• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.7-17
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• 1998

With the advent of CLSM in the end of 1980s, it has been applied to the field of pulp and paper science in various ways. This study showed the potentials of CLSM In analyzing a change of pulp fiber and paper properties before and after mechanical treatment. In particular, a quantification of internal fibrillation has been done using cross-sectional images of fibers and image analysis technique, then evaluated the effects of fiber wall delamination on fiber and paper properties. It showed that the delaminated fibers were closely associated to development of the interfiber bonding in a fiber network. The CLSM made it possible to investigate a density profile along the sheet thickness, which was created by some papermaking processes like pressing, drying and calendering. Through the attempt to observe the forming procedure of a fiber network during handsheet making, the CLSM images showed that the pressing stage was considered greatly to contribute to generation of interfiber bonding with removing a free water and partly a bound water between fibers. In addition, the CLSM could be used to illustrate not only a surface profile of paper showing the extent of smoothness or roughness, but also a density profile in a B-direction of the network. Finally it became evident that the CLSM could be used as an excellent tool to predict development in fiber and paper properties before and after mechanical treatment during papermaking processes.

• Proceedings of the Korean Operations and Management Science Society Conference
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• 1996.04a
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• pp.662-666
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• 1996

The variations of the surface topographical parameters for the analysis of the pedestrian slip and fall accidents during the sliding friction between the specially prepared floor specimens and three working shoes were investigated. The profile ordinate data for each flooring specimen were obtained at 1.1 .mu.m intervals using a laser scanning confocal microscope system along to the direction of sliding. A number of surface roughness parameters, that is, the centre line average (c.l.a.) and root mean square (r.m.s.) roughness, maximum height (Rtm), maximum mean peak height (Rpm), maximum mean depth (Rvm), and average asperity slope were calculated using a computer program and compared with the dynamic friction results. The analysis showed that the surface parameters undergo marked variations during the sliding process, but the variations were statistically significant. It was found that amongst various surface parameters, the maximum depth (Rvm) and the average asperity slope of the asperities were the biggest variation during the sliding proceeding. This result confirms the previous study and may suggests a new approach to monitoring the flooring environments with their service as the effort to reduce the pedestrain slip accident.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.217-225
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• 2020

Background: This study was performed to provide a long-term bacterial seal through the formation of reparative dentin bridge, calcium silicate-based pulp capping materials have been used at sites of pulpal exposure. The aim of this study was to evaluate the mineralization-inducing potentials of calcium silicate-based pulp capping materials (ProRoot MTA [PR], Biodentine [BD], and TheraCal LC [TC]) in human dental pulp cells (HDPCs). Methods: Specimens of test materials were placed in deionized water for various incubation times to measure the pH variation and the concentration of calcium released. The morphology of HDPCs cultured on the specimens was examined using a confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). Alizarin red S staining and alkaline phosphatase assays were used to evaluate mineralization-inducing potentials of the capping materials. Results: BD showed the highest calcium release in all test periods, followed by PR and TC. (p<0.05). All experimental groups showed high alkalinity after 1 day, except at 14 days. BD showed the highest cell viability compared with PR and TC after 1 and 3 days, while TC showed the lowest value (p<0.05). The CLSM analysis showed that cells were well adhered and expressed actin filaments for all pulp capping materials. Mineralization by PR and BD groups was higher than that by TC group based on alizarin red S staining. BD showed significantly higher alkaline phosphatase activity than PR and TC, while TC showed the lowest value (p<0.05). Conclusion: Within the limitations of the in vitro study, BD had higher mineralization-inducing potential than PR and TC.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.191-195
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• 2013

Cordyceps militaris (CM) occurring from a fruiting body by a host insect is a kind of mushroom, which is composed of animal host and plant fruit body. CM contains large amounts of useful ingredients including polysaccharides, vitamins, amino acids, minerals, etc. The essential amino acids from CM including cystine, lysine, and methionine can be expected to improve damaged hair treatment as effective ingredients. In this study, the improvement effect of the CM extracts on chemical and physical properties for damaged-hair treatment was investigated. The cysteic acid and cystine monooxide produced by oxidation of cystine were analyzed their chemical structure by FT-IR spectroscopy. It was confirmed that the vibration absorption peak ($1,041cm^{-1}$) of cysteic acid was reduced and increased sulfur content considerably which means meaningful improvement effect on damaged-hair treatment. Apparently, the cuticle morphology of the damaged-hair was improved significantly by treatment with CM extracts. Especially, confocal laser scanning microscope images of the damaged-hair treated with the extract showed highly increased fluorescence intensity which means promising effect in hair treatment. The tensile strength of the damaged hair treated also increased by 168% compared with the damaged hair.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.30 no.7
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• pp.1521-1525
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• 2009

Thermosensitive block copolymers of ethylene oxide and N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) were synthesized. A five armed star shape oligo(ethylene oxide) initiator with a cyclotriphosphazene core was prepared and used for the atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of NIPAM. The lower critical solution temperatures (LCSTs) of the copolymers were 36 to 46 ${^{\circ}C}$, higher than that of PNIPAM (32 ${^{\circ}C}$), depending on their molecular weights. The copolymers were soluble in water below the LCSTs but formed micelles above the LCSTs. The thermosensitive micellization behaviors of the polymers were investigated by fluorescence spectroscopy. With increasing the temperature of an aqueous solution of P2 and pyrene above the LCST, the peak of 333 nm red-shifted to appear around 339 nm and its intensity increased significantly, indicating the micelle formation. The transfer of pyrene into the micelles was also confirmed by a confocal laser scanning microscope. The fluorescence image obtained from P2 in an aqueous pyrene solution exhibited a green emission resulting from the pyrene transferred into the micelles. Salt effects on the solubility of the copolymers in an aqueous solution were investigated. The LCST of P2 decreased sharply as the concentration of sodium chloride increased, while decreased slowly with potassium chloride.

