• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.147-153
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• 2011

The objectives of this study were to investigate the seasonal characteristics of metallic and ion elements of $PM_{10}$(Particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ${\leq}10\;{\mu}m$) and the effects of vessels exhaust emission from ships harboring in Busan City. The $PM_{10}$ samples were collected from January 2010 to October 2010 at Dongsam-dong(coastal area), in Busan City. The particulate matters were analyzed for major water soluble ionic components and metals. The ranges of the $PM_{10}$ mass concentrations were from 29.8 ${\mu}g/m^3$ to 47.0 ${\mu}g/m^3$ in Dongsam-dong. The $PM_{10}$ mass concentrations in Dongsam-dong are very similar to Gwangbok-dong during same sampling periods. These results were understood by the effects of the shipping source emitted from ships anchoraging and running. The concentrations of water-soluble ions and metals in the $PM_{10}$ had a level of as high as the order of $SO_4^{2-}$>$NO_3^-$>$Cl^-$ and $NH_4^+$>$Na^+$>$Ca^{2+}$>$K^+$>$Mg^{2+}$, respectively. The correlation coefficients($R^2$) for $SO_4^{2-}/PM_{10}$ and $NH_4^+/PM_{10}$ of were 0.7446 and 0.7784, respectively, and it showed the high correlation with each other.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.131-142
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• 2017

매년 폐렴 입원 환자 수는 증가하는 추세이며, 국내 질환 중 입원율 1위이기도 하다. 주로 박테리아와 바이러스가 주된 원인인 폐렴은 날씨의 영향을 받기도 한다. 본 연구에서는 날씨 변수로는 습도, 일조량, 일교차, 평균온도, 미세먼지 농도를 각각 1일 전부터 27일 전까지의 총 135개 변수를 고려하였다. 날씨와 입원 환자 수에 잠재적으로 영향을 미치는 위험 요인으로 연도 효과, 휴일 효과, 계절 효과를 추가적으로 고려하였다. 벌점화 일반화 선형 모형을 이용하여 폐렴 입원 환자 수와 관련된 변수를 선택하였다.

• 천문학회보
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.30.2-30.2
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• 2010

Numerous operational anomalies and satellite failures have been reported since the beginnings of the "space age". Space weather effects on modern spacecraft systems have been emphasized more and more as increasing their complexity and capability. Energetic particles potentially can destroy and degrade electronic components in satellites. We analyzed the geostationary (GEO) satellite anomalies during 1997-2009 to search possible influences of space weather on the satellite anomalies like power problem, control processor problem, attitude control problem, etc. For this we use particle data from GOES and LANL satellites to investigate space weather effects on the GEO satellites' anomalies depending on Kp index, local time, seasonal variation, and high-energy electron contribution. As results, we obtained following results: (1) there is a good correlation between geomagnetic index(Kp) and anomaly occurrences of the GEO satellite; (2) especially during the solar minimum, occurrence of the satellite anomalies are related to electron flux increase due to high speed solar wind; (3) satellite anomalies occurred more preferentially in the midnight and dawn sector than noon and dusk sector; (4) and the anomalies occurred twice more in Spring and Fall than Summer and Winter; (5) the electron with the lowest energy channel (50-75keV) has the highest correlation (cc=0.758) with the anomalies. High association between the anomalies and the low energy electrons could be understand by the facts that electron fluxes in the spring and fall are stronger than those in the summer and winter, and low-energy electron flux is more concentrated in the dawn sector where the GEO satellite anomalies occurred more frequently than high-energy electron flux. While we could not identify what cause such local time dependences, our results shows that low-energy electrons (~100keV) could be main source of the satellite anomaly, which should be carefully taken into account of operating satellites.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.375-383
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• 2017

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of sex, environmental factors, and feeding system on the carcass traits of Hanwoo (Korean Native Cattle). Data were collected from 7,866 heads slaughtered in Chungnam province during one-year period. Using the collected carcass traits data which greatly influence a Hanwoo's carcass grade, the effects of sex class, slaughter season, and feeding system were estimated. Backfat thickness of steers was significantly higher than that of bulls (p < 0.05). Marbling score was also the highest in steers when compared with cows and bulls (p < 0.05). Live weight and carcass weight were significantly higher in winter than in summer (p < 0.05). However, backfat thickness was significantly lower in summer than in other seasons (p < 0.05). Marbling score was higher in spring and fall than in summer and winter (p < 0.05). In terms of feeding systems, TMR (Total mixed ration) and TMF (Total mixed fermentation feed) fed groups showed the highest carcass grade (p < 0.05). However, the group fed TMR and formula feed at the final fattening period showed the lowest performance (p < 0.05) and it is assumed that some stress was associated to the feed change. The results reconfirm that castration may be recommended in order to improve meat quality and marbling scores in bulls. There was no consistent trend of seasonal effects of slaughter on carcass traits although some traits were significantly affected. Regarding the feeding system, either TMR or TMF can be supplied to achieve high feed efficiency and good carcass characteristics in Hanwoo.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.397-405
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• 2001

