• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate factors influencing health promoting behavior of the late school age children and to analyze the difference of health promoting behavior according to personal factors of children. Methods: The subjects consisted of 169 school-aged children in the 6th grade in Gyeonggi-do. Data were collected from Dec. 1 to Dec. 10, 2008. The data were analyzed by using frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficients and Stepwise multiple regression with the SPSS/WIN 12.0 program. Results: 1) Health promoting behavior was proved to be relatively high. The average item score for the health promoting behavior was $3.85{\pm}.41$. The highest degree of health promoting behavior was stress management (4.13). whereas the one with the lowest degree was exercise (3.40). 2) In the relationship between personal factors and health promoting behavior, there were statistically significant differences in gender, perceived health status, family mood, father's drinking habits, school performance, school satisfaction. 3) Health promoting behavior was showed significant positive correlations with perceived self-efficacy (r=.55), social support (r=.65), prior related behaviors (r=.44), perceived benefits of action (r=.42), and significant negative correlations with perceived barriers of action (r=-.37). 4) Stepwise multiple regression analysis was revealed that the most powerful predictor of health promoting behavior was social support ($\beta$=0.36) Conclusion: The combination of social support, perceived self-efficacy, perceived benefits of action, gender, and family mood accounted for 57.8% of the variance in the health promoting behavior of the late school age children.

• Proceedings of the KSEEG Conference
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• 2002.04a
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• pp.83-85
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• 2002

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.87-92
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• 2017

Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine whether the panoramic mandibular index (PMI) is useful for assessing bone mineral density. We also analyzed the potential correlations between PMI parameters and patient age. Materials and Methods: Four observers measured the PMI of both sides of the mental foramen using a picture archiving and communication system and images in the Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine format. They studied 300 panoramic radiographic images of patients belonging to the following age groups: 40-49 years, 50-59 years, 60-69 years, 70-79 years, and 80-89 years. The observers were allowed to zoom in or out and to adjust the contrast of the images. Further, they were instructed to record the reasons for any measurements that could not be made. Then, we conducted a reliability analysis of the measured PMI and assessed the correlations between different patient age groups and the 3 parameters used for determining the PMI from the available data. Results: Among the 600 data items collected, 23 items were considered unmeasurable by at least 1 observer for the following 4 reasons: postoperative state, lesion, unidentified mental foramen, and alveolar bone loss. The intraobserver reproducibility of the measurable data was 0.611-0.752. The mandibular cortical width (MCW) decreased significantly as patient age increased. Conclusion: PMI had limited usability when the margin of the mental foramen was not clear. In contrast, MCW, a parameter used for determining the PMI, had fewer drawbacks than the PMI with respect to bone mineral density measurements and exhibited a significant correlation with patient age.

• Clinical and Experimental Otorhinolaryngology
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.301-308
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• 2018

Objectives. The age-based Cole formula has been employed for the estimation of endotracheal tube (ETT) size due to its ease of use, but may not appropriately consider growth rates among children. Child growth is assessed by calculating the body surface area (BSA). The association between the outer diameter of an appropriate uncuffed-endotracheal-tube (ETT-OD) and the BSA values of patients at 24-96 months of age was our primary outcome. Methods. Cole formula, BSA, age, height, weight and ultrasound measurement of subglottic-transverse-diameter were evaluated for correlations with correct uncuffed ETT-OD. The Cole formula, BSA, and ultrasound measurements were analyzed for estimation rates in all patients and age subgroups. The maximum allowed error for the estimation of ETT-OD was ${\leq}0.3mm$. Patients' tracheas were intubated with tubes chosen by Cole formula and correct ETT-OD values were determined using leak test. ETT exchange rates were recorded. Results. One-hundred twenty-seven patients were analyzed for the determination of estimation rates. Thirteen patients aged ${\geq}72months$ were intubated with cuffed ETT-OD of 8.4 mm and were accepted to need uncuffed ETT-OD >8.4 mm in order to be included in estimation rates, but excluded from correlations for size analysis. One-hundred fourteen patients were analyzed for correlations between correct ETT-OD (determined by the leak test) and outcome parameters. Cole formula, ultrasonography, and BSA had similar correct estimation rates. All three parameters had higher underestimation rates as age increased. Conclusion. The Cole formula, BSA, and ultrasonography had similar estimation rates in patients aged ${\geq}24$ to ${\leq}96months$. BSA had a correct estimation rate of 40.2% and may not be reliable in clinical practice to predict uncuffed-ETT-size.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.127-144
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• 2016

The purpose of the study was to investigate the self-esteem, appearance satisfaction, and clothing benefit pursuit the gap between subjective age and real age according to gender and age of middle-aged consumers. For the study, the questionnaire was developed by the authors and distributed to male and female consumers in their forties or fifties on september 1~10, 2014. A total of 470 questionnaires was collected and used for the final analysis. Data were analyzed by frequency analysis, reliability analysis, factor analysis, cluster analysis, ANOVA and Tukey's test, using the SPSS 18.0 Package Program. The findings were summarized as follows. There were significant differences in the subjective age of middle-aged consumers according to gender and age. Female consumers in their fifties perceived their subjective age to be younger than male consumers in forties and fifties. There were no significant differences in self-esteem among the groups according to gender and age. Significant differences were found in appearance satisfaction of male consumers in their fifties having higher appearance satisfaction than female consumers in their forties. There were significant differences in some factors of clothing pursuit benefits including pursuit of fashion, pursuit of youth, pursuit of rationale, pursuit of leisure, and pursuit of loyalty, among the groups according to gender and age with female consumers placing more importance on clothing-related benefits than their male counterparts. Local fashion businesses to consumers who target middle-aged consumers, this study can provide a basic data.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.48-60
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• 1991

