• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.79-85
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• 2015

Onboard fire extinguishing system is important to protect cargo and human lives and every oil tanker has foam type fire extinguishing system. Because of environmental problem, agent which contains materials such as Perfluorinated compounds are regulated and the development of the environmental friendly agent is required. The protein foam has less environmental pollution problem and has an excellent fire extinguish performance to oil fire. In the research, bivalency metal salts were added as stabilizer to increase fire resistance and stability of the foam. Ferrous sulfate, Iron chloride and Nickel chloride were used and to adjust to vessel, sea water was applied. As a stabilizer increased, the expansion ratio was raised. However 25% drainage time was decreased over 2.0 wt.% which is knowable that the foam brokes easily. The amount of generated foam was measured to check fluidity of foam and it appeared that when $FeSO_4$ 1.2 wt.% was added, the amount of generated foam reached large and also the 25% drainage time was high. To evaluate the fire extinguishing performance for oil fire, the small scale oil fire test was executed. When $FeSO_4$ 1.2 wt.% was added, fire extinguishing time was in its shortest which informs fluidity of foam and stability are important factors on fire extinguishing efficiency.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.321-328
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• 2002

From May 1999 to July 2000, concentration of 17 metals (Al, Ba, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, Pb, Sr, V, Zn), 4 ions (${NH_4}^+$, $Cl^-$, ${NO_3}^-$, ${SO_4}^{2-}$) and pH in rainwater were investigated. The volume-weighted mean concentrations (VWM) of ${NO_3}^-$ and ${SO_4}^{2-}$ were 16.0 and $17.0{\mu}mol\;L^{-1}$. The average pH was 4.53, which ranged from 3.83 to 6.06. The characteristic variations of these species were investigated in terms of the source of these species by principal component analysis (PCA) and interelement correlation coefficients. The elements were classified into three categories: anthropogenic source (Cd, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, V, Zn, ${NH_4}^+$, ${NO_3}^-$, ${SO_4}^{2-}$ and $H^+$), soil and crust dust (Al, Ba, Ca, Fe, Mn) and sea salts (Mg, Na, $Cl^-$). In addition, we compared the concentrations in rainwater, which were taken on the same day in three sites (Higashi-Hiroshima, an urban-facing area and a mountain-facing area of Mt. Gokurakuji) in order to examine the regional effect against the concentrations in them. At the urban-facing area of Mt. Gokurakuji, the concentrations of chemical compositions were higher than other areas.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.785-792
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• 2015

This study investigates weekday/weekend characteristics of $PM_{10}$ concentration and chemical composition of water-soluble ions in Busan in the spring of 2013. Contribution rate of water-soluble ions to PM10 concentration in weekday/weekend were 41.5% and 38.5%, respectively. Contribution rate of SO_4{^{2-}}$ to total ion mass in weekday/weekend were 30.4% and 33.8%, respectively. Contribution rate of total inorganic water-soluble ions in PM10 in weekday/weekend were 42.2% and 39.1% (mean 41.4%), respectively. $[NO_3{^-}/SO_4{^{2-}}]$ ratio in weekday/weekend were 1.01 and 0.97(mean 0.99), respectively, which indicated that weekday ratio was higher. Contribution rate of sea salts and $Cl^-/Na^+$ ratio in PM10 in weekday/weekend were 8.1% and 7.6%, 0.37% and 0.41%, respectively. This research will help understand chemical composition of water-soluble ions during the weekday/weekend and will be able to measure the contribution level of artificial anthropogenic source on urban air.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.350-353
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• 2016

Background: Various characteristics such as size distribution, chemical component and radio-activity have been analyzed for radioactive aerosols released from Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant. Measured results for radioactive aerosols suggest that the potential transport medium for radioactive cesium was non-sea-salt sulfate. This result indicates that cesium isotopes would preferentially attach with sulfate compounds. In the present work the attachment behavior of fission products to aqueous solution aerosols of sodium salts has been studied using a generation system of solution aerosols and spontaneous fission source of $^{248}Cm$. Materials and Methods: Attachment ratios of fission products to the solution aerosols were compared among the aerosols generated by different solutions of sodium salt. Results and Discussion: A significant difference according as a solute of solution aerosols was found in the attachment behavior. Conclusion: The present results suggest the existence of chemical effects in the attachment behavior of fission products to solution aerosols.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• v.3 no.5
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• pp.649-673
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• 2012

