• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.803-809
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• 2015

Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer-related death. Oxidative DNA damage may contribute to cancer risk and the antioxidant paraoxonase is one endogenous free radical scavenger in the human body which could therefore exert an influeence. Purpose: Aim of this study was to determine the role of serum arylesterase (ARE) and paraoxonase 1(PON1) activities in CRC patients and to find any association between (PON1) Q192R and L55M gene polymorphisms in CRC patients. Also the serum ARE and PON1 activities in CRC patients will be investigated before and after surgery Materials and Methods: This study involved a total of 50 patients with newly diagnosed CRC and 80 healthy controls. PON1 and ARE activities were determined using an enzymatic spectrophotometric method. PON1 Q192R and L55M gene polymorphisms were determined using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) based restriction fragment analysis. The restriction enzyme AlwI was used to examine the Q192R polymorphism and Hsp92II for the L55M polymorphism. Results: Significant differences in the PON1 Q192R polymorphism were found between patients and controls. The Q allele was more frequent in the patient group than in controls, while the R allele was more frequent in the controls. Significant differences were found in the L55M polymorphism. Additionally, there were significant differences in L and M allele frequencies (p=0.001). The serum activities of PON1 and ARE were low in QQ and MM genotype. Conclusions: serum PON1 and ARE activities were significantly lower in CRC patients compared to healthy subjects. The R allele may protect against colorectal cancer.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제20권12호
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• pp.1509-1519
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• 2011

The protective effect of nitric oxide (NO) on the antioxidant system under paraquat(PQ) stress was investigated in leaves of 8-week-old lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) plants. PQ stress caused a decrease of leaf growth including leaf length, width and weight. Application of NO donor, sodium nitroprusside (SNP), significantly alleviated PQ stress induced growth suppression. SNP permitted the survival of more green leaf tissue preventing chlorophyll content reduction and of higher quantum yield for photosystem II than in non-treated controls under PQ exposure, suggesting that NO has protective effect on chloroplast membrane in lettuce leaves. Flavonoids and anthocyanin were significantly accumulated in the leaves upon PQ exposure. However, the rapid increase of these compounds was alleviated in the SNP treated leaves. PQ treatment resulted in lipid peroxidation and induced accumulation of hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$) in the leaves, while SNP prevented PQ induced increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) and $H_2O_2$. These results demonstrate that SNP serves as an antioxidant agent able to scavenge $H_2O_2$ to protect plant cells from oxidative damage. The activities of two antioxidant enzymes that scavenge reactive oxygen species, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in lettuce leaves in the presence of NO donor under PQ stress were higher than those under PQ stress alone. Application of 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4, 4, 5, 5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide (PTIO), a specific NO scavenger, to the lettuce leaves arrested SNP mediated protective effect on leaf growth, photosynthetic pigment and antioxidant systems. However, PTIO had little effect on lettuce leaves under PQ stress compared with that of PQ stress alone. The obtained data suggest that the damage caused by PQ stress is in part due to increased generation of active oxygen by maintaining increased antioxidant enzyme activities and SNP protects plants from oxidative stress. From these results it is suggested that NO might act as a signal in activating active oxygen scavenging system that protects plants from oxidative damage induced by PQ stress and thus confer PQ tolerance.

• BMB Reports
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• 제50권10호
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• pp.528-533
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• 2017

Peroxiredoxin I (Prx I) plays an important role as a reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger in protecting and maintaining cellular homeostasis; however, the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. Here, we identified a critical role of Prx I in protecting cells against ROS-mediated cellular senescence by suppression of $p16^{INK4a}$ expression. Compared to wild-type mouse embryonic fibroblasts (WT-MEFs), Prx $I^{-/-}$ MEFs exhibited senescence-associated phenotypes. Moreover, the aged Prx $I^{-/-}$ mice showed an increased number of cells with senescence associated-${\beta}$-galactosidase (SA-${\beta}$-gal) activity in a variety of tissues. Increased ROS levels and SA-${\beta}$-gal activity, and reduction of chemical antioxidant in Prx $I^{-/-}$ MEF further supported an essential role of Prx I peroxidase activity in cellular senescence that is mediated by oxidative stress. The up-regulation of $p16^{INK4a}$ expression in Prx $I^{-/-}$ and suppression by overexpression of Prx I indicate that Prx I possibly modulate cellular senescence through $ROS/p16^{INK4a}$ pathway.

