• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.131-136
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• 2013

The effects of fixed and variable relative humidity on fruiting body formation and characters of Pleurotus eryngii were investigated with normal and thinning treatment plots. In fixed relative humidity, as humidity was lower, period of harvest was longer as well as days for pinheading in the both of normal and thinning plots. In the normal plot, qualities of mushroom were 5.5, 5.8, and 6.3 and yield was 98.6 g per bottle for 90% relative humidity, it was best. In the thinning plot, qualities of mushroom were 7.7, 8.4, and 8.5 and yields were 102.1, 105.8, and 116.9 g at 70, 80, and 90% respectively. In variable relative humidity with a thinning plot, the yield of P. eryngii on condition I(>90% for 1 day ${\rightarrow}$ 85% until thinning(for about 11 days) ${\rightarrow}$ 80%) and III(>90% until pin-heading(about for a week) ${\rightarrow}$ 85% until thinning(about for 5 days) ${\rightarrow}$ 80%) were 85.5 and 87.8 g per bottle, and qualities were 7.8 and 8.0 respectively. For long shelf life and a cultural control of bacterial soft rot disease, the condition I will be more largely adopted by mushroom farmers.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.26 no.12
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• pp.605-619
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• 2014

This article reviews the papers published in the Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering during 2013. It is intended to understand the status of current research in the areas of heating, cooling, ventilation, sanitation, and indoor environments of buildings and plant facilities. Conclusions are as follows. (1) The research works on the thermal and fluid engineering have been reviewed as groups of fluid machinery, pipes and relative parts including orifices, dampers and ducts, fuel cells and power plants, cooling and air-conditioning, heat and mass transfer, two phase flow, and the flow around buildings and structures. Research issues dealing with home appliances, flows around buildings, nuclear power plant, and manufacturing processes are newly added in thermal and fluid engineering research area. (2) Research works on heat transfer area have been reviewed in the categories of heat transfer characteristics, pool boiling and condensing heat transfer and industrial heat exchangers. Researches on heat transfer characteristics included the results for general analytical model for desiccant wheels, the effects of water absorption on the thermal conductivity of insulation materials, thermal properties of Octadecane/xGnP shape-stabilized phase change materials and $CO_2$ and $CO_2$-Hydrate mixture, effect of ground source heat pump system, the heat flux meter location for the performance test of a refrigerator vacuum insulation panel, a parallel flow evaporator for a heat pump dryer, the condensation risk assessment of vacuum multi-layer glass and triple glass, optimization of a forced convection type PCM refrigeration module, surface temperature sensor using fluorescent nanoporous thin film. In the area of pool boiling and condensing heat transfer, researches on ammonia inside horizontal smooth small tube, R1234yf on various enhanced surfaces, HFC32/HFC152a on a plain surface, spray cooling up to critical heat flux on a low-fin enhanced surface were actively carried out. In the area of industrial heat exchangers, researches on a fin tube type adsorber, the mass-transfer kinetics of a fin-tube-type adsorption bed, fin-and-tube heat exchangers having sine wave fins and oval tubes, louvered fin heat exchanger were performed. (3) In the field of refrigeration, studies are categorized into three groups namely refrigeration cycle, refrigerant and modeling and control. In the category of refrigeration cycle, studies were focused on the enhancement or optimization of experimental or commercial systems including a R410a VRF(Various Refrigerant Flow) heat pump, a R134a 2-stage screw heat pump and a R134a double-heat source automotive air-conditioner system. In the category of refrigerant, studies were carried out for the application of alternative refrigerants or refrigeration technologies including $CO_2$ water heaters, a R1234yf automotive air-conditioner, a R436b water cooler and a thermoelectric refrigerator. In the category of modeling and control, theoretical and experimental studies were carried out to predict the performance of various thermal and control systems including the long-term energy analysis of a geo-thermal heat pump system coupled to cast-in-place energy piles, the dynamic simulation of a water heater-coupled hybrid heat pump and the numerical simulation of an integral optimum regulating controller for a system heat pump. (4) In building mechanical system research fields, twenty one studies were