해안에 근접한 콘크리트 구조물이 동결음해 작용을 받을 경우, 내륙 콘크리트에 비해 내구성능 저하가 촉진된다. 그리고 최근 동절기에 차량의 안전 주행을 위해 도로 및 교량에 염화칼슘 등의 제설제의 산포량이 현격히 증가하고 있으며 이로 인해 내륙 콘크리트 구조물도 해안 콘크리트 구조물과 마찬가지로 동결융해와 염해의 복합작용에 의한 내구성능 저하가 염려된다. 미국, 일본 및 유럽 등에서는 제설제가 콘크리트에 미치는 영향에 대해 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. 그리고 제설제가 콘크리트에 미치는 영향을 검토하는 시험방법이 제정되었다. 그러나 우리 나라에서는 동결융해와 염해에 대한 복합 내구성능 저하시험방법은 제정되어 있지 않으며 또한 이에 대한 연구가 이루지지 않고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 동결융해와 염해의 복합작용을 받는 콘크리트의 내구성능 저하를 평가하는 방법을 검토하기 위해 복합 내구성능 저하 실험을 실시하였다. 복합시험에서 시멘트 종류, 강도, 공기량 등이 스케링에 미치는 영향을 검토하였다. 그 결과, 염화물 존재 하에서 동결융해 작용을 받는 경우, 콘크리트의 스케링 손실이 촉진된다. 또한 스케링에 대한 저항성은 사용 시멘트 종류, 콘크리트의 강도, 공기량의 영향을 크게 받는다.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.263-275
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• 2020

The proper administration of melatonin has well been documented to induce testicular regression in seasonal breeding animals. The subcutaneous injections of melatonin in the afternoon, not in the morning, consistently occurred testicular involution in the male Syrian (golden) hamsters whose reproductive activity is regulated by the photoperiod. But the effects of daily melatonin via gavage have not been estimated. Golden hamsters housed in long photoperiod (LP) were divided into 5 groups: the control animals housed in LP or in short photoperiod (SP) and animals treated daily with low (15 ㎍), middle (150 ㎍), and high dosages (1,500 ㎍) of pure melatonin by using gavage in the evening for 8 weeks. As results, LP control animals had large testes and SP controls displayed small and entirely regressed testes. The animals treated with various dosages of melatonin showed collectively degenerating effects on the weights of testes, epididymides, and seminal vesicles in the middle and high dosage groups, with the individual differences as well. The high dosages induced testicular regression in more proportion than the middle dosages did. The low dosage had large testes like the LP control animals. The small and inactive testes shown in some animals of both middle and high groups presented the complete regression as those of the animals maintained in SP. These results strongly suggest that the administrations of melatonin lead to testicular involution in the male golden hamsters when it is administered through gavage.

• 수산해양기술연구
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• 제59권4호
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• pp.344-353
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• 2023

In the actual sea, the additional resistance due to external force such as wind, current and wave is accompanied, and the required power is added in response to these resistance. Especially when the ship is sailing at low speed, the effects of wind and current have a great impact on the safe control of the ship. Likewise, it is thought that the effects of wind and current have a great impact on the trawl ship control since the towing speed of a bottom trawl ship is a low speed of 3 to 4 knots. If the reduce of ship speed and the increase of engine power due to the influence of wind and current can be identified, the safe towing power can be calculated based on a given engine output. Thus, the appropriate size of a fishing gear can be determined. In this study, a total of 20 trawl operations were conducted for seasonal maritime research in the same research area according to the operation mode of propeller. Based on navigation data, trawl fishing data, and engine performance data acquired during the towing fishing gear, and data of ship speed, hull resistance, fishing gear resistance, wind force and current force according to an incidence angle were estimated. The overall power for these loads was calculated and compared with the measured engine power, and the effects of wind force and current force on the engine power were investigated.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제51권1호
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• pp.1-13
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• 2018

