• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.58 no.9
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• pp.35.1-35.10
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• 2016

Background: The aim of this work was the comparison between the carcass and the meat ewes of the regional Traditional market and the Islamic religious (Halal) market. Methods: Thirty and 20 at the end of career traditional market and Halal market ewes were slaughtered following the EC (European Council, 2009) animal welfare guidelines. Live weight of ewes was taken and dressing percentage of carcasses was calculated. On every carcass zoometric measurement and the evaluation trough the EU grid rules were performed. On the Musculus longissimus thoracis of 12 Traditional market carcasses and 11 Halal market carcasses the physical-chemical and nutritional analysis were performed. Consumer tests for liking meat ewe were performed in order to find consumer's preference level for Traditional and Halal markets ewe meat. Considering as fixed factor the ewe meat market (Traditional and Halal), results were submitted to oneway Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and to Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Results: The Halal market ewes have shown lower dressing percentages ($42.91{\pm}0.82$ vs $46.42{\pm}0.69$) and lower conformation score ($4.5{\pm}0.5$ vs $7.8{\pm}0.4$). The Halal market meat showed higher cooking loss in oven ($37.83{\pm}1.20$ vs $32.03{\pm}1.15%$), lesser Chroma value ($18.63{\pm}0.70$ vs $21.84{\pm}0.67$), and lesser Hue angle value ($0.26{\pm}0.02$ vs $0.34{\pm}0.02$). This product had also lower fat percentage ($4.2{\pm}0.4$ vs $7.09{\pm}0.4$). The traditional market meat had higher percentage in monounsatured fatty acids (MUFA) ($43.84{\pm}1.05$ vs $38.22{\pm}1.10$), while the Halal market meat had higher percentage in ${\omega}3$ poliunsatured fatty acids (PUFA) ($5.04{\pm}0.42$ vs $3.60{\pm}0.40$). The consumer test showed as the ewe meat was appreciate by the consumers. Conclusions: Both meat typologies have shown good nutritional characteristics. The traditional market meat had higher MUFA composition, and a better MUFA/satured fatty acids (SFA) ratio, while the Halal market meat had higher PUFA composition. These results were also supported by the PCA. The consumers preferred the traditional market meat.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.1359-1366
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to examine the blood pressure, serum lipid levels and obesity indices according to smoking status, and the effects of smoking cessation on blood pressure, serum lipid and obesity indices. The 2,230 male workers aged 30-59 years were observed the age, smoking status, SBP, DBP, TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C, AI, BMI, body fat rate and waist circumference, from April to July, 2011. As a results, the mean score of SBP, DBP, TC, TG and BMI were significantly higher in smoking group than non-smoking group, but HDL-C were significantly lower in smoking group than non-smoking group, the distribution of hypertension was significantly higher in smoking group than non-smoking group. The abnormal levels of TC, TG and HDL-C were significantly higher in smoking group than non-smoking group, and the distribution of obesity was significantly higher in smoking group than non-smoking group. Age adjusted odds ratio(ORs) was significantly increase in smoking group than non-smoking group: hypertension(3.59 times), hypercholesteremia (1.49 times), hyperlipidemia(1.81 times), low HDL-cholesteremia(1.58 times), high level of atherogenic index(1.27 times). Above results suggested that the smoking related with blood pressure and serum lipid levels.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.229-238
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• 2013

The aim of this study is to evaluate university canadian paddlers' iso-kinetic muscle function and provide training advices. Eight university paddlers with a 8.5 years career participated in this study. Inbody 720, biodex system III, biodex stabilizer system and THP 2 are used to investigate body component, muscle function(peak torque, average power and work fatigue), agility and dynamic balance. Iso-kinetic muscle function around shoulder, thorax and knee are measured. And then bilateral and unilateral muscle imbalance are calculated at each joint. Results of this study are as follows; University canadian paddlers' BMI average is 24.90 $kg/m^2$ and percent body fat is 12.23%. Reaction time average was 324 msec and balance score at each leg are below 2.0. A3, A4, A5, A6, A8 are needed to train shoulder muscle strength and power. A1, A2, A7, A8 are needed to strengthen shoulder muscle endurance. A2, A5, A8 are needed to train thorax muscle strength and power. A1, A8 are needed to strengthen thorax muscle endurance. Most of paddlers' reciprocal muscle balance ratio on thorax and knee are out of normal range. A2, A3, A4, A8 are needed to train abdominal strength and A3, A5, A6, A7, A8 are needed to train hamstring strength.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.669-673
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• 2011