• 대한약침학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.158-172
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• 2017

Nigella sativa (N. sativa, family Ranunculaceae) is a medicinal plant that has been widely used for centuries throughout the world as a natural remedy. A wide range of chemical compounds found in N. sativa expresses its vast therapeutic effects. Thymoquinone (TQ) is the main component (up to 50%) in the essential oil of N. sativa. Also, pinene (up to 15%), p-cymene (40%), thymohydroquinone (THQ), thymol (THY), and dithymoquinone (DTQ) are other pharmacologically active compounds of its oil. Other terpenoid compounds, such as carvacrol, carvone, 4-terpineol, limonenes, and citronellol, are also found in small quantities in its oil. The main pharmacological characteristics of this plant are immune system stimulatory, anti-inflammatory, hypotensive, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, anti-cancer, hypoglycemic, anti-tussive, milk production, uricosuric, choleretic, anti-fertility, and spasmolytic properties. In this regard, we have searched the scientific databases PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar with keywords of N. sativa, anti-cancer, apoptotic effect, antitumor, antioxidant, and malignancy over the period from 2000 to 2017. The effectiveness of N. sativa against cancer in the blood system, kidneys, lungs, prostate, liver, and breast and on many malignant cell lines has been shown in many studies, but the molecular mechanisms behind that anti-cancer role are still not clearly understood. From among the many effects of N. sativa, including its anti-proliferative effect, cell cycle arrest, apoptosis induction, ROS generation, anti-metastasis/anti-angiogenesis effects, Akt pathway control, modulation of multiple molecular targets, including p53, p73, STAT-3, PTEN, and $PPAR-{\gamma}$, and activation of caspases, the main suggestive anti-cancer mechanisms of N. sativa are its free radical scavenger activity and the preservation of various anti-oxidant enzyme activities, such as glutathione peroxidase, catalase, and glutathione-S-transferase. In this review, we highlight the molecular mechanisms of apoptosis and the anti-cancer effects of N. sativa, with a focus on its molecular targets in apoptosis pathways.

• BMB Reports
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• 제36권5호
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• pp.450-455
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• 2003

Antioxidant enzymes are scavenger reactive-oxygen intermediates and are involved in many cellular defense systems. We previously reported that a crude extract of Garnoderma lucidum, a medicinally potent mushroom, profoundly increased the catalase gene expression and enzyme activities in mouse livers (Park et al., J. Biochem. Mol. Biol. 34. 144-149, 2001). In this study, we elucidated the detailed mechanism whereby G. lucidum stimulates the catalase activity and expression. The major active fraction was isolated from G. lucidum and methyl linoleate was considered the most major component of the fraction. In order to determine whether methyl linoleate increases mRNA and protein synthesis of catalase, Northern and Western blot analyses were performed in vivo with methyl linoleate-treated mouse liver homogenate after feeding methyl linoleate to the mice. Northern and Western blot analyses of the crude liver homogenates in the mice that were administered methyl linoleate revealed that the expression catalase was significantly increased when compared to the untreated controls. In addition, the catalase protein levels and enzymatic activities increased in the mouse liver homogenates. These results suggest that methyl linoleate that is produced by G. lucidum stimulates the catalase expression at the transcription level.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제25권12호
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• pp.1370-1376
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• 2015

