• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.3-6
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• 1963

As a part of embryological studies of Panax ginseng, megasporangium and megagametophyte formations were investigated. Ovule is found to be auatropous. Small-sized nucellus is surrounded by thick layered single integument. As the embryo sac develops, the nucellus along with some parts of the inner epidermis of integument disintegrates and completely disappers at flowering stage. Embryo sac takes the type of typical Polygonum although antipodal cells disappear and polar nuclei fuse to form secondary nucleus before fertilization. Mature embryo sac consists of egg apparatus and large secondary nucleus lying adjacent to the egg. Besides the normal ovule, tiny incomplete ovule develops near the base of style. Frequently two normal ovules are formed in a single locule. Chromosome number counted is PMC is n=24.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.3-12
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• 1995

A controller utilizing fuzzy logic is developed to control the speed of a motor in a washing machine by choosing an appropriate phase. Due to the hardship imposed on obtaining a result from a relation established for inputs, present speed and present rate of speed, and ouput, a phase, of the system that can be tested against an experimental result, it is impossible to apply a genetic algorithm to fine-tune the fuzzy logic controller. To avoid this difficulty, a proper assumption that the parameters of an if-part of a primary fuzzy logic controller have a functional relationship with an error between computed values and experimental ones in made. Setting up of a fuzzy relationship between the parameters and the errors is then achieved through experimentally obtained data. Genetic Algorithm is then applied to this secondary fuzzy logic controller to verify the fuzzy logic. In the verification process, the primary fuzzy logic controller is used in obtaining experimental results. In this way the kind of difficulty in obtaining enough experimental values used to verify the fuzzy logic with genetic algorithm is gotten around. Selection of the parameters that would produce the least error when using the secondary fuzzy logic controller is done with applying genetic algorithm to the then-part of the controller. In doing so the optimal values for the parameters of the if-part of the primary fuzzy logic controller are assumed to be contained. The experimental result presented in the paper validates the assumption.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.379-387
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• 2008

We proposed models that can implement RFID/USN in terms of teaching-learning part, facility management part, teacher and student management part in primary and secondary school in this study. To support these models in school network, we also proposed a new wired network model and a new wireless network model. A new wired network model is derived from existing wired school network that can apply to all sorts of models presented above. And also a new wireless network model is derived from existing wireless LAN that can solve space restriction problem. We calculated communication bandwidth according to school size and network capacity.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.1026-1036
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• 2014

The purpose of this research is to find the impact of multicultural awareness of pre-service secondary teachers on multicultural efficacy. Specific content of the study for achieving this purpose is as follows: First, the correlation between multicultural awareness of pre-service secondary teachers and multicultural efficacy was analyzed. Second, the effect relation between multicultural awareness of pre-service secondary teachers and multicultural efficacy was examined. As part of quantitative research, the method of study was a survey targeting 234 pre-service Secondary teachers who were sophomores, juniors and seniors at D University, P University and S University located in Busan. The study results earned from this process are as below: First, statistically significantly high positive correlation existed between multicultural awareness of pre-service secondary teachers and multicultural efficacy. The areas of acceptance, openness and respect, which are the sub-scale of multicultural awareness of pre-service secondary teachers, showed high positive correlations with all sub-scale of multicultural efficacy including general efficacy, efficacy in instructional function, efficacy in caring perspectives and efficacy in helping multicultural families. Second, the sub-scale of multicultural awareness that significantly affected general efficacy in the sub-scale of multicultural efficacy of pre-service secondary teachers was acceptance and respect. The sub-scale of multicultural awareness that significantly affected efficacy in instructional function was acceptance. The sub-scale of multicultural awareness that significantly affected efficacy in caring perspectives was acceptance and respect. The sub-scale of multicultural awareness that significantly affected efficacy in helping multicultural families was respect. It showed that openness in the sub-scale of multicultural awareness did not affect multicultural efficacy much.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.33 no.8
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• pp.1203-1214
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• 2009

The theory of household arts and practical acts are two traditional mainstream topics of official South Korean secondary home economics education. The clothing and textile education within the Secondary School Home Economics Textbook (1948) is various and practical. The first year textbook discusses the symbolism and maintenance of uniforms that provides information on the characteristics of cotton. Clothing and textiles are covered in 26 pages out of the 76 page book. The second year textbook includes the theory of color and form, along with the characteristics of flax and silk. Clothing and textile education is covered in 33 pages out of the 97 second year textbook. The third year textbook deals with the characteristics of wool, manufactured fibers, cross weaving, removing stains, clothing arrangements, and equipment; 5 chapters (56 pages out of 137) are spent on clothing and textiles. The fourth year textbook introduces the history of clothing, laundry principles, dyeing, bedclothes, and bed accessories; 4 chapters (63 pages out of 125 pages) are spent on clothing and textiles. The Secondary School Home Economics Textbook (1948) is highly extensive and profound in depth. It is comparable with modern college or specialized high school level clothing and textile education in terms of clothing materials, clothing maintenance, color theories, and dyeing.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.1-12
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• 1989