conducted to achieve effective design of the mechanical systems, and also to maximize the energy efficiency of buildings. The topics of the studies included heating and cooling, HVAC system, ventilation, and renewable energies in the buildings. Proposed designs, performance tests using numerical methods and experiments provide useful information and key data which can improve the energy efficiency of the buildings. (5) The field of architectural environment is mostly focused on indoor environment and building energy. The main researches of indoor environment are related to infiltration, ventilation, leak flow and airtightness performance in residential building. The subjects of building energy are worked on energy saving, operation method and optimum operation of building energy systems. The remained studies are related to the special facility such as cleanroom, internet data center and biosafety laboratory. water supply and drain system, defining standard input variables of BIM (Building Information Modeling) for facility management system, estimating capability and providing operation guidelines of subway station as shelter for refuge and evaluation of pollutant emissions from furniture-like products.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.27 no.7
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• pp.380-394
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• 2015

This article reviews the papers published in the Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering during 2014. It is intended to understand the status of current research in the areas of heating, cooling, ventilation, sanitation, and indoor environments of buildings and plant facilities. Conclusions are as follows. (1) The research works on the thermal and fluid engineering have been reviewed as groups of heat and mass transfer, cooling and heating, and air-conditioning, the flow inside building rooms, and smoke control on fire. Research issues dealing with duct and pipe were reduced, but flows inside building rooms, and smoke controls were newly added in thermal and fluid engineering research area. (2) Research works on heat transfer area have been reviewed in the categories of heat transfer characteristics, pool boiling and condensing heat transfer and industrial heat exchangers. Researches on heat transfer characteristics included the results for thermal contact resistance measurement of metal interface, a fan coil with an oval-type heat exchanger, fouling characteristics of plate heat exchangers, effect of rib pitch in a two wall divergent channel, semi-empirical analysis in vertical mesoscale tubes, an integrated drying machine, microscale surface wrinkles, brazed plate heat exchangers, numerical analysis in printed circuit heat exchanger. In the area of pool boiling and condensing, non-uniform air flow, PCM applied thermal storage wall system, a new wavy cylindrical shape capsule, and HFC32/HFC152a mixtures on enhanced tubes, were actively studied. In the area of industrial heat exchangers, researches on solar water storage tank, effective design on the inserting part of refrigerator door gasket, impact of different boundary conditions in generating g-function, various construction of SCW type ground heat exchanger and a heat pump for closed cooling water heat recovery were performed. (3) In the field of refrigeration, various studies were carried out in the categories of refrigeration cycle, alternative refrigeration and modelling and controls including energy recoveries from industrial boilers and vehicles, improvement of dehumidification systems, novel defrost systems, fault diagnosis and optimum controls for heat pump systems. It is particularly notable that a substantial number of studies were dedicated for the development of air-conditioning and power recovery systems for electric vehicles in this year. (4) In building mechanical system research fields, seventeen studies were reported for achieving effective design of the mechanical systems, and also for maximizing the energy efficiency of buildings. The topics of the studies included energy performance, HVAC system, ventilation, and renewable energies, piping in the buildings. Proposed designs, performance performance tests using numerical methods and experiments provide useful information and key data which can improve the energy efficiency of the buildings. (5) The field of architectural environment was mostly focused on indoor environment and building energy. The main researches of indoor environment were related to the evaluation of work noise in tunnel construction and the simulation and development of a light-shelf system. The subjects of building energy were worked on the energy saving of office building applied with window blind and phase change material(PCM), a method of existing building energy simulation using energy audit data, the estimation of thermal consumption unit of apartment building and its case studies, dynamic window performance, a writing method of energy consumption report and energy estimation of apartment building using district heating system. The remained studies were related to the improvement of architectural engineering education system for plant engineering industry, estimating cooling and heating degree days for variable base temperature, a prediction method of underground temperature, the comfort control algorithm of car air conditioner, the smoke control performance evaluation of high-rise building, evaluation of thermal energy systems of bio safety laboratory and a development of measuring device of solar heat gain coefficient of fenestration system.