우슬(牛膝)은 비름과(Amaranthaceae)의 쇠무릎(Achyranthes japonica)의 뿌리를 약용으로 한방에서 사용하고 있다. 1, 1- diphenyl 2-picrylhyorazyl (DPPH)은 잘 알려진 자유 라디칼이다. Hyaluronidase (HAase)은 결합조직의 세포외성 기질에서 히알루론산분해에 관여하는 효소이다. Lipoxygenases (LOX)은 지방산 대사와 면역에 중요한 역할을 수행한다. 본 연구에서는 쇠무릎에서 이 세 작용을 에탄올 추출물을 사용하여 생육 발달 단계(어린 영양기관과 성숙한 영양기관)에 대해 이들 추출물의 활성을 비교 조사하였으며 각 항목에 대해 50% 저해(IC₅₀)의 농도를 산출하였다. 항산화 활성은 잎과 줄기, 뿌리 모두에서 탁월되었다. 특히 히알루로니다아제의 저해작용이 현저하였으며 향후 어떤 화합물인지 심도 있는 연구가 필요하다고 판단되었다. DPPH에 대한 항산화 활성과 LOX에 대한 저해작용은 기존 연구자의 결과와 유사하였다. 어린 식물조직과 성숙한 식물조직에서 추출한 발달 단계에 따른 이들 세 가지 활성에서 어린 뿌리보다 성숙한 뿌리에서 약간 더 우수한 작용을 보였으나 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 없었다.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제47권2호
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• pp.265-269
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• 2004

생리활성 보유 식물자원 발굴 및 이용을 위해 큰까치수영 지상부에 대한 항산화 및 항고혈압 활성을 검정하였으며 페놀화합물의 함량은 메탄올 추출물이 2.62%, 물 추출물이 0.23%였고 메탄올 추출물에서 얻어진 용매별 분획물 중에서는 에틸차세테이트 분획이 37.76%로 가장 함량이 높았다. Linoleic acid 자동산화에 대한 저해효과는 메탄올 추출물이 반응 6일째에 83%이상의 저해율을 보여 ${\alpha}-tocopherol$의 -2%보다 탁월하게 우수였으며 각 분획물 중에서는 핵산 및 에텔 분획이 매우 효과적으로 자동산화를 저해하였다. Superoxide anion 라디칼에 대헤서는 큰까치수영의 메탄올 추출물과 물 추출물이 $5{\sim}200\;{\mu}g/ml$의 농도에서 $86{\sim}109%$ 및 $96{\sim}122%$로 항산화제인 ascorbic acid의 $-4{\sim}69%$보다 월등하게 우수한 소거능을 보였으며 DPPH 라디칼에 대해서는 에틸아세테이트분획이 $26.8\;{\mu}g/ml$의 $RC_{50}$로 좋은 소거 효과를 나타내었다. ACE에 대한 저해활성은 $4,000\;{\mu}g/ml$의 농도에서 물 추출물(33%)보다는 메탄올 추출물(71%)이 효과적이었으며 분획물 중에서는 n-hexane fraction(133%), ether fraction(100%) 및 ethylacetate fraction(88%) 분획이 매우 효과적인 저해활성을 나타내었다.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제52권4호
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• pp.447-452
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• 2007