Purpose: The authors have conducted a series of anatomic studies on the factors affecting shape of a lower vault in Asian noses. The results of the studies showed that prominence of alar lobule is mainly affected by the volumes of the dilator naris anterior and posterior muscles and the insertions of the dilator naris posterior muscles. However, information on its clinical availability is yet insufficient. The present study was undertaken for clinical purpose to find out the effect of dilator naris muscle resection on the correction of prominent alar lobule. Methods: Six patients who were treated by dilator naris muscle resection with a long-term follow-up of more than 1 year were involved in this study. Rhinoplasties were performed via endonasal approaches with resecting dilator naris anterior and posterior muscles by sharp scissor. The effect of the dilator naris muscle resection on alar prominence was investigated by measuring ratio of the short axis to the long axis of a nostril (SA/LA) pre-and postoperatively. The visual analog scale (VAS) was also used to evaluate satisfaction of patients. An average follow-up time was $15.6{\pm}3.7$ months. Results: Having lost the dilating and lateral pulling effects of the dilator naris muscles, the alar lobule shifted medially and alar lobule shapes improved. SA/LA significantly improved (preoperatively $0.71{\pm}0.11$ and postoperatively $0.58{\pm}0.08$; $p$ <0.05). The VAS score was also increased postoperatively (preoperatively $3.2{\pm}1.8$ and postoperatively $8.7{\pm}1.2$; $p$ <0.05). A mild degree of hyperpigmented scar was noted in one alar lobule. Otherwise, there was no case of postoperative complication. Conclusion: Our results suggest that prominent alar lobule could be modified by resecting the attachment of the dilator naris muscles. This maneuver removes the function of dilator naris muscles, then may produce a more aesthetically acceptable alar lobule shape.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.32-38
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• 2011

Background: Surgical treatment of stage I non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) can be performed either by thoracotomy or by employing video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS). The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of VATS lobectomy for pathologic stage I NSCLC. Material and Methods: Between December 2003 and December 2007, 529 patients with pathologic stage I NSCLC underwent lobectomies (373 thoracotomy, 156 VATS). Patients in both groups were selected after being matched by age, gender and pathologic stage using propensity score method, to create two comparable groups: thoracotomy and VATS groups, and the overall survival, recurrence-free survival, complication and length of hospitalization were compared between these two groups. Results: After the patients were matched by age, gender and pathologic stage, 272 patients remained eligible for analysis, 136 in each group (mean age of 59.5 years; 70 men, 66 women; 80 stage IA, 56 stage IB). There was no statistical difference in other preoperative clinical characteristics between the two groups. No hospital mortality was observed in both groups. Overall 3-year survival rate was 97.4% in thoracotomy group and 96.6% in VATS groups (p=0.76). During the follow-up, 20 patients (14.7%) developed recurrence in thoracotomy group, including loco-regional recurrence in 7, distant metastasis in 13. In VATS group, 13 patients (9.6%) developed recurrence, including loco-regional recurrence in 4, distant metastasis in 9. Three-year recurrence-free survival rate was 81.8% in thoracotomy group and 85.3% in VATS groups (p=0.43). There was no significant difference in postoperative complications between thoracotomy and VATS groups (30 cases in 22 patients vs. 19 cases in 17 patients, p=0.65, odds ratio=1.19). The mean hospital stay of VATS group was 2 days shorter than that of thoracotomy group ($8.8{\pm}6.5$ days vs. $6.3{\pm}3.3$ days, p<0.05). Conclusion: VATS lobectomy for pathologic stage I lung cancer is a feasible operation with shorter hospitalization, while surgical outcome is comparable to thoracotomy lobectomy.

