• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.53 no.5
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• pp.503-517
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• 2020

Purpose: This study examined the yearly trend of milk consumption and the nutritional status of subjects aged 6-18 years using the 2007-2015 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data. Methods: Milk and dairy products were classified into plain milk, flavored milk, and dairy products (ice cream, milkshakes, cheese, and yogurt, etc.). This study compared the milk and dairy products intakes, some nutrients intakes and percent of dietary reference intakes for Koreans in the milk intake and non-milk intake groups. Results: Plain milk intake decreased with year (male, p = 0.0199; female, p < 0.0001; elementary school, p = 0.0013; high school, p = 0.0061), whereas flavored milk and dairy products intake in these subjects increased with year. In all subjects, 49.9% of subjects did not drink milk at all. The intakes of energy, protein, fat, calcium, phosphorus, and riboflavin in the milk intake group were significantly higher than those in the non-milk intake group, even after adjusting for covariates (p < 0.05). The odds ratio of the prevalence of nutritional deficiency in the non-milk intake group was 3.2 times higher than that of the milk intake group (p < 0.001), even after adjusting for covariates. The odds ratio for the prevalence of excess intake of the energy/fat was not significant with milk intake. Conclusion: The prevalence of milk intake decreased every year in the subjects. Calcium deficiency and nutritional deficiency were very high in the non-milk intake group. Efforts should be made to improve the calcium status in children and adolescents by strengthening nutrition education about the importance of milk intake.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.29 no.1 s.72
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• pp.51-72
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• 1999

In orthodontic field, it is very important to understand the normal growth. Such an understanding can be derived from observation of normal growth in various samples from childhood to adulthood, and this builds a foundation from which growth abnormality or variation can be defined. Thus, a broad data collection of normal children, as well as basic study reviewing such data become necessary. The relationship between the mean values of cephalometric measurements in Growth and Development was studied among the groups(boys and girls) of Korean chidren from the ages 6-years to 16-years. 220 boys 170 girls were chosen as subjects : Cephalometric X-ray were taken for 3 years and hard tissue analysis on McNamara and Ricketts Analysis which was divided into measurements of 5 parts(Cranial base, Cranial base and Maxilla & Mandible, Maxilla and Mandible, Mandible, Dental measurements). The relationship of craniofacial growth was studied. The following conclusions were obtained: 1. There were statistically significant differences in anterior cranial base between the two sexes of 14 and 15-year grouips. 2. In comparison of growth amounts among different age groups, statistically singnificant difference in Posterior facial height exhisted among $10\~11,\;12\~13\;and\;14\~15$ year-old interval groups. This pattern increased with aging. 3. Na perpendicular to A showed earlier growth peak in females(11-12years) than males(12-13years). When horizontal measurements of point A and Pogonion are compared, mandibular growth appeared to be greater. 4. Maximum growth peak of cranial base and mandible was earlier in females (11-12years) than males(13-14 years). 5. Upper central incisor flared out with aging, and there were increases in lower incisor to A-Pg, and lower incisor inclination There was significant difference between the two sexes in 10-year-old group.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.54-66
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• 1998

Objectives：This study was to investigate the impact of parental psychiatric disorder on offspring's depression, anxiety, self concept, perception of familial relationship compared with offspring of normal control. In offsprings of parents with psychiatric disorder, this study explored whether their psychopathology, self concept, and perception of familial relationship were influenced by parent’s sex, onset time of parent’s psychiatric disorder and parent’s psychiatric diagnosis. Methods：52 offsprings aged 10-18 years of 39 psychiatric outpatient were surveyed from June, 1997 to April, 1998 and completed several questionnaaire, including Korean from of the Family Environment Scale, Korean form of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children, Korean form of Kovac’s Children’s Depression Inventory, and Korean form of Piers-Harris Children’s Self-Concept Scale. Their score was compared with offsprings’ of normals. In offsprings of parents with psychiatric disorder, they were compared according to parent’s sex, onset time of parent's psychiatric disorder and parent’s psychiatric diagnosis. Results：The results were as follows：1) Offsprings of parents with psychiatric disorder reported higher level of state anxiety and lower level of the FES expressive subscale than offsprings of normals(p<0.05). But they reported higher level of PHCSCS intellectual & school status subscale and popularity subscale than normals(p<0.05). 2) There were no differences in anxiety, depression, self concept, and perception of familial relationship between patient’s sex. 3) Offsprings less than 3 years old when parent’s psychiatric disorder had developed showed higher level of trait anxiety and lower level of FES control subscale than offsprings more than 3 years old (p<0.05). 4) There were no diferences in anxiety, depression, self concept, and perception of familial relationship between patient’ diagnostic groups(schizophrenia spectrum disorder-mood disoderneurosis). Conclusion：The finding indicated that self reported scale of anxiety and depression showed no significant difference between offsprings of psychiatric patients and offsprings of normals. In offsprings of parents with psychiatric disorder, parent’s sex and psychiatiric diagnosis had no influence on offspring’s psychopathology. But the offspring’s age(before 3 years old) when the parent’s psychiatriric disorder developed had influence on higher level of offspring’s trait anxiety. For further high risk group study, direct interview and evaluation of parent-child agreement or teacher-child agreement will be needed in longitudinal study.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.300-306
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• 2010