괴경 내부에 적색과 보라색 안토시아닌 색소가 풍부하게 함유되어 있고, 색상의 기호도 및 건강 기능성으로 인해 소비자로부터 기호도가 증대된 유색감자의 생리적 활성을 검토하기 위해 유색감자의 대조구로 괴경 내부가 백색인 수미 품종을 사용하고, 유색감자로서 괴경 내부가 적색인 대관 1-102호, 괴경 내부가 보라색인 자심품종과 대관 1-104호로 구분하여 항산화, 활성산소 소거능 및 항고혈압 활성을 비교, 검토한 결과는 아래와 같다. 1. 유색감자 추출물의 항산화 활성 검정결과 추출물의 농도가 $10{\mu}g/mL$ 수준에서는 유색감자별 차이를 나타내지 않았으나, $50{\mu}g/mL$을 처리한 경우 시료 간 차이를 뚜렷하게 나타내었으며, 유색감자 중 괴경내부의 색상이 적색인 대관 1-102호가 34%의 높은 저해율을 나타내어 30%의 저해율을 나타낸 활성평가 대조구인 $\alpha-tocopherol$보다 높은 항산화 활성을 나타내었다. 2. 유색감자 추출물의 자유 라디칼 소거 활성에서는 괴경 내부가 보라색인 대관 1-104호가 50%의 소거능을 나타내는 농도가 $9.83{\mu}g/mL$로 가장 높은 라디칼 소거활성을 나타내었으며, 이 결과 또한 대조시약인 $\alpha-tocopherol$이나 BHT보다 높은 소거 활성을 나타내었다. 3. 유색감자 추출물의 xanthine oxidase 활성 억제효과를 검토한 결과 유색감자 간에 큰 차이를 나타내어 대관 1-102호와 1-104호의 경우 xanthine oxidase 활성을 50% 저해하는 데 필요한 농도는 약 $26{\mu}g/mL$ 수준으로 가장 높게 조사되었으며, 다음으로 수미($46{\mu}g/mL$), 자심($49{\mu}g/mL$)의 순으로 조사되었다. 4. 유색감자 추출물의 ACE 저해 활성을 검토한 결과 항고혈압 대조구 활성물질인 captopril의 수준에는 미치지 못하나 유색감자 간에는 명확한 차이를 나타내었다. 괴경내부색상이 적색인 대관 1-102호가 $117.7{\mu}g/mL$으로 가장 높은 ACE 저해 활성을 나타내었으며, 내부색상이 보라색인 대관 1-104호와 자심은 $130{\mu}g/mL$로 유사한 양상을 나타내었으며, 괴경내부 색상이 백색을 나타내는 수미품종은 $192{\mu}g/mL$으로 가장 낮은 활성을 나타내었다. 5. 이상의 결과를 종합해 볼 때 괴경 내부에 적색 혹은 보라색 안토시아닌을 다량 함유한 유색감자는 기존 백색을 가진 일반감자에 비해 항산화, 자유레디칼 소거활성 및 항고혈압 활성이 높고, 시각적 식미감을 증대시키므로 유색감자는 기능성이 증대된 식용감자로서의 이용가치가 충분한 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.764-769
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• 1999