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.451-458
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• 2013

The purpose of this research is to distinguish the quantitative determination of phytochemicals in various agricultural products and to optimize an HPLC method for the determination of lycopene, lutein, ${\alpha}$-carotene, ${\beta}$-carotene, and cryptoxanthin. Among the different conditions studied, the most suitable ones for our samples were the extraction with hexane/acetone/ethanol (50:25:25, v/v/v), dissolution of the dry extract in tetrahydrofuran/acetonitrile/methanol (15:30:55, v/v/v), injection on a $C_{18}$ column with methanol/acetonitrile (90:10, v/v) + triethylamine $9{\mu}M$ as mobile phase, and ${\lambda}_{detection}$=475 nm. The mean percent recovery for the HPLC method were $120.7{\pm}4.1%$ (lycopene), $89.2{\pm}3.5%$ (lutein), $91.2{\pm}2.9%$ (${\alpha}$-carotene), $99.1{\pm}4.4%$ (${\beta}$-carotene), and $100.0{\pm}5.3%$ (cryptoxanthin). The contents of lutein in the agricultural products were spinach, kiwi, tomato, blueberry, melon, respectively. However, the lycopene contents were the highest in the Black tomato ($56.66{\pm}7.48mg/kg$) and Jangseong tomato ($50.28{\pm}5.42mg/kg$). The concentration of ${\beta}$-carotene in all of the agricultural products ranged from 0.07 mg/kg to 65.03 mg/kg. The quercetin content of the agricultural products increased in the order of blueberry (986.57~1,054.06 mg/100 g), kiwi (44.96~55.09 mg/100 g), hallabong (31.92~35.60 mg/100 g), and tomato (26.38~34.94 mg/100 g). The highest kaempferol content was found in the blueberry (47.79~76.15 mg/100 g) with results in all of the tested samples varying between 6.54~48.11 mg/100 g. The total polyphenol contents of the various agricultural products increased in the blueberry (213.60~229.96 mg/100 g), spinach (112.50~141.67 mg/100 g) and kiwi (46.49~70.44 mg/100 g). The total flavonoid content was the highest in both blueberry and spinach. Vitamin C content was detected in kiwi > hallabong > tomato > blueberry, respectively. The total anthocyanin contents (TAC) was detected in the Damyang blueberry and the imported blueberry.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.718-726
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• 2016

Sweet pumpkin paste (SPP) was fermented by Leuconostoc mesenteroides SM at $25^{\circ}C$ for 3 days for enhancing its physicochemical properties. SPPs with 5%, 10%, and 15% solid contents (SC) were fortified with 20% sucrose and 0.5% yeast extract. The unfermented SPP with 15% SC indicated L, a, and b color values of 25.02, 4.66, and 13.35, respectively, and a consistency index of $48.6Pa{\cdot}s^n$. During the 3 days of fermentation, both the a and b color values decreased slightly, whereas the consistency index increased to $188.8Pa{\cdot}s^n$, giving the fermented product a pudding-like consistency. This fermented SPP (15% SC) showed the highest acid production and viable cell counts among samples, indicating pH 3.85, 1.30% acidity and $9.2{\times}10^8CFU/mL$ respectively. The added sucrose was completely utilized after 1 day of fermentation. After 3 days, the insoluble and soluble dextran contents were 8.9% and 4.5%, respectively. Furthermore, the contents of mannitol and fructose were 3.11% and 1.76%, respectively. Regarding the sensory evaluation, this fermented sample also indicated the highest color, taste and texture scores, and was the overall preferred sample. In conclusion, the fermented SPP with 15% SC was carotinoid-rich a wholesome pumpkin-based product that is rich in probiotics and lactic bacteria-produced mannitol and dextran, which gave the product an acceptable viscous pudding-like consistency and good organoleptic properties.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.515-525
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• 2005