Purpose : Recent changes in the population structure of Korea, such as rapid decline in birth rate and exponential increase in old-aged people, prompted us to prepare a new health improvement program in children and adolescents. Methods : We reviewed current health screenings applied for children and adolescents in Korea and other developed countries. We collected and reviewed population-based data focused on mortality and morbidity, and other health-related statistical data. We generated problem lists in current systems and developed new principles. Results : Current health screening programs for children and adolescents were usually based on laboratory tests, such as blood tests, urinalysis, and radiologic tests. Almost all of these programs lacked evidence based on population data or controlled studies. In most developed countries, laboratory tests are used only very selectively, and they usually focus on primary prevention of diseases and health improvement using anticipatory guidance. In Korea, statistics on mortality and morbidity reveal that diseases related to lifestyle, such as obesity and metabolic syndrome, are increasing in all generations. Conclusion : We recommend a periodic health screening program with anticipatory guidance, which is focused on growth and developmental surveillance in infants and children. We no longer recommend old programs that are based on laboratory and radiologic examinations. School health screening programs should also be changed to meet current health issues, such as developing a healthier lifestyle to minimize risk behaviors—or example, good mental health, balanced nutrition, and more exercise.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Sensory Integration
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 2024

Objective : This study aimed to investigate the impact of Ayres' sensory integration (ASI) intervention on motor skills and occupational participation of preschool children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Method : Children with ADHD aged between 4 and 6 years who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were randomly recruited through screening tests. The subjects were divided into an experimental group (10 subjects) and a control group (8 subjects). The instruments used were the Bruininks-Oseretsky test of motor proficiency-2 (BOT-2), Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI), and Goal Attainment Scale (GAS) to evaluate occupational participation. The subjects in the experimental group underwent individual sensory integration therapy according to the ASI principles for 40 minutes twice a week in a total of 16 sessions over eight weeks. The control group did not receive the ASI intervention. Data analysis was performed using the Mann-Whitney U test, chi-squared test, Wilcoxon signed-rank test, and Cohen's d test in SPSS 20.0. Results : The ASI experimental group had significantly higher scores in total motor composite, manual coordination, body coordination, strength, and agility in motor function than the control group (p<.05). The two groups did not differ significantly in terms of occupational participation (PEDI), but GAS scores for individual target activities were significantly higher in the experimental group than in the control group (p<.05). Conclusion : This study shows that the ASI intervention has positive effects on motor skills and occupation participation among preschool children with ADHD.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.62-71
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• 2010

Objectives : The aim of the study was to investigate the prevalence by gender and to evaluate associations of depression, anxiety and sleep disturbances in a large sample of adolescents from the general population. Methods : 1422 subjects, aged 14 years students were recruited in the seven middle-school of the local community. The self-report questionnaire(Children's Depression Inventory : CDI, Beck Anxiety Inventory : BAI and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index : PSQI) was used for screening depression, anxiety and sleep disturbances in adolescent. CDI, BAI, and PSQI score was categorized into the following quartiles : $\leq$21, 22-25, 26-28, and $\geq$29 ; $\leq$21, 22-26, 27-31, and $\geq$32 ; $\geq$5, <5. The cut-off score is that CDI is 22, BAI is 22 and PSQI is 5. The result was analyzed using the independent t-test, the chi-square test and logistic regression analyses. Results : The mean CDI score($12.52{\pm}8.32$ vs. $10.39{\pm}7.52$ ; p=0.003), BAI($7.77{\pm}7.93$ vs. $9.84{\pm}9.04$ ; p<0.001) and PSQI($4.57{\pm}2.67$ vs. $3.64{\pm}2.30$ ; p=0.013) of girls were significantly higher than for boys. But, boys in the fourth quartile of CDI(CDI$\geq$29) and BAI(BAI$\geq$32) were at significantly elevated risk for sleep disturbances more than for girls after adjustment for sex, history of psychiatric treatment(CDI odd ratio, 14.66 ; 95% CI, 4.17-51.53, BAI odd ratio, 32.99 ; 95% CI, 4.26-255.39). Conclusion : The results suggest that high CDI, BAI score appears to increase the risk for developing sleep disturbances in boys more than girls.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.376-381
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to analyse the color of natural deciduous teeth in Korean children and to compare with that of composite resin specimens. The subjects were 148 children (80 boys and 68 girls) with good general condition and normal teeth color, aged between 3 and 6 years. The color of middle third of maxillary central incisor in deciduous teeth was examined with shade guide and then measured by means of the colorimeter CV300 which can be measured by CIELAB system. The data were analyzed statistically by SPSS program. The results were summerized as follows; 1. Over 90% of the color for the deciduous anterior teeth was in A1, A2, B1, B2 and P shade. 2. The means of deciduous teeth color were $L^*=58.72,\;a^*=-1.18,\;b^*=-0.63$ by colorimeter CV300. 3. $L^*,\;a^*\;and\;b^*$ prices for A1, A2, B1, B2, P were $L^*=52.52,\;a^*=-1.90,\;b^*=1.18$ in A1 specimen, $L^*=54.90,\;a^*=-1.87,\;b^*=1.60$ in A2 specimen, $L^*=59.80,\;a^*=-2.70,\;b^*=-0.63$ in B1 specimen, $L^*=56.90,\;a^*=-1.70,\;b^*=1.63$ in B2 specimen, $L^*=52.93,\;a^*=-2.33,\;b^*=1.10$ in P specimen. The means of B1 color specimen were most similar to those of deciduous teeth color. The A1 color values were similar to the P color values. 4. The standard deviation of $L^*,\;a^*$ was small among colors, but that of $b^*$, in the yellowish color, was large.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.64-76
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• 2021