다시마 (Laminaria japonica) 추출음료 (Dasi-Ex) 및 후코이단-첨가음료 (Fuco-I, II, III)를 2주동안 물 대신 음용시키면서 15일 째부터 4일 동안 사회 심리적 스트레스를 부하하여 활성산소에 미치는 생리적 영향을 평가하였다. 스트레스 부하 4일을 포함하여 18일 동안 Dasi-Ex 및 Fuco-I, II, III group은 대조그룹 대비 자각 $77.8\%,\;75.9\%,\;66.2\%,\;59.6\%$로서 $20\~40\%$까지 현저한 BOR의 억제효과가 인정되었다. Dasi-Ex 및 Fuco-I, II, III group의 IOR의 생성량은 대조그룹 대비 각각 $84.8\%,\;83.3\%,\;80.7\%,\;76.6\%$로서 $15\~25\%$의 유의적인 IOR의 억제효과가 인정되었다. 후코이단의 첨가량에 따라 용량 의존적으로 혈청 BOR 및 IOR의 생성 억제효과가 나타남을 알 수 있었다. 또한 Dasi-Ex 및 Fuco-I, II, III group의$\cdot$OH 생성은 대조그룹 대비 각각 $90.8\%,\;61.0\%,\;67.0\%,\;63.3\%$로서 Dasi-Ex group의 $10\%$를 제외하고는 Fuco-I, II, III group은 $30\~40\%$의 유의적인$\cdot$OH의 생성 억제효과가 인정되었다. Dasi-Ex group는 LPO 생성의 유의적인 억제효과를 발견할 수 없었지만, Fuco-I, II, III group의 LPO 생성은 대조그룹 대비 $92.2\%,\;89.9\%,\;89.4\%$로서 $10\%$의 유의적인 LPO 생성 억제효과가 나타났다 Dasi-Ex 및 Fuco-I, II, III group의 carbonyl group의 생성에 의한 산화단백질의 함량은 대조그룹 대비 각각 $69.0\%,\;64.3\%,\;60.9\%,\;58.3\%$로서 $30\~40\%$의 현저한 단백질 산화 억제효과가 인정되었다. Dasi-Ex group은 NO의 생성에 아무런 효과도 기대할 수 없었다. 그렇지만, Fuco-I, II, group은 약 $7\%$의 억제효과밖에 나타나지 않았지만, Fuco-III group은 약 $20\%$의 현저한 NO의 생성 억제효과가 인정되었다. Dasi-Ex 및 Fuco-I group은 대조그룹 대비 약 $10\%$의 SOD 활성의 증가효과가 나타났지만, 유의성은 없었다. 그렇지만, Fuco-II, III group은 $25\~40\%$의 현저한 SOD활성의 상승효과가 인정되었다. 또한 Dasi-Ex 및 Fuco-I group은 CAT활성의 증가효과를 인정할 수 없었지만, Fuco-II, III group은 약 $10\%$의 CAT 활성의 증가효과가 나타났다. 이들 음료가 후코이단 $2.0\%$ 이상의 첨가에서만 생체 방어효소의 활성 증가효과가 인정되었다. 이상의 결과를 종합하여 볼 때 후코이단 첨가음료의 투여는 후코이단 성분의 강력한 활성산소 억제작용에 의하여 스트레스뿐만 아니라 생리적 노화현상을 효과적으로 억제할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제19권12호
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• pp.1323-1334
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• 2010

The effect of nitric oxide (NO) on antioxidant system and protective mechanism against oxidative stress under UV-B radiation was investigated in leaves of maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings during 3 days growth period. UV-B irradiation caused a decrease of leaf biomass including leaf length, width and weight during growth. Application of NO donor, sodium nitroprusside (SNP), significantly alleviated UV-B stress induced growth suppression. NO donor permitted the survival of more green leaf tissue preventing chlorophyll content reduction and of higher quantum yield for photosystem II than in non-treated controls under UV-B stress, suggesting that NO has protective effect on chloroplast membrane in maize leaves. Flavonoids and anthocyanin, UV-B absorbing compounds, were significantly accumulated in the maize leaves upon UV-B exposure. Moreover, the increase of these compounds was intensified in the NO treated seedlings. UV-B treatment resulted in lipid peroxidation and induced accumulation of hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$) in maize leaves, while NO donor prevented UV-B induced increase in the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and $H_2O_2$. These results demonstrate that NO serves as antioxidant agent able to scavenge $H_2O_2$ to protect plant cells from oxidative damage. The activities of two antioxidant enzymes that scavenge reactive oxygen species, catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) in maize leaves in the presence of NO donor under UV-B stress were higher than those under UV-B stress alone. Application of 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4, 4, 5, 5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3- oxide (PTIO), a specific NO scavenger, to the maize leaves arrested NO donor mediated protective effect on leaf growth, photosynthetic pigment and free radical scavenging activity. However, PTIO had little effect on maize leaves under UV-B stress compared with that of UV-B stress alone. $N^{\omega}$-nitro-L-arginine (LNNA), an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), significantly increased $H_2O_2$ and MDA accumulation and decreased antioxidant enzyme activities in maize leaves under UV-B stress. This demonstrates that NOS inhibitor LNNA has opposite effects on oxidative resistance. From these results it is suggested that NO might act as a signal in activating active oxygen scavenging system that protects plants from oxidative stress induced by UV-B radiation and thus confer UV-B tolerance.