Secondary schools in Korea have been faced with with several critical problems with regard to science education, with one of the most fundament problems being associated with secondary school science teacher education and in-service training. Therefore this study, which is a part of project for the improvement of science teaching in secondary schools, had its purposes to inquire into the following are as. ${\circ}$systems for science teacher education ${\circ}$curricular contents and its operations of science teacher education ${\circ}$systems for in-service teacher training and its operations ${\circ}$analyses of problems associated with science teacher education and in-service teacher training. In order to fulfill these objectives this study used methods of literature review, survey, and interviews. The major findings are as follow: ${\circ}$curricular hours of subject matter education are not sufficient for competent science teacher. opportunities for self-training in major are as are seldom given to the most of the science teachers ${\circ}$systematic organization for in-service traings is in urgert need. In addition to there-findings strategies for improving science teacher education and in-service trainings are suggested in this paper.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.368-376
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• 2001

Performance of heat exchanger was evaluated to heat exchanger using oscillating heat pipe for waste heat recovery of low temperature. Oscillating heat pipe used in this study was formed to the closed loop of serpentine shapes using copper tubes. Heat exchanger was formed to shell and tube type and composed of low finned tube. R-22 and R-141b were used to the working fluids of tube side and their charging ratio was 40%. And, water was used to the working fluid of shell side. As the experimental parameters, the inlet temperature difference of heating and cooling part of secondary fluid and the mass velocity of secondary fluid were used. The mass velocity of secondary fluid was changed from 90 kg/$m^2s\; to\;190 kg/m^2$s from the experimental results, heat recovery rate was linearly increased to the increment of the mass velocity of secondary fluid and the inlet temperature difference of secondary fluid. Finally, the performance of heat exchanger was evaluated by using $\varepsilon$-NTU method. It was found that NTU was about 1.5 when effectiveness was decided to 80%.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.1159-1164
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• 2015

Background: The prevalence of smoking among secondary school children continues to remain unchanged over the last 3 decades even though awareness regarding the health effects of smoking is increasing. Common misconceptions about smoking and parental influence could be factors influencing future intentions to smoke among these students. Hence, we looked at the common misconceptions as well as student perceptions about their future intention to smoke among Form 4 students in Shah Alam, Malaysia. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted by distribution of a questionnaire developed as part of the Global Youth Tobacco Survey to Form 4 student in 3 schools at Shah Alam. Results: Prevalence of smoking (current smokers) was 7.5%. Almost half of the children came from families where one or both parents smoked and a third of the parents had no discussion regarding consequences of smoking with them. A large number of students were classified as "triers" as they had tried smoking and were unsure of whether they would not be smoking in the future. Contrary to our expectations, students generally felt smoking did make one feel more uncomfortable and helped one to reduce body weight. Most students seemed to be aware of the ill-effects of smoking on health. They felt they had received adequate information from school regarding the effects on smoking on health. Conclusions: Our study showed that even though Form 4 students in Shah Alam were knowledgeable about ill-effects of smoking and were taught so as part of their school curriculum, the prevalence of smoking was still high. Students in the "trier group" represent a potential group of future smokers and strategies targeting tobacco control may be aimed at tackling these vulnerable individuals. Efforts are also needed to help educate secondary school children about common misconceptions and dispel myths associated with cigarette smoking.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.122-132
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• 1993

The aim of this study was to investigate the level of radiopacity of glass ionomer cements and to determine the optimum level of radiopacity that is the most compatible with the radiographic diagnosis of secondary caries. The experiments were performed in two parts. In the first part, the radiopacities of 9 glass ionomer cements (FI, FII, FI-LC, FII-LC, SI, SII, Vit, B-VLC, AC) and base materials(Ultra-Blend, Zinc phoaphate cements, Cavitec, Dycal) were measured by densitometer. Then all experimental materials were divided into 5 groups based on the level of radiopacity of enamel and dentin. In the second part, class III cavities with or without secondary caries were prepared in extracted anterior teeth. The representative materials of each group with different radiopacities were inserted into each cavity. The radiographs were interpreted by 15 dentists and seconsary caries were diagnosed according to a five-point confidence rating. Sensitivity and ROC analysis were used to compare observer performance. The following results were obtained : 1. The radipacity of glass ionomer cements varied between 1.111mm Al and 6.011mm Al equivalent. 2. Among experimental materials, three materials in group I had lower radiopacity than that of dentin. The radiopacity of two materials in group II slightly exeeded that of dentin. Three materials in group III had slightly lower radiopacity than that on enamel. The radiopacity of one material in group W was slightly higher than that of enamel. Four materals in group V had the radiopacity that exeeded over 2.0mm AI equivalent to that of enamel. 3. The group IV was the highest for sensitivity and the group V was the highest for ROC area. However, no significant differences were obtained among group II, III, IV and V (P<0.05) but only group I was significantly lower(P<0.01). 4. In comparison with the observer performance for the radiographic diagnosis of secondary caries, the group II, III, IV, and V were superior to the group I (P<0.01). And so the optimum level of radiopacity to detect the secondary caries was the radiopacity that is higher than that of dentin.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.141-147
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• 2006

The matured female and male of A. signifer differed in external morphology and body color. There were significant differences in PAD, PAB, PMP and PQR between matured female and male. Green color was very widely distributed in whole as nuptial color, that is similar to green and cyan color in the body part, yellow color in the ventral part and red and yellow color in the tail part. The nuptial organ of A. signifer was formed in a cluster on the horny substance of both sides above the mouth. There were 25~30 nuptial organs in a side. The nuptial organs disappeared with crumbling down from middle part of nuptial organ after spawning period. The nuptial organs disappeared mostly in September as non spawning period and a part of the nuptial organs remained as a vestige in the edges of both sides.