• Land and Housing Review
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.171-180
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• 2017

In 1990s, as the extreme weather events according to the global warming climate change are occurred frequently all around the world and the scale of the damage increases, the developed countries are promoting various policies for reducing greenhouse gas emissions setting the goal of greenhouse gas reduction with the level of State and local government. Especially for the greenhouse gas reduction of buildings and the inducement of eco-friendly design, the green certification system is strengthened with the assessment of energy and greenhouse management, and recently, according to the policy change of climate and energy, the certification system expanded from the buildings to the level of city and district is piloted. So this research is to understand the main contents and the assessment system of domestic green building certification system implemented in March 2013 in response to the policy change of climate and energy and to suggest the basic data for the improvement of present domestic greenhouse certification standard through the analysis of actual certification and the main case analysis of international green certification system. Recently in developed countries, in 1990s, for the reduction of building's greenhouse gas emission and the inducement of eco-friendly design, from the building of LEED, BREEAM, DGNB to the level of city and district such as LEED Neighborhood Development, BREEAM Communities, DGNB Stadtquartiere, the system is expanded and piloted. On the contrary, as for the domestic standard of green building certification system, the distribution ratio according to the assessment items in each category consists of the assessment system based on the buildings, and just the simple adjustment of some items and the improvement of weighted value are performed. Actually, as a result of selecting the 30 districts of apartment housing with the most certification performance by use among the 49 buildings certified by Institute of Land & Housing from December 2014 to July 2016 and analyzing the assessment score, the certification level is determined by the sectors of high distribution like indoor environment and energy not by the ineffective sector of external environment with low distribution so this system has a limitation to perform the practical means for the policy change of climate and energy. Thus for the national green building certification standards, the assessment system in the sector of external environment is to complemented and furthermore, reflecting domestic reality, through the introduction of certification system and the assessment system with the level of city and district, this system should be improved to meet the international certification standard.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.36-45
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• 2008

Purpose: We conducted this retrospective epidemiological study to assess the incidence and severity of lower extremity injuries in Korea Methods: For this study, we retrospectively reviewed nationwide lower-extremity injury data compiled from 2001 to 2003 based on the National Injury Database, what included National Health Insurance Corporation (NHIC), Car Insurance, and Industry Insurance data. Data were standardized in terms of demographic characteristics, region, and socioeconomic status by using NHIC data. To assess the degree of the injuries, we used the Modified Abbreviated Injury Scale (MoAIS), what has been changed from the International Classification of Disease-10 (ICD-10) code. By using the Excess Mortality Ratio-adjusted Injury Severity Score (EMR-ISS), we classified the degree of severity into four categories: mild, moderate, severe and critical. Results: From 2001 to 2003, lower extremity injuries increased slightly, with a yearly average of 2,437,335. Insurance data should that lower-extremity injuries were the most common, followed by upper-extremity injuries. Significant difference were seen in the numbers of lower extremity injuries based on gender and age. As for provinces, Seoul and Gyeongi provinces had the highest numbers of cases. Junlabukdo had the highest rate of 55,282 cases per 1 million people for standardized gender and population. The annual incidence of the insured patients with lower extrimity injuries was higher than the employer's medical insurance contributions to the medical insurance program. Daily cases occur most often in May and June, with the lowest occurrences being in January and February. Conclusion: The result of this study shows that lower extremity injuries comprised common cause of all injuries. In addition, differences associated with gender, location and socioeconomic status were observed. Further studies are needed to find reasons and then this knowledge will allow strategies to prevent the lower extremity injuries.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.46-52
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• 2006