• BMB Reports
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.354-359
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• 2005

Open reading frame 29 (ha29) is a gene specific for Helicoverpa armigera single-nucleocapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (HearSNPV). Sequence analyses showed that the transcription factor Tfb2 motif, bromodomain and Half-A-TPR (HAT) repeat were present at aa 66-82, 4-76, 55-90 of the Ha29 protein respectively. The product of Ha29 was detected in HearSNPV-infected HzAM1 cells at 3 h post-infection. Western blot analysis using a polyclonal antibody produced by immunizing a rabbit with purified GST-Ha29 fusion protein indicates that Ha29 is an early gene. The size of Ha29 product in infected HzAM1 cells was about 25 kDa, which was larger than the presumed size of 20.4 kDa. Tunicamycin treatment of HearSNPV-infected HzAM1 cells suggested that the Ha29 protein is N-glycosylated. Fluorescent confocal laser scanning microscope examination, and Western blot analysis of purified budded virus (BVs), occlusion-derived virus (ODVs), cell nuclear and cytoplasmic fraction, showed that the Ha29 protein was localized in the nucleus. Our results suggested that ha29 of HearSNPV encodes a non-structurally functional protein that may be associated with virus gene transcription in Helicoverpa hosts.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.125-139
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• 2016

Biofilms are considered a complexly structured community of microorganisms derived from their attached growth to abiotic and biotic surfaces. In human life, they mediate serious infections and cause many problems in civil and industrial facilities. While it is of huge interest for scientists to understand biofilms, it has been very hard to directly analyze the various biofilms in nature. A variety of biofilm models have been suggested for laboratory-scale biofilm formation and many methods based on these models are widely used for the biofilm researches. These biofilm models mimic characteristics of environmental biofilms with different advantages and disadvantages. In this review, we will introduce these currently used biofilm model systems and explain their relative merits.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.311-316
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• 2008

In this study, we have investigated the effects of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation on the external and internal structure of human hair. For changes in morphological and chemical structure of UV-exposed hair, we utilized several microscopic techniques such as scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM), and etc. The SEM showed the scales of UV-exposed hair appeared to be rough and bulkier because of chemical oxidation during UV irradiation. Small bulgy area of UV_exposed hair surface was appeared as a result of the decomposition in cysteic acid. In the TEM picture the UV-exposed hair showed the cleaved aperture of hair and destruction of melanin granules. Three dimensional topographical images were obtained by using CLSM. In the optical single section, high fluorescent intensity appeared in virgin hair. In the case of UV-exposed hair, low fluorescence intensity appeared. This means the aromatic amino acids in virgin hair were more abundant than UV-exposed hair.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.207-214
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• 2020

In this study, we investigated the effects of copper and copper-alloy on the frictional and wear properties of low-steel friction material. The proportions of copper and copper-alloy in the brake friction materials used in passenger cars are very high (approximately 5-20% weight), and these materials have significant effects on friction and wear characteristics. In this study, the effects of cupric ingredients, such as the copper fiber and brass fiber, are investigated using the friction materials based on commercial formulations. After the copper and brass fibers from the same formulation were removed, the frictional and wear characteristics were evaluated to determine the influence of the copper and copper-alloy. We evaluated the frictional and wear characteristics by simulating various braking conditions using a 1/5 scale dynamometer. The results show that the friction material containing copper and brass fibers have excellent frictional stability and a low wear rate compared to the friction material that does not contain copper and brass fibers. These results are attributed to the excellent ductility, moderate melting point, high strength, and excellent thermal conductivity of copper and copper-alloy. We analyzed the surfaces of the friction materials before and after the performing the friction tests using a scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscope, confocal microscope, and roughness tester to verify the frictional behavior of copper and copper-alloy. In future studies, it will be applied to the development of copper-free friction materials based on the results of this study.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.5-12
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• 2008

Objective In this article, we report on the intradermal Alcian blue staining method for tracing the meridians of acupuncture. Methods 1% Alcian blue solution was injected into acupoints by using a 0.5mL insulin syringe with a 31-gauge needle, then the skin was incised and was observed under a stereoscopic microscope. The specimens were examined by using immunohistochemical methods and were observed under a confocal laser scanning microscope. Results A threadlike structure, which was visualized with Alcian blue, existed in dermis layer and proceeded to hypodermis. In this structure, characteristic alignments of rod- shaped nuclei and $1-2{\mu}m$ sized DNA granules were observed. Furthermore, abundant blood capillary plexuses, peripheral nerve endings, and a corpuscle-like structure(about $300{\mu}m$ in diameter) were visualized in the skin tissues of acupoints. Conclusion It was concluded that the specific threadlike and corpuscle-like structures corresponded to superficial Bonghan duct and corpuscle, respectively.