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the position of the mandibular foramen and location and morphological characteristics of the mandibular lingula using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT). Mandibular CBCT images of children aged 6 - 16 years were collected. A total of 180 patients were divided into 3 groups, 6 - 7, 10 - 11 and 15 - 16 years, with 30 male and female patients per group. Either side of the ramus was analyzed. The shortest distances from the anterior, posterior, superior and inferior border of the ramus to the mandibular lingula were measured. The shortest distance between the mandibular lingula and the mandibular foramen was also measured. The vertical distance from the mandibular lingula and the mandibular foramen to the occlusal plane was measured. The shapes of the mandibular lingula was classified into 4 types according to the criteria. The distances of the mandibular lingula from the anteroposterior and vertical reference points of the ramus increased in all directions with age. The distance between the mandibular lingula and the mandibular foramen also increased with age. The location of the mandibular lingula and the mandibular foramen in relation to the occlusal plane moved upwards with age. The most common shape of the mandibular lingula was triangular, followed by nodular, truncated and assimilated, and there was no difference in the shape according to age. It is recommended that the horizontal insertion point of the anesthesia from the anterior border of the ramus increased to 17 mm, 18 mm, and 19 mm according to the age groups. It is also suggested that the vertical insertion point increased by 2 - 3 mm, 5 - 6 mm and 9 - 10 mm above the occlusal plane according to the age groups.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.320-329
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• 1997

Neuroanatomic substrate of autism has been the subjects of continuing investigation. Because previous studies had not demonstrated consistent and specific neuroimaging findings in autism and most studies comprised adults and school-aged children, we performed a retrospective review in search of common functional and anatomical abnormalities with brain SPECT using Tc-99m ECD and correlative MRI The patient population was composed of 18 children aged 28 to 89 months(mean age : 55 months) who met the diagnostic criteria of autism as defined in the DSM-IV and CARS. Brain SPECT was performed after intravenous injection of 185-370MBq of Tc-99m ECD using brain dedicated annular crystal gamma camera. MRI was performed in all patients including T1, T2 axial and T1 sagittal sequences. SPECT data were visually assessed. Thirteen patients had abnormal SPECT scan revealing focal areas of decreased perfusion. Decreased perfusion of cerebellar vermis(12/18), cerebellar hemisphere(11/18), thalami(13/18), basal ganglia(4/18), posterior parietal(7/18), and temporal(4/18) area were noted on brain SPECT. Whereas, only 3 patients had abnormal MR findings which were subtle volume loss of parieto-occipital white matter in 3 and mild thinning of posterior body of corpus callosum in 2 and slightly decreased volume of cerebellar vermis in 1. Comparison of the numbers of abnormal findings revealed that regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) abnormalities seen on SPECT were more numerous than anatomical abnormalities seen on MRI. In conclusion, extensive perfusion impairment involving cerebellum, thalami and parietal lobe were found in this study. SPECT may be more sensitive in reflecting pathophysiology of autism than MRI. However, further studies are mandatory to determine the significance of thalamic and parietal perfusion impairment in autism.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.301-310
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• 2018

This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between physical function (ADL, IADL) and mental function (depression, cognitive dysfunction) and quality of life in the elderly. The subjects of this study were 524 elderly people aged 65 or older who were admitted to 15 care facilities located in D metropolitan city. Data were collected through a personal interview conducted by interviewers that visited each care facility from November 2015 to January 2016. T-tests and ANOVA were used to compare the quality of life score for each independent variable, while multiple regression was used to determine the explanatory power of independent variables that affected quality of life. Quality of life was significantly lower among those of older age, lower educational level, living alone, with lower relationships with children, lower subjective health status, disability, lower ability for mastication, without regular eating habits, without regular exercise, and without regular health checkups. In addition, quality of life was significantly lower in the ADL and IADL, as well as among those with a higher depression level and lower cognitive impairment scores than their respective counterparts. The results of this study suggest that the quality of life among elderly that have been admitted to care facilities is significantly related to physical and mental functions as well as demographic characteristics, health status and health related behavioral characteristics.