• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.175-182
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• 2015

Objective : The purpose of this study was to investigate difference in fascicle behavior of the medial gastrocnemius during the locomotion with varying intensities, such as gait and one-legged and two-legged vertical jumping. Methods : Six subjects (3 males and 3 females; age: $27.2{\pm}1.6yrs.$, body mass: $62.8{\pm}9.8kg$, height: $169.6{\pm}8.5cm$) performed normal gait (G) at preferred speed and maximum vertical jumping with one (OJ) and two (TJ) legs. While subjects were performing the given tasks, the hip, knee and ankle joint motion and ground reaction force was monitored using a 8-infrared camera motion analysis system with two forceplates. Simultaneously, electromyography of the triceps surae muscles, and the fascicle length of the medial gastrocnemius were recorded using a real-time ultrasound imaging machine. Results : Comparing to gait, the kinematic and kinetic parameters of TJ and OJ were found to be significantly different. Along with those parameters, change in the medial gastrocnemius (MG) muscle-tendon complex (MTC) length ($50.57{\pm}6.20mm$ for TJ and $44.14{\pm}5.39mm$ for OJ) and changes in the fascicle length of the MG ($18.97{\pm}3.58mm$ for TJ and $20.31{\pm}4.59mm$ for OJ) were observed. Although the total excursion of the MTC and the MG fascicle length during the two types of jump were not significantly different, however the pattern of length changes were found to be different. For TJ, the fascicle length maintained isometric longer during the propulsive phase than OJ. Conclusion : One-legged and two-legged vertical jumping use different muscle-tendon interaction strategies.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.47-59
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• 2017

PURPOSE: This study was to identify the effect of a coordinative locomotor training (CLT) programs on lower extremity strength, balance, and quality of life of a cancer patients. METHODS: Subjects were instructed in CLT programs. The CLT programs consisted of sprinter and skater pattern movements performed for 30 minute three day per week for two weeks. CLT programs performed the arms and legs alternately and step up the steps on the stairs. The timed sit to stand test (TSTS) and one leg standing test (OLST) were used to test lower extremity strength. The star excursion balance test (SEBT) was used to measure balance; and the functional assessment of cancer therapy - general (FACT-G) for measuring the quality of life throughout the sessions. RESULTS: Participants showed enhanced strength compared to first baseline, as measured by TSTS (14.58%). Balance was improved compared to the first baseline as measure by OLST with open eyes (30.3%), OLST with closed eyes (114.81%), SEBT (43.76%). The increase of strength and balance were maintained in a second baseline session. There was no change for quality of life between first baseline and intervention period. CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that the CLT program is a useful exercise program that can help improve the physical activity of cancer patients who have a reluctance to move by positively affecting cancer patients' balance and leg strength.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.137-149
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• 1994

This study was performed to investigate the relationship between Forward Head Posture(FHP) and Craniomandlbular Disorders(CMDs). Many studies reported that there was some relationship between them, however, there is still controversy. So It Is necessary to observe and compare many more patients with CMDs wirh normal controls. For the study 85 patients with CMDs and 37 dental students were selected as experimentals and controls, respectively. And the experimentals were classified Into two groups, that is, TMJ internal derangement group and muscle disorders group according to clinical diagnosis. For measuring the FHP, CROM(Cervical-Range-of-Notion)was used. This goniometer is composed of three part. First, gravity goniometer for flexion and extension. Second, magnetic compass and yoke for rotational movement. And last, forward head arm and vertebra locator for forward head posture. Next T-Scan, electronic occlusal analyzer, was used for recording of occlusal contact state. Other items such as maximum opening, lateral excursion, Helkimo's anamnestic index, and muscle palpation point from Friction's craniomandibular index were checked clinically by one examiner. The result of this study were as follows : 1. In male, control group showed much more measurement in resting forward head posture than did experimental group. But there were not significant differences between groups in female subject. From this results, the author contended that CROM is new measuring system and differ from other goniometers in some aspect, so that results should be re-evaluated 2. Mean value of maximum mouth opening in nearly all groups were greater than 40mm. and mouth opening had a significant correlation with occlusal force and with anamnestic index both sex. 3. Mean value of palpation point had not any correlationship with forward head posture in both sex, but there was significant difference between upper and lower group by rounded shouldes. 4. In summary, there was no significant relationship between forward head posture and sign and symptom of Craniomandibular Disorders.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.18-27
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to compare the ring lock type knee-ankle-foot orthosis (KAFO) with newly developed 4-bar linkage KAFO on the gait characteristics of persons with poliomyelitis clinically. This 4-bar linkage is the stance control type KAFO which provide the stability during stance phase and knee flexion during swing phase. Two subjects participated in this study voluntarily. We provided the customized 4-bar linkage KAFO then asked the subjects to walk in level surface and stairs under the two different KAFO conditions. The characteristics of gait in the persons with poliomyelitis were evaluated using a 3D motion analysis system and force plate. Additionally 6 minute walk test for physiological cost index were conducted using pulse oximeter to measure the energy consumption. In the results of this study, the differences of 4-bar linkage KAFO compared with ring lock type KAFO are as follows: (1) Walking speed, stride length, and step length on level increased in subjects, (2) The gait symmetry was improved by generated knee flexion and decreased pelvic external rotation on level and stairs walking, (3) Decreased vertical excursion of center of mass and pelvic elevation during swing phase was decreased on level, (4) Knee extension moment, hip flexion moment, hip and knee internal rotation moment of non-braced limb were decreased on level walking, (5) Walking speed in 6-minute walk test was increased and physiological cost index was decreased. These findings indicate that 4-bar linkage KAFO compared with ring lock type KAFO is effective in enhancing pattern, endurance, and energy consumption in level surface and stairs walking.