Recent studies have highlighted the importance of accounting for aging and deterioration of bridges when estimating their seismic vulnerability. Effects of structural degradation of multiple bridge components, variations in bridge geometry, and comparison of different environmental exposure conditions have traditionally been ignored in the development of seismic fragility curves for aging concrete highway bridges. This study focuses on the degradation of multiple bridge components of a geometrically varying bridge class, as opposed to a single bridge sample, to arrive at time-dependent seismic bridge fragility curves. The effects of different exposure conditions are also explored to assess the impact of severity of the environment on bridge seismic vulnerability. The proposed methodology is demonstrated on a representative class of aging multi-span reinforced concrete girder bridges typical of the Central and Southeastern United States. The results reveal the importance of considering multiple deterioration mechanisms, including the significance of degrading elastomeric bearings along with the corroding reinforced concrete columns, in fragility modeling of aging bridge classes. Additionally, assessment of the relative severity of exposure to marine atmospheric, marine sea-splash and deicing salts, and shows 5%, 9% and 44% reduction, respectively, in the median value bridge fragility for the complete damage state relative to the as-built pristine structure.

• ALGAE
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.71-80
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• 2023

The oomycete pathogens Pythium porphyrae, causing red rot disease, and Olpidiopsis spp. causing Olpidiopsis-blight, cause serious economic losses to Pyropia sea farms in Korea. During the washing step for Pyropia processing, these pathogens proliferate rapidly, significantly reducing the quality of the final product. To develop non-acidic treatments for these pathogens, various calcium salts were tested against the infectivity of P. porphyrae and Olpidiopsis pyropiae on Pyropia gametophytes, and calcium propionate was the most effective. When Pyropia blades were immersed in 10 mM calcium propionate for 1 h after inoculation with the oomycete pathogen, infection rate of both oomycete pathogens on day 2 was significantly lower (7.1%) than control (>95%). Brief incubation of Pyropia blades in calcium propionate also reduced the spread of infection. The infected area of Pyropia thallus was reduced to 14.3% of the control in 2 days after treatment with 100 mM calcium propionate for 30 s. In field experiments conducted in actual aquaculture farms, it has been shown that a brief 30 s wash every two weeks with 100 mM calcium propionate can effectively reduce the spread of oomycetes throughout the entire culture period. The above results suggest that calcium propionate can be a useful means for controlling the spread of oomycetes not only during laver processing but also during aquaculture.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.253-258
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• 2016

In this study, nano-micelled curcumin was produced with natural sea salt with a view to comparing the in silico molecular binding affinity of pure curcumin compound to the active site of transthyretin. Using an optical light microscope and an electron microscope, it was found that the structure of the surface and the cross-section of nano-micelled curcumin was significantly different from natural sea salt. In particular, the crystal structure and nano-components in the nano-micelled curcumin were united, and the layer was more strongly stabilized than untreated salts. In the virtual 3D structure, in silico molecular docking study, the ligand binding affinity of nano-micelled curcumin to the transthyretin active site was found to be higher than that of pure curcumin. In addition, a nano-micelled curcumin formula interacted with more amino acid residues of transthyretin domains. The pharmacophore feature of the nano-micelled curcumin also showed more condensed and constrained features than normal curcumin. These results suggest that nano-micelled curcumin may effectively bind to and stabilize transthyretin, thereby regulating transthyretin-related physiological diseases. Collectively, the nano-micelled curcumin process suggests that normal curcumin can be modified more efficiently into the novel bio-functional chemical formula to stabilize the transthyretin structure. Therefore, the nano-micelled curcumin process can be applied to the field of the regulation of Alzheimer's disease.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.167-174
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• 2008