The purpose of this study is to analyze the pattern of human developmental growth with empirical anthropometric data for clothing construction. The sample was drawn randomly out of senior high school boys and girls in seoul urban area. The sample size was 424 boys and 301 girls between age 16 and 18. Dependent variables of this study were modified after extraction of common variables from raw data. 42 dependent variables were analyzed by the method of Duncan Test as Multiple Range Test among three age groups and T-Test between male and female of same age groups. The analysis of these data was carried with spss-x package by the computer installed in INHA University. The major findings can be summarized as follows. 1. In Duncan Test, female students between age 16 and 18 were not significantly different in the majority of dependent variables, but girth measurements and weight of 17 and 18 age groups were significantly different from that of 16 age groups. 2. In Duncan Test, male students were significantly different in the majority of the dependent variables, especially 33 variabls from 42 variables, among three age groups. 3. In T-Test, hip girth was only not significantly different between male and female and neck girth of the female students was only significantly larger than that of the male students.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.185-191
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• 2014

Purpose: This study investigated the developmental stages of third molars in relation to chronological age and compared third molar development according to location and gender. Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis of panoramic radiographs of 2490 patients aged between 6 and 24 years was conducted, and the developmental stages of the third molars were evaluated using the modified Demirjian's classification. The mean age, standard deviation, minimal and maximal age, and percentile distributions were recorded for each stage of development. A Mann-Whitney U test was performed to test the developmental differences in the third molars between the maxillary and mandibular arches and between genders. A linear regression analysis was used for assessing the correlation between the third molar development and chronological age. Results: The developmental stages of the third molars were more advanced in the maxillary arch than the mandibular arch. Males reached the developmental stages earlier than females. The average age of the initial mineralization of the third molars was 8.57 years, and the average age at apex closure was 21.96 years. The mean age of crown completion was 14.52 and 15.04 years for the maxillary and the mandibular third molars, respectively. Conclusion: The developmental stages of the third molars clearly showed a strong correlation with age. The third molars developed earlier in the upper arch than the lower arch; further, they developed earlier in males than in females.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.143-152
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• 2004

A dietary survey was conducted using 24-hour recall method in 80 male elementary school children, 83 high school students, 87 adults and 98 elderly people over 65 years of age to discuss food and nutrient intakes among different age groups. In observing food intake by age groups, the percentage of plant foods to total food intake was significantly higher in the elderly than other groups and that of animal foods was the highest in the children. The children consumed significantly higher amounts of milk and dairy products. Carbohydrate energy percent in the elderly people was 68.0%, significantly higher than other age groups. All age groups consumed Ca below Korean RDA and especially, 65.1% of the adolescents and 68.4% of the elderly consumed below 75% of RDA. Nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) of most nutrients was lowest in the elderly. Mean adequacy ratio (MAR), an index of overall dietary quality, was 0.94 for the children, 0.84 for the adolescents, 0.84 for the adults, and 0.73 for the elderly. The above results suggest that food and nutrient intakes have been differently affected with advancing age, and overall dietary quality of the elderly people is lower than that of other age groups. (Korean J Nutrition 37(2): 143-152, 2004)

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.36 no.10
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• pp.1042-1051
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• 2003

To study the level of change in food and nutrient intake among different age groups, a dietary survey using the 24-hour recall method was conducted among 80 female elementary school children, 84 high school students, 100 adults from 25 to 35 years old and 120 elderly people over 60 years of age. The results of the study showed that plant food and total food intake were higher in adults and animal food intake was significantly higher in children. The percentage of plant food to total food intake was highest in the elderly and that of animal food to total food intake was highest in the children. The elderly consumed significantly less meat and poultry and more fish than the other groups. However, the children consumed significantly higher amounts of milk and dairy products. The elderly had the lowest Ca intake. Carbohydrate energy intake in the elderly was 70.3％, significantly higher than that for the other age groups. All of the age groups consumed a quantity of Ca below the Korean RDA and 77.5％ of the elderly consumed an amount below 75％ of the RDA. Nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) of most nutrients was lowest in the elderly. Mean adequacy ratio (MAR), an index of overall dietary quality, was 0.88 for the children, 0.84 for the adolescents, 0.80 for the adults, and 0.70 for the elderly. Therefore, the results show that food and nutrient intake changes with advancing age, and the overall quality of the diet of elderly people is lower than that for the other age groups.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.31-45
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• 2021

Despite efforts to expand public care services as social demands increase, the problem of the after-school self-care of elementary school students who were in the situation of care cliff remains. Thus, this study focused on community-based childcare to solve the issue of school-age childcare in Korea. The purpose of this study was to explore the experience of community-based childcare of participants who had school-aged children who lived in Seoul and GyeongGi province (Korea). Focus group interviews were conducted with ten married working mothers among clients of a community-based childcare provider that has been operating for more than five years. Based on the findings of this study, it is clear that community-based childcare is a useful welfare resource. In addition, the results of this study can be used as data for developing policies and programs for school-age childcare or the after-school self-care of elementary school students. Furthermore, it may broaden the horizons of research related to community-based childcare.