• Journal of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.77-86
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• 2014

Using a cosmological ${\Lambda}CDM$ simulation, we analyze the differences between the widely-used spin parameters suggested by Peebles and Bullock. The dimensionless spin parameter ${\lambda}$ proposed by Peebles is theoretically well-justified but includes an annoying term, the potential energy, which cannot be directly obtained from observations and is computationally expensive to calculate in numerical simulations. The Bullock's spin parameter ${\lambda}^{\prime}$ avoids this problem assuming the isothermal density profile of a virialized halo in the Newtonian potential model. However, we find that there exists a substantial discrepancy between ${\lambda}$ and ${\lambda}^{\prime}$ depending on the adopted potential model (Newtonian or Plummer) to calculate the halo total energy and that their redshift evolutions differ to each other significantly. Therefore, we introduce a new spin parameter, ${\lambda}^{\prime\prime}$, which is simply designed to roughly recover the value of ${\lambda}$ but to use the same halo quantities as used in ${\lambda}^{\prime}$. If the Plummer potential is adopted, the ${\lambda}^{\prime\prime}$ is related to the Bullock's definition as ${\lambda}^{\prime\prime}=0.80{\times}(1+z)^{-1/12}{\lambda}^{\prime}$. Hence, the new spin parameter ${\lambda}^{\prime\prime}$ distribution becomes consistent with a log-normal distribution frequently seen for the ${\lambda}^{\prime}$ while its mean value is much closer to that of ${\lambda}$. On the other hand, in case of the Newtonian potential model, we obtain the relation of ${\lambda}^{\prime\prime}=(1+z)^{-1/8}{\lambda}^{\prime}$; there is no significant difference at z = 0 as found by others but ${\lambda}^{\prime}$ becomes more overestimated than ${\lambda}$ or ${\lambda}^{\prime\prime}$ at higher redshifts. We also investigate the dependence of halo spin parameters on halo mass and redshift. We clearly show that although the ${\lambda}^{\prime}$ for small-mass halos with $M_h$ < $2{\times}10^{12}M_{\odot}$ seems redshift independent after z = 1, all the spin parameters explored, on the whole, show a stronger correlation with the increasing halo mass at higher redshifts.

• FLOWER RESEARCH JOURNAL
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.136-141
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• 2010

In order to analyze the horticultural-therapy program, which was carried out targeting the mentally disabled, relevant 559 copies of 'Confirmation Note of horticultural activity' submitted for to be used the use in license examination to Korean Horticultural Therapy and Wellbeing Association were used as a tool. It contains 64 horticultural therapists for level 1 and 524 horticultural therapists for level 2 from May in 2000 to February in 2008. With the aim of examining difference depending on people covered by the program, license kind and horticultural therapy activity period in horticulture therapists, ${\chi}^2$ test was conducted on the basis of frequency in each. Data was analyzed by using SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Science) Win 13.0 program, which was carried out targeting the mentally disabled, the 'art and craft activity' was the largest with 46.0%. In terms of 'growing activity', the 'normal growing' showed the highest ratio with 74.7%. In the 'art and craft activity', the 'flower decoration' showed the highest ratio with 37.5%. In the result of 'Cooking activity', the activity related to 'tea' was the largest ratio with 33.6%. As a result of 'learning activity', 'orientation' was the largest ratio with 47.6%. In the 'outdoor activity', 'excursion' was the largest ratio with 36.7%.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.572-589
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• 2010