토양 내 라돈농도는 주변 환경요인들(대기온도, 대기압, 강수량, 토양온도)에 영향을 받는다. 따라서 지진에 의한 토양 내 라돈이상변화 현상을 분석하기 위해서 이들 요인에 의한 영향과 구분하여야 한다. 이번 연구에서는 환경요인에 의한 토양 내 라돈농도변화와 구분되는 2016년 9월 12일에 발생한 경주지진에 의한 라돈농도의 이상변화현상에 대하여 분석하였다. 진앙지로부터 58Km 떨어진 측정지점에서 2014년 1월 1일부터 2017년 5월 31일까지 토양 내 라돈농도와 환경요인들을 연속 측정하고, 환경요인들과의 상관성을 분석하였다. 경주 지진과 관련된 토양 내 라돈농도의 이상변화를 분석하기 위해, 계절평균농도(n)와 표준편차(${\rho}$)를 계산하고 $n{\pm}1{\rho}$와 $n{\pm}2{\rho}$의 범위를 벗어나는 구간을 분석하고 Earthquake effectiveness와 q-factor를 계산하였다. 토양 내 라돈농도는 여름철이 높고 겨울철이 낮은 계절변화 양상을 나타내었다. 대기온도와 토양의 온도는 높을수록 토양 내 라돈농도가 높아지는 양의 상관관계(각각 $R^2=0.9136$, $R^2=0.8496$)를 보였으며 대기압은 낮아질수록 토양 내 라돈농도가 높아지는 음의 상관관계($R^2=0.7825$)를 보였다. 경주 지진 전 후에 계절평균농도에서 $2{\rho}$범위를 벗어나는 토양 내 라돈농도의 이상변화현상은 A1(7/3~7/5), A2(7/18), A3(8/4~8/5), A4(10/17~10/20)의 4개 시점에 나타났다. 토양 내 라돈농도와 환경적 요인과의 상관관계와 Earthquake effectiveness와 q-factor를 적용하여 비교분석한 결과, A1, A2, A3 구간에서 나타난 라돈변화가 지진의 영향으로 나타난 이상변화일 것으로 판단된다. 라돈이상변화가 나타난 기간의 라돈농도와 환경요인과 상관계수(대기온도: $R^2=0.2314$, 토양온도: $R^2=0.1138$, 대기압: $R^2=0.0475$)는 다른 기간에 비교하여 매우 낮게 나타났다. 연도별 토양 내 라돈의 연평균농도를 비교한 결과, 경주지진이 발생한 2016년에 가장 높게 나타났다.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제50권4호
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• pp.293-301
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• 2023

본 연구는 적재 차량 내 어리장의 크기(1.00 m × 0.78 m × 0.26 m) 내 출하 수수 조정을 통해 동물복지를 고려한 육계의 사육밀도(30 kg/m² 이하)를 토대로 운송밀도를 설정하였고, 계절 및 운송밀도에 따른 육계의 행동, 체표면 온도 및 호흡수를 조사하였다. 총 600수의 35일령 육계를 두 계절(여름, 겨울)과 다섯 가지 운송밀도(10.3, 11.5, 12.8, 14.1, 15.4수/m²)에 따라 10개의 처리구로 나누어 6반복으로 실험을 진행하였다. 실험결과, 운송 중 육계의 서기 행동은 여름보다 겨울에 더 많이(P<0.05) 발현되는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 운송 밀도가 높을수록 타 처리구에 비해 앉기 행동이 유의미하게 더 많이(P<0.05) 관찰되었다. 서기 행동의 경우, 계절과 운송밀도의 상호작용 효과에 따라, 겨울에 운송밀도가 낮을수록 더 많이(P<0.05) 나타났다. 운송 이후 육계 표면온도의 변화는 겨울보다 여름에 더 큰 값이 관찰되었다(P< 0.05). 그러나 운송 후 표면 온도의 경우, 운송밀도 또는 계절과 운송밀도 간 상호작용 효과에는 영향을 받지 않았다(P>0.05). 호흡수의 경우, 겨울보다 여름에 더 많이(P<0.05) 관찰되었다. 그러나 운송밀도에 따른 호흡수 또는 계절과 운송밀도 간 상호작용에는 영향을 받지 않았다(P>0.05). 본 연구의 행동학적 분석에 따라, 육계 운송 시 여름보다는 겨울이 권장된다. 또한 육계 운송 시 행동학적 분석에 따른 최적의 운송 밀도를 규명하기 위한 추가적인 연구가 필요한 것으로 사료된다.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.445-452
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• 2007

This study was carried out to examine effect of post-chlorine dosage reduction by ozonation and GAC process in the field plant for 3years in the "G" water purification plant in Seoul. And it is to compare GAC with BAC process in removal effects of TOC, THMs, THMFP, $UV_{254}$. As a result, chlorine dosage of ozonation and GAC(=BAC) is less demand than GAC. Seasonal reduction of chlorine demand is from about 37% to 59% with BAC, and from 24 to 46% with GAC. Higher reduction in BAC could be achieved. The efficiency of chlorine demand reduction with ozonation was depending on the organic carbon removal. $UV_{254}$ concentration is less about 0.13~0.74L/mg.m in BAC than GAC. Therefore, the combination of ozonation and GAC was more effective in reducing post-chlorine than the single GAC. TOC was also monitored, and results show that a linear relationship between TOC and chlorine demand is appropriate under each treatment process. It means that removal of organic matter(TOC) from finished water is necessary to reduce post-chlorine dosage in clear well and to minimize order of chlorine in distribution systems.