Objectives: This study was performed to investigate the relationship between regional material deprivation and the standardized mortality ratios(SMRs) of community residents aged 15-64 in Korea. Methods: SMRs were investigated using the registered death data from 1995 to 2000 that was obtained from the Korean National Statistics Office with the denominators being drawn from the 1995 to 2000 census. Material deprivation was measured using the Townsend score that was calculated from the 1995 to 2000 census. The relationship between the regional material deprivation and the SMRs of the community residents aged 15-64 was investigated by using ANOVA, Spearman's rank correlation analysis and Pearson's correlation analysis. The trends in mortality inequality were investigated using the concentration index. Results: On the ANOVA, the SMRs of the men and women residents in the least deprived areas were the smallest and those in the most deprived areas were the largest. Spearman's rank correlation analysis, Pearson's correlation analysis and the concentration index revealed that significant positive relationships exist between the regional material deprivation and the SMRs of the community residents aged 15-64. Conclusions: This study suggests that there are mortality inequalities among the communities in Korea and part of this difference is due to the material deprivation of the community. Strategies aimed at reducing mortality inequalities among the communities will be needed to address economic inequalities. Further studies are needed to explore the mechanisms of how the regional deprivation influences on health and how the other factors of the community influence on the health of the community residents.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.17 no.12
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• pp.1744-1753
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to provide obese middle school girls with walking and behavior modification program(WBMP) by investigating effects of the exercise on their body composition(BC), physical fitness(PF) and metabolic syndrome(MS). Analysis result of the difference between before and after the exercise(paired and independent t-test) was acquired by measuring BC, PF and MS for 12 weeks(60min/day, three a week). 24 Volunteers were 14 years over ${\geq}223.64kg/m^2$ and 15 years over ${\geq}24.00kg/m^2$. In the body composition, waist circumference(WC), body fat mass(BFM), %fat, arm muscle circumference(AMC), total body water(TBW), physical score(PS) were significant difference between the exercise group(EG) and the control group(CG), also including all factors in PF. The components of metabolic syndrome were significant difference between EG and CG, but HDL-C, systolic & diastolic blood pressure were no difference. The metabolic syndrome factors by separate of waist girth were no difference between EG and CG, but BMI, diastolic blood pressure were significant difference. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 4 of 24(16.7%) before intervention, but it dropped from 2 to 1 after intervention in WBMP. The components of metabolic syndrome was distributed a big WC>low HDL-C>high TG>hypertension. The changes of AMC, We, PS, BW, 50m run and BFM effect the factors on BMI(35%), WHR(waist-hip ratio, 69%), HDL-C(42%), fasting blood glucose(65%), HOMA-IR index(34%) and systolic blood pressure(39%) respectively. There were significantly increased in breakfast frequency, walking steps, and meal eating period, but decreased in snacks and eating out in exercise group.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.242-252
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to develop a Multi-metric Water Quality Assessment (MWQA) model and apply it to dataset sampled from Paldang and Daechung reservoir in 2008. The various water dataset used to this study included 5 year data sets (2003${\sim}$2007) in Korean reservoirs which were obtained from the Ministry of Environment, Korea. In this study, suggested MWQA model has 4 metrics that were composed of 4 parameters such as chemical, physical, biological, and hydrological variables. And, each of the variables attributed total phosphorus (TP) concentration in water, secchi depth (SD) measure in water, chlorophyll-${\alpha}$(Chl-${\alpha}$) concentration in water and the ratio of inflow of water into lakes and efflux of water from lakes, input/output (I/O). First, we established the criteria for trophic boundaries. The boundary between oligotrophic and mesotrophic categories was defined by the lower third of the cumulative distribution of the values. The mesotrophic-eutrophic boundary was defined by the upper third of the distribution. Second, each metric was given by a point-oligo=1, meso=3, eu=5. And then, obtained total score from each metric was divided 5 grade-Excellent, Good, Fair, Poor, and Very poor. As the results of applying the proposed MWQA model, the Paldang reservoir obtained "Fair" or "Poor" grade and Daechung reservoir obtained "Excellent" or "Good" grade. The suggested MWQA model through these procedures will enable to manage efficiently the reservoir. And, more studies such as metric numbers and attributes should be done for the accurate application of the new model.