Purpose of study: Lingual nerve damage can be caused by surgery or trauma such as physical irriatation, radiation, chemotherapy, infection and viral infection. Once nerve damage occurred, patients sometimes complain taste change and loss of taste along with serious disturbance of tongue. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of unilateral lingual nerve transection on taste as well as on the maintenance of taste buds. Materials & Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 220-250g received unilateral transection of lingual nerve, subjected to the preference test for various taste solutions (0.1M NaCl, 0.1M sucrose, 0.01M QHCl, or 0.01M HCl) with two bottle test paradigm at 2, 4, 6, or 8 weeks after the operation. Tongue was fixed with 8% paraformaldehyde. After fixation, they were observed with scanning electron microscope(JSM-$840A^{(R)}$, JEOL, JAPAN) and counted the number of the dorsal surface of the fungiform papilla for changes of fungiform papilla. And, Fungiform papilla were obtained from coronal sections of the anterior tongue(cryosection). After cryosection, immunostaining with $G{\alpha}gust$(I-20)(Santa Cruz Biotechnology, USA), $PLC{\beta}2$(Q-15)(Santa Cruz Biotechnology, USA), and $T_1R_1$(Alpha Diagnostic International, USA) were done. Immunofluorescence of labeled taste bud cells was examined by confocal microscopy(F92-$300^{(R)}$, Olympus, JAPAN). Results: The preference score for salty and sweet tended to be higher in the operated rats with statistical significance, compared to the sham rats. Fungiform papilla counting were decreased after lingual nerve transaction. In 2 weeks, maximum differences occurred. Gustducin and $T_1R_1$ expressions of taste receptor in 2 and 4 weeks were decreased. $PLC{\beta}2$ were not expressed in both experimental and control group. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that the taste recognition for sweet and salty taste changed by week 2 and 4 after unilateral lingual nerve transection. However, regeneration related taste was occurred in the presence of preserving mesoneurial tissue and the time was 6 weeks. Our results demonstrated that unilateral lingual nerve damage caused morphological and numerical change of fungiform papilla. It should be noted in our study that lingual nerve transection resulted in not only morphological and numerical change but also functional change of fungiform papillae.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.837-847
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• 2016

In this study, the bird fauna of Sihwa Lake in Gyeonggi Province were investigated from 2009 to 2014 to identify the effect of the restored intertidal zone on bird community. Based upon the analysis of the habitat status and distribution change of water birds in the intertidal zone, the following conclusions were obtained. The number of water bird individuals increased by approx. 40 thousand after the restoration. Most of water bird species increased, but diving ducks decreased. Analysis of the number of individuals of water birds before and after the intertidal zone restoration showed that there was a significant increase in the number of shorebird individuals. There is a habitat use pattern change in the southern tideland intertidal zone that includes the largest area of widened intertidal zone and the inland waters of the intertidal zone. This is related to the change of benthic ecosystem which is the food source of birds. The benthic ecosystem in restoring Sihwa Lake has been stabilized with a decrease in opportunistic species and consistent increase in equilibrium species that are sensitive to pollution. As a result, the environmental conditions for shorebirds have been improved. The restoration of intertidal zone affected the habitat use and distribution patterns of water birds in a short period of time. Compared to before restoration, all the water birds now use the wide area of the intertidal zone with no partiality and it is confirmed that the restoration greatly affected the distribution of shorebirds and swan & geese. This study was conduced to identify the effects of an artificial restoration of intertidal zone due to tidal power generation of bird species. In terms of maintaining and improving biodiversity, the intertidal zone restoration was recognized to be important and still shows positive results. This study is expected to provide a direction when an alternative is required to maintain and improve biodiversity in a similar situation in the future.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.179-190
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• 2011