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronically relapsing inflammatory skin disease that often has asthma and allergic rhinitis. Magnesium salts, the important component of minerals in Dead Sea water, are known to exhibit beneficial effects in inflammatory disease. Favorable effects of magnesium ions and sea water treated to the skin of patients with contact dermatitis have been reported. But histological and immunological investigations are insufficient. This study was performed to examine the inhibitory effect of magnesium-rich sea mineral water on the development of AD-like skin lesions in hairless mice. AD-like skin lesions are induced by the repeated application of 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB). Local application of magnesium-rich sea mineral water on hairless mice skin applied with DNCB inhibited the development of AD-like skin lesions as exemplified by a significant increase in skin hydration (p<0.01), and a decrease in epidermal water loss (p<0.01). Serum IgE level was also significantly decreased (p<0.01). These results suggest that magnesium-rich sea mineral water inhibits the development of DNCB-induced AD-like skin lesions in hairless mice. These observations indicate that magnesium-rich sea mineral water may be alternative and assistant substances for the management of AD.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.676-687
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• 2014

This study investigated the quality changes in cabbage brined with deep sea water salt and in a commercial brined cabbage product. The subject cabbages were separated into two groups: those manufactured in the Lab (ML) and the commercial brined cabbage product (CP). Each group had three brining treatments: with sun-dried salt (S, CS), refined salt (R, CR), and deep sea water salt (D, CD). The salinity level of the ML group was 2.1~2.3%, higher than that of the CP group (1.1~1.5%). The total plate count (TPC) was detected as 5.0 log CFU/g with the S, R, and D treatments at Day 7, but the growth rate of the TPC with the CS, CR, and CD treatments was faster than that with the S, R, and D treatments (6.9~7.7 log CFU/g). A lactic acid bacteria (LAB) level of 5.0~6.6 log CFU/g was also detected in the S, R, and D samples, but only 7.0~7.6 log CFU/g was detected in the CP groups at Day 14. The instrumental hardness levels of the cabbage brined with the deep sea water salts (D and CD) were 3,971 g and 3,932.4 g, respectively, which were significantly higher than those of the samples that were salted with sun-dried salt and refined salt (p<0.05). As for the sensory attributes, S, D, and CD maintained their marketability scores until the end of the storage period for all the properties. CD presented the highest total free amino acid (478.9 mg%), glutamic acid (107.0 mg%), citric acid (428 mg%), and sodium (189 ppm) contents.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.505-509
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• 2007

An obligately aerobic bacterium, strain KOPRI $20902^T$, was isolated from a marine sediment in Ny-${\AA}$lesund, Spitsbergen Islands, Norway. Cells were irregular rods and motile with polar monotrichous flagellum. The optimum growth temperature was $17-22^{\circ}C$. Cells grew best in pH 7.0-10.0 and 3-4% sea salts (corresponding to 2.3-3.1% NaCl). The novel strain required $Ca^{2+}$ or $Mg^{2+}$ in addition to NaCl for growth. Sequence analysis of 16S rRNA gene revealed that the Arctic isolate is distantly related with established species (<92.4% sequence similarity) and formed a monophyletic group with Cellvibrio, which formed a distinct phylogenetic lineage in the order Pseudomonadales. Predominant cellular fatty acids [$C_{16:1}\;{\omega}7c/15:0$ iso 2OH (45.3%), $C_{16:0}$ (18.4%), ECL 11.799 (11.2%), $C_{10:0}$ 3OH (10.4%)]; DNA G+C content (37.0 mol%); nitrate reduction to nitrogen; absence of aesculin hydrolysis, N-acetyl-${\beta}$-glucosaminidase and esterase; no assimilation of arabinose, galactose, glucose, lactose, maltose, and trehalose differentiated the strain from the genus Cellvibrio. Based on the phylogenetic and phenotypic characteristics, Dasania marina gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed in the order Pseudomonadales. Strain KOPRI $20902^T$ (=KCTC $12566^T$=JCM $13441^T$) is the type strain of Dasania marina.