With the advent of lifelong learning society, most of the cities in Korea have been promoting the construction of lifelong learning city. At this point, the purpose of this study is to configure regional learning programs and apply them to the actual world. Important results of this study can be outlined as follows; First, the regional learning programs in the lifelong learning society are desirable to be configurated with the situated learning method focused on the characteristics of learners, instructors and the local contexts. In addition, the active training of regional human resources such as organizing learning circles and SERVICE-LEARNING through the participation of them is effective as a teaching method. Secondly, the consequence through the field excursion calling itself 'the geography exploration group', organized by the researcher and involved with participants together provoked the paradigm shift on their region and the regional identity. Thirdly, the active participation of local experts including geography teachers should be needed for the popularization of geography education. Hence, if we continue to develop the local learning programs tailored to regional traits and apply them to the actual world, geography education will play an important role to build the stable foundation in the lifelong learning society.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.212-220
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• 2020

This study examines the effects on isometric lumbar extension strength, dynamic balance ability, and range of motion, after administering 8 weeks SEBT exercise (dynamic balance exercise) and Lumbar Stabilizing exercise, to open laser lumbar microdiscectomy patients. Totally, 14 patients who underwent preservation treatment for 6 weeks after undergoing open laser lumbar microdiscectomy, were enrolled for the study. Patients were randomly assigned to the Lumbar Stabilizing Exercise Group (LSG, n=7) and SEBT Exercise + Lumbar Stabilizing Exercise Group (SGLS, n=7). Results indicate that isometric lumbar extension strength ratio significantly decreases after 8 weeks rehabilitation exercise in both the LSG (p=0.007) as well as SLSG (p=0.024) groups. Normalized reach distance of the three directions in the Y-balance test to examine the dynamic balance capability showed a significant increase in both groups. The dynamic balance capability showed significant increase to the left (LSG, p=0.010; SLSG, p=0.002) and right (LSG, p=0.002; SLSG, p=0.002). Moreover, significant increase was also obtained in the range of joint operation, in both LSG (p=0.006) and SLSG (p=0.017) groups. These results indicate that both groups of rehabilitation exercise achieve positive outcomes on the isometric lumbar extension strength, range of motion, and dynamic balance ability. However, some results suggest that the SEBT program is likely to have a better efficacy.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.19-26
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• 2018

Background: Genu varum is also known as bow leg. It is a deformity wherein there is lateral bowing of the legs at the knee. it does give rise to pain, and persistent bowing can often give rise to discomfort in knees, hips and ankles. Objects: This study investigated the effect of narrow squats on the knee joint during a gait and distance between the knees of person with genu varum. Methods: This study analyzed 23 patient with genu varum that grade III, 12 narrow squat group and 11 genenal squat group in motion analysis laboratory. The subjects of experiment took gait before and after intervention, the range of joint motion, moment of knee joint adduction, power, distance of the knees were measured. And in order to make an analysis between groups, an paiered t-test and independent t-test was carried out. For statistical significance testing, it was decided that significance level ${\alpha}$ be .05. Results: It was shown that the group of narrow squat exercise significantly decreased in distance of knees (p<.05),In moment of adduction of knee joint, it was shown to significantly decrease in two groups (p<.05), was significantly decreased in adduction, abduction, and rotation (p<.05). In relation of peak-knee adduction moment and valgus angle, there was significant decrease in narrow squat group (p<.05). Conclusion: When the above result of study were examined, a narrow squat exercise given to the genu varum patients significantly decreased the distance between the knees, range of knee adduction and abduction, knee adduction moment, knee power. And stability gains through the decrease of excursion of knee medial part be effective for the correction of genu varum deformation.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to compare the strain on the alveolar ridge in the centric, eccentric and protrusive position according to the occlusal scheme (bilateral balanced occlusion with 33 degree anatomical teeth, group B; monoplane occlusion with non-anatomical teeth, group M; lingualized occlusion with 33 degree anatomical teeth and non-anatomical teeth, group L; of complete dentures. Experimental dentures were set bilateral balanced occlusion, lingualized occlusion and monoplane occlusion. They are analysed through T-Scan II(Tekscan, Boston, U.S.A) and 1.5mm thick layer was removed from the denture-supporting surface of resin model and then replaced with silicone to simulate resilient edentulous ridge mucosa. A $4{\times}6$ linear strain gauge is attached to the $1^{st}$ premolar and $1^{st}$ molar area. The strain values are recorded according to the occlusal scheme in the centric, eccentric and protrusive position after uniformly applying 50 N and 150 N force through a Universal Testing Machine(instron$^{(R)}$ 5567, Bluehill 2.0 software ,U.S.A.) with the models mounted in the articulator. When performing centric and protrusive occlusion, the three groups of occlusal scheme were compared in the anterior region and in the posterior region. The strains of each group were also compared in the working side and in the non-working side during eccentric excursion. It was observed that the strain in the bilateral balanced occlusion showed a higher value than the lingualized occlusion and monoplane occlusion in every position except the non-working side. However, during the eccentric movement the strain value in the non-working side showed the lowest value in the bilaterally balanced occlusion. The strain change amount from the working side or centric occlusion to non-working side and also the strain variation rate within the non-working side showed the highest value in bilateral balanced occlusion.