• Nutrition Research and Practice
• /
• v.10 no.1
• /
• pp.74-80
• /
• 2016

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Cardiovascular diseases is a major cause of death and is responsible for 23.8% of deaths in Korea. Clinical symptoms manifest in adulthood, but susceptibility begins in utero. Elevated homocysteine levels and adiposity might be linked to a greater risk in children as well as adults. We hypothesized that those who have simultaneous risk for folate and adiposity would be affected with elevated homocysteine levels at 3 years of age. SUBJECTS/METHODS: From the ongoing birth cohort at Ewha Womans University Mok-Dong Hospital, we compared adiposity parameters, serum homocysteine, and folate levels in 238 children (118 boys and 120 girls) at three years of age. The relationship between birth outcome, current weight and body mass index (BMI), postnatal growth, and homocysteine level were assessed using correlation and general linear model. Additionally, we assessed the combined effect between blood folate status and adiposity on current homocysteine levels. RESULTS: Birth characteristics were not correlated with homocysteine. Current weight, BMI, upper-arm circumference, skinfold thickness, waist circumference, and hip circumference were positively correlated with homocysteine at three years of age (P < 0.05). Folate level was negatively correlated with homocysteine at three years of age (P < 0.0001). A relative high anthropometric measure which is compatible with adiposity and low folate level was associated with high homocysteine levels. CONCLUSION: We found a combined effect of adiposity and folate levels with homocysteine levels at three years of age. This implicates the beneficial role of folate supplementation in the high-risk population at an early age.

• Child Health Nursing Research
• /
• v.12 no.4
• /
• pp.514-522
• /
• 2006

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the factors of child behavioral problems and construct a descriptive model that explains child behavioral problems for school age children. Method: The participants in the study were 586 4th, 5th, 6th graders and their mothers. The children attended 8 elementary schools located in Taejon city and their mothers. The tools used in this study was the Mother's Child Raising Behavior Scale by Park, Seong-Yeon and Yi, Sook(1990). To measure child's self esteem, the Self Esteem Scale by Kim(1987) was used; child perceived social support was measured with the Social Support Evaluation Scale by Dubow and Ullman(1989), and childhood behavioral problems were measured with the Korean standardized of version of the Korean-Child Behavior Checklist(K-CBCL)(1997). Descriptive statistics and linear structural relationship(LISREL) modeling were used to analyze the data. SAS and LISREL 8.12a programs were used. Results: The overall fit of the hypothetical model to the data was good $>X^2=103.07(p=0.00)$, GFI=0.96, AGFI=0.94, RMSR=0.04, RMSEA=0.07, NFI=0.94, NNFI=0.95< Maternal child raising behaviors(T=2.21) and child perceived social support(T=10.29) had a significant, direct effect on a child's self esteem. Maternal child raising behaviors(T=-3.87), and child self esteem(T=-2.04) and had a significant total effect on child behavioral problems. These variables accounted for 63% of the variance of the child behavioral problems in the school age children. Conclusion: These finding have provided support for maternal child raising behaviors, child perceived social support, and child self esteem as predictive variables of behavioral problems in school age children.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.16 no.4
• /
• pp.2713-2725
• /
• 2015

Because a variety of factors affects children in the development process in order to act practice of life safety behaviors aggressively, this study examined the relationships among academic stress, self-esteem and practice of life safety behaviors of school-age children. Data was collected through a self reported structured questionnaire from 510 Korean school-age children using convenient sampling methods from April 1 to 30, 2013. Stepwise multiple regression revealed the Help of safety education (${\beta}=.254$, p<.001), academic stress (${\beta}=-.222$, p<.001), grade(${\beta}=.201$, p<.001), gender(${\beta}=-.180$, p<.001) to be significant predictors of practice of life safety behaviors of school-age children. These variables accounted for 23.9% of practice of life safety behaviors. Therefore, to facilitate the practice life safety behaviors in school-age children, academic stress needs to be decreased by efficient management and intervention.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
• /
• v.1
• /
• pp.82-93
• /
• 1980

This study aims to find out and analyze the Various Problems of children of divorcee's and Compare them with that of the children of married parents. The subjects used for this study were 3,975 4~6 graders aged 9~13 enrolled in seven different Primary Schools located in seoul and Jeonju. To begin with, everybody in seven Classed were requested to respond to a questionnaire in order to Select the Children of divorcee's. When 60 children were selected, each Child was interviewed as well as asked to check questionnaire Concerning their daily life problems and feelings about them. When the data were analyzed, the following results were Obtained. 1) Children lives were affected by their parental divorce in various ways, but particularly so in their school lives. However, boys seemed to be affected less than the girls. 2) Either Separated from father or mother, generally the girls seemed to suffer more than the boys. Especially the girls separated from fathers were affected in school life and peer-relationships and the girls Separated from mother were affected in emotional problems and peer-relationships 3) Children of single parents seemed to be affected more in school lives, whereas th, children of remarried Parents Seemed to be affected in peer-problems. Again, the girls were more affected than boys. 4) Children whose parents were divorced when they were still in pre-school age seemed to suffer more than than those in the school age.