Objectives: This study was performed to understand pregnancy, delivery, and infant rearing knowledge and educational need of marriage immigrant women to be utilized as a basic data for developing a suitable educational program. Methods: The subject of the study was composed of one hundred twenty two married immigrant women who live in South Korea. The method used in determining the population was the convenience sampling method. The data were gathered by means of personal interviews using questionnaires. Results: The mean score of pregnancy and delivery knowledge was 3.35, educational need was 3.64 out of 5, and infant rearing knowledge was 3.16, educational need was 3.66 out of 5. The pregnancy and delivery knowledge of the subject showed significant differences based on their present residential location and presence of children and their educational need varies according to their country of origin. The infant rearing knowledge on the other hand, showed notable differences according to presence of children while homeland and existence of children were the two major factors that greatly influenced the significant variation for educational need. Conclusions: The score of pregnancy, delivery and infant educational need were higher than knowledge. The score of pregnancy, delivery, and infant rearing educational need garnered similar results. Thus it is suggested that further researches should be conducted for the development, application, and verification of pregnancy, delivery, and infant rearing education programs that consider knowledge and educational need of immigrant married women in South Korea.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.141-152
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to identify correlations among family support, self-esteem and compliance in preventive health behavior in elderly people. The results will provide valuable data for nursing interventions towards help the elderly lead better lives. Those who lived with elderly people in Kimchun were interviewed by the researcher and an assistant. The subjects were 191 elderly people over the age of 65. The study method used was a structured questionnaire and the data were collected from September 17th to September 31th in 1998. The tools for this study were the family support scale designed by Gang Hyun Sook, the self-esteem scale designed by Rosenberg and the preventive health behavior scale designed by Gang Yune Sook. The data were analyzed by the SAS program, Mean, SD, T-test, ANOVA, Pearson Correlation Coefficients. The results of this study are as follows : 1. The mean score for family support was 40.49. The score of family support of the elderly showed significant differences according to age(F=2.66, P<.05), spouse presence(t=4.20, P<.001), family pattern(F=4.56, P<.01), economic status (F=10.47, P<.001) and pocket money(F=10.46, P<.001). 2. The mean score for self-esteem was 29.01. The score of self-esteem of the elderly showed significant differences according to educational level(F=3.47, P<.01), spouse presence(t=2.49, P<.05), family pattern(F=3.79, P<.01), economic staus(F=15.65, P<.001) and pocket money(F=14.04, P<.001). 3. The mean score for compliance with preventive health behavior was 53.15. The score of compliance of preventive health behavior of the elderly showed significant differences according to economic status(F=9.34, P<.001) and pocket money(F=8.13, P<.001). 4. The relation between family support and self-esteem was significantly different(r=.57, P<.001). The relation between family support and compliance with preventive health behavior was significantly different(r=.44, P<.001). The relation between self-esteem and compliance with proventive health behavior was significantey different(r=.51, P<.001), In conclusion, the correlations among lamily support, self-esteem and compliance with preventive health behavior in elderly people showed significant differences.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.661-674
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to quantify and compare the level of MMP-2, MMP-8 in the healthy, inflammed gingival tissue and inflammed gingival tissue associated with type 2 DM. We investigate whether expression of MMP-2, MMP-8 is increased by chronic periodontitis associated with type 2 DM. Gingival tissue samples were obtained during periodontal surgery or tooth extraction. Based on patient's systemic condition & clinical criteria of gingiva, each gingival samples were divided into three groups. Group l(n=8) is clinically healthy gingiva without bleeding and no evidence of bone resorption or periodontal pockets, obtained from 8 systemically healthy patients. Group 2(n=8) is inflammed gingiva from patients with chronic periodontitis. Group 3(n=8) is inflammed gingiva from type 2 diabetic patients with chronic periodontitis. Tissue samples were prepared and analyzed by Western blotting. The quantification of MMP-2, MMP-8 was performed using a densitometer and statistically analyzed by ANOVA. MMP-2, MMP-8 was expressed in all samples including healthy gingiva and increased in group 3 compared to group 1 and 2, and showed that significant variation was observed between group 1 & 3 in MMP-8 results. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that human gingival tissue with chronic periodontitis associated to type 2 diabetes showed slightly elevated MMP-2, MMP-8 levels compared to healthy gingiva and non-diabetic inflamed gingiva.