sarsaponin (steroidal glycosides), can suppress rumen methanogenesis thereby improving protein utilization efficiency. The cashew nutshell liquid (CNSL), or cashew shell oil, which is a natural resin found in the honeycomb structure of the cashew nutshell has been found to mitigate rumen methanogenesis. In an attempt to seek manipulators in the section on methane belching from ruminants, the arrangement of an inventory of mitigation technologies available for the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and Joint Implementation (JI) in the Kyoto mechanism has been advancing to target ruminant livestock in Asian and Pacific regions.

• 대한한의학원전학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.79-90
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• 2018

Objectives : In present, various definitions of Zhongshu are being used interchangeably in Korea. The paper attempted to discover the disease of Zhongshu as studied by Lidongyuan, who was ahead of his time. Methods : A database of medical books has been studied to find Lidongyuan's writings on the disease of Zhongshu, and mentions about Li's works in past medical books. The paper contemplated the subject by defining the disease of Zhongshu and reviewing the disputes related to the subject. Results & Conclusions : Lidongyuan gave a detailed explanation on the fact that Zhangjiegu distinguished between Zhongshu and Zhongre, and this was influenced by Shangshu as mentioned in Taipinghuiminhejijufang. Therefore, it can be deduced that he was aware of the fact that summerheat-heat as latent summer heat syndrome is lurking inside the body, not being able to be released. According to the disease of Zhongshu by Lidongyuan, yin cold was receieved secondary after first receiving summerheat-heat. It is either summerheat damaged defensive qi, failure in storing the essence made defensive qi weak, or seasonal reasons have caused the defensive qi to be drained and leave the body exposed to damage by summerheat. This is because the fundamental main cause is the hitting of summerheat, since yin cold was received after the presence of summerheat-heat is made first. Many doctors in the following generation criticized that Lidongyuan's disease of Zhongshu cannot be named as a Zhongshu due to its similarity with Shanghan. However, they cannot be viewed as similar since it is a phenomenon where yin cold becomes congested while the body is weak and heat is generated in the body due to summerheat-heat. The doctors who said they were similar only focused on the external cause that was only the superficial issue. According to Lidongyuan's method, the right way to treat a Zhongshu disease is to use the method of tonifying the qi and eliminating the heat in conjunction with eliminating the internal dampness or treat the external syndrome, or to use a formula to tonify the qi and eliminate the fire heat before eliminating the internal dampness or treating the external syndrome.

• 분석과학
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.33-39
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• 2015

CdS 양자점 입자는 특정 파장의 빛을 방출하는 반도체 나노 결정으로 이러한 광학적 특성 때문에 질병 진단 시약, 광학기술, 미디어 산업 및 태양전지와 같은 다양한 분야에서 응용되는 물질이다. 방출하는 빛의 색은 입자의 크기에 의존하기 때문에 CdS 양자점 입자의 크기 및 크기분포를 정확하게 분석하는 것이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 CdS 양자점 입자를 감마-선 조사법(${\gamma}$-ray irradiation method)을 이용하여 합성하고, 크기 및 크기 분포도를 결정하기 위하여 침강 장-흐름 분획법 (SdFFF)를 이용하였다. 침강 장-흐름 분획법을 이용한 CdS 양자점 입자의 정확한 분석을 위하여 분석조건의 최적화(유속, 외부장 세기, field-programming)에 대하여 조사되었다. 투과 전자 현미경(transmission electron microscopy, TEM)으로 확인된 단일 입자의 크기는 ~4 nm 였으며, 단일 입자의 응집으로 생성된 2차 입자 크기의 평균은 159 nm로 확인되었다. 첨가된 입자 안정제의 농도가 증가할수록 CdS 양자점 입자의 크기가 감소하는 경향성을 확인하였다. 침강 장-흐름 분획법, 투과 전자 현미경, 그리고 동적 광 산란법(dynamic light scattering, DLS)으로 결정된 CdS 양자점 크기는 각각 126, 159, 그리고 152 nm 였다. 본 연구의 결과로 침강 장-흐름 분획법은 비교적 넓은 크기분포를 갖는 다양한 종류의 무기입자의 크기 및 크기 분포도를 결정하는데 유용한 방법임을 확인하였다.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.25-33
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• 2009

본 연구는 흰넓적다리 붉은쥐(Apodemus speciosus peninsulae)의 세정관 상피주기와 정자세포의 발달 단계를 광학 현미경을 사용하여 조사하였다. 세정관 상피주기는 정모세포의 분화단계와 정자세포의 발달단계를 기초로 하여 9 stages로 나누었다. Ad형 정원세포의 경우 모든 단계에서 관찰되었다. Ap형의 정원세포는 I 단계, In형의 정원세포는 II와 III 단계, B형의 정원세포는 IV 단계에서 관찰되었다. 제 1 감수분열의 전기에 있어서, 세사기는 V와 VI 단계, 접합기는 I 단계에서 부터 IX 단계까지, 후사기는 III와 VII 단계, 복사기는 VIII 단계에서 각각 관찰되었으며, 제 2정모세포의 경우는 IX 단계에서 나타났다. 정자세포의 발달단계는 정자세포의 머리 형태, 핵과 첨체의 발달, 세포질의 형태 변화를 기초로 하여 12 steps로 구분되어졌다. 본 연구의 결과, 흰넓적다리 붉은쥐(A. s. peninsulae)는 정원세포 및 정모세포 출현시기와 정자 발달 단계를 비교해 볼 때 근연종인 등줄쥐(A. agrarius coreae)와 매우 유사한 결과를 나타내었다. 본 연구에서 같은 유형의 세포가 출현하는 시기와 정자 형성에 따른 세대수는 종의 특성에 의한 것이라 생각되며, 이것은 종을 분류하는데 유용한 형질이라 여겨진다.