• Korean Journal of Hospice Care
• /
• v.8 no.1
• /
• pp.13-28
• /
• 2008

Purpose: This paper aims to examine the subjective structures and types of school age children's perception of death through an investigative study on their perception of death in order to provide a basic material for them to understand death, and develop and carry out an effective death education program. Methods: The study method used the Q Methodology which can investigate the subjective structures and types of school age children's perception of death. For Q-population, 20 school age children were used as subjects for neutral interviews and open surveys, and through documentary research, a total of 132 statements were collected, For Q-samples, 23 statements (Q-samples) were derived through a non-structural method. P-samples were 31 school age children (8-13 year olds), Q-sorting was carried out using Q-cards, and the collected data was analyzed using the PC QUANL program. Results: As a result of the study, children's perception of death was divided into five types. The first type was functional type, characterized by prominent subjective perception regarding the elements of death, such as non-reversibility, universality, non-functionality, and causality. The second was after-life type, characterized by a strong, focus on life after death in one's perception of death, and it included children with Christian background and those who had experienced death in their immediate family. The third was religious type, characterized by a strong belief in being able to still watch over one's family and friends after one's death, resulting in a positive faith in the after-life. The fourth was fearful type, characterized by a deeper fear of death in comparison to other types. The fifth was realistic type, characterized by a strong and positive assent to the perception of good death. Conclusion: The significance of the results of this paper's study to Nursing is as follows. In terms of understanding the subjectivity of school age children's perception of death in nursing practice, and understanding the compositional elements of death presented with strong emphasis in existing literature and studies, the results will expand these understandings and allow us to understand the level of perception in school age children regarding the definition of death, after-life, and good death, be utilized as useful material in developing an effective death education program for them according to their type characteristics, and become the fertilizer for enabling the children to live a proper life and preventing the tendency to make light of death that occur in adolescence and the spread of suicides. In terms of nursing theory, the description and examination of the subjective structures and the characteristics of the different, types of school age children's perception of death can be utilized as useful material for building a model of school age children's perception of death, and be further used for teaching respect for life. In terms of nursing research, the results can contribute to research describing the effects of nursing intervention strategies and developing tools for providing psychosocial nursing in terms of giving school age children a positive perception of death according to their types as well respect for life.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.37 no.2
• /
• pp.143-152
• /
• 2004

A dietary survey was conducted using 24-hour recall method in 80 male elementary school children, 83 high school students, 87 adults and 98 elderly people over 65 years of age to discuss food and nutrient intakes among different age groups. In observing food intake by age groups, the percentage of plant foods to total food intake was significantly higher in the elderly than other groups and that of animal foods was the highest in the children. The children consumed significantly higher amounts of milk and dairy products. Carbohydrate energy percent in the elderly people was 68.0%, significantly higher than other age groups. All age groups consumed Ca below Korean RDA and especially, 65.1% of the adolescents and 68.4% of the elderly consumed below 75% of RDA. Nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) of most nutrients was lowest in the elderly. Mean adequacy ratio (MAR), an index of overall dietary quality, was 0.94 for the children, 0.84 for the adolescents, 0.84 for the adults, and 0.73 for the elderly. The above results suggest that food and nutrient intakes have been differently affected with advancing age, and overall dietary quality of the elderly people is lower than that of other age groups. (Korean J Nutrition 37(2): 143-152, 2004)

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
• /
• v.30 no.3
• /
• pp.266-273
• /
• 2017

Purpose: This study was performed to compare the mental health of school age children residing in urban and rural areas and to analyze the correlations between the subjective mental health indicators such as depression and attention deficit-hyperactivity behavior and heart rate variability (HRV) indicators. Methods: For this study, a convenience sample of one hundred and three children was recruited. Depression and attention deficit-hyperactivity behavior were measured using self-reported questionnaires and HRV indicators were measured using an electronic instrument. Results: Among the HRV parameters of the rural children, their normalized LF and the LF / HF were significantly lower than those of the urban children. The RMSSD and the normalized HF were statistically significantly higher. The level of depression showed a significant positive correlation with the normalized LF and LF/HF, but showed a negative correlation with the normalized HF. Also, the level of attention deficit-hyperactivity behavior was significantly correlated with the normalized LF, LF/HF, and the normalized HF. Conclusion: Based on the findings, we expect that HRV indicators can be applied to predict the level of depression and attention deficit-hyperactivity behavior in elementary school children.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
• /
• v.23 no.6
• /
• pp.501-510
• /
• 2020

Purpose: To develop a probability-based differential diagnosis for pediatric acute liver failure (PALF) based on age and socioeconomic status of the country of origin. Methods: Comprehensive literature search using PubMed, EMBASE, and SCOPUS databases was performed. Children 0-22 years of age who met PALF registry criteria were included. Articles included >10 children, and could not be a case report, review article, or editorial. No language filter was utilized, but an English abstract was required. Etiology of PALF, age of child, and country of origin was extracted from included articles. Results: 32 full text articles were reviewed in detail; 2,982 children were included. The top diagnosis of PALF in developed countries was acetaminophen toxicity (9.24%; 95% CredI 7.99-10.6), whereas in developing countries it was Hepatitis A (28.9%; 95% CredI 26.3-31.7). In developed countries, the leading diagnosis of PALF in children aged <1 year was metabolic disorder (17.2%; 95% CredI 10.3-25.5), whereas in developing countries it was unspecified infection (39.3%; CredI 27.6-51.8). In developed countries, the leading diagnosis in children aged >1 year was Non-A-B-C Hepatitis (8.18%; CredI 5.28-11.7), whereas in developing countries it was Hepatitis A (32.4%; CredI 28.6-36.3). Conclusion: The leading causes of PALF in children aged 0-22 years differ depending on the age and developmental status of their country of origin, suggesting that these factors must be considered in the evaluation of children with PALF.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
• /
• v.18 no.1
• /
• pp.10-16
• /
• 2015

Purpose: The aim of this study is to investigate the changing prevalence rate of Helicobacter pylori infection in children, of different age groups, with recurrent abdominal pain over a 10-year period. Methods: Children with recurrent abdominal pain who visited the pediatric outpatient clinic at university hospital were screened for H. pylori. Children were divided into 3 age categories of 4-5, 6-11, and 12-16 years. To study the changes in the annual prevalence rates of H. pylori infection, the study period was divided into 3 time periods: 2004-2007, 2008-2010, and 2011-2014. Urea breath test was performed for all children aged 4-16 years, with a cut-off value of 4.0‰ for children aged ${\geq}6$ years and 7‰ for children aged <6 years. Results: A total of 2,530 children (1,191 boys) with a mean age of $10.0{\pm}3.0years$ (range, 4.0-16.9 years) were included in the study. The total prevalence of H. pylori infection was 7.4% (187/2,530). The prevalence rate of H. pylori infection in children with recurrent abdominal pain was 8.0% (70/873) in 2004-2007, 7.7% (51/666) in 2008-2010, and 6.7% (66/991) in the 2011-2014. Nevertheless, a significant difference was observed in the prevalence rate between children <12 years old and ${\geq}12$ years of age (p=0.018). Conclusion: The prevalence of H. pylori infection in Korean children with recurrent abdominal pain was 7.4%, showing no significant decrease in the last 11 years; however, the prevalence rate in children <12 years old was significantly lower than that in those ${\geq}12$ years old.

• Kosin Medical Journal
• /
• v.33 no.3
• /
• pp.347-357
• /
• 2018

Objectives: Few studies of pediatric Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated infectious mononucleosis (IM) have been conducted in Korea. We evaluated the clinical features of children with IM to define differences according to age. Methods: We conducted retrospective chart reviews of 68 children aged 0 to 15 years who were diagnosed by EBV-associated IM with EBV-Viral Capsid Antigen(VCA) IgM at laboratory test and were admitted between 2010 and 2014. The children were classified into four age groups: aged 0-3, 4-6, 7-9, and 10-15 years. Results: The age distribution of patients was as follows: 19 (27.9%) 0-3, 25 (36.8%) 4-6, 13 (19.1%) 7-9, and 11 (16.2%) 10-15. Fever was the most common presentation regardless of age. It was more common in the 0-3 group than the 4-6 group (P = 0.018). Pharyngitis was more common in the 7-9 group than the 0-3 group (P = 0.048), and myalgia was more common in the 10-15 group than the 0-3 group (P = 0.007). Pharyngitis was accompanied by lymphadenopathy, protracted fever, and rash. In the 0-3 age group, the prevalence of rash was higher while the percentage of atypical lymphocytes was lower, but there was no statistical support for this tendency. There were no differences in the frequency of hepatosplenomegaly or laboratory findings between age groups. Conclusions: IM is not uncommon in young children and its clinical presentation varies with age. Therefore, IM should be suspected in young febrile children with pharyngitis and rash despite low percentages of atypical lymphocytes.