• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
• /
• v.9 no.5
• /
• pp.507-518
• /
• 2022

This study aimed to measure the monetary and non-monetary effects on brand awareness at hypermarkets in Riyadh. The independent variable consists of three sub-variables: price reductions, free samples, and purchasing vouchers. The research population has all Saudi and non-Saudi buyers in Riyadh. The figures show that the population size reached 3.87 million in 2019. The proportional stratification sampling technique and the recommended sample size were 387 buyers. The five-point Likert scale with the fully structured questionnaire was used. The study concldes the effect of free samples on brand awareness while there was no effect of monetary instruments. The results show that the three sales promotion incentives (price reduction, free samples, and purchasing vouchers) moderately affected brand awareness and a key role in explaining consumer behavior, so the significant impact was proved. In summary, this study showed that price reductions have the power of creating the perception of buyers at hypermarkets in Riyadh. Non-cash instruments were more effective than cash instruments in enhancing brand awareness at the hypermarkets in the Saudi market. So, the price reductions and purchasing vouchers have less power in conducting communication-based awareness. Building awareness and improving brand image through free samples were most visible in communication strategy.

• Journal of KIBIM
• /
• v.8 no.2
• /
• pp.29-40
• /
• 2018

Recently, the free-form buildings are continuously increasing in the world. However, due to the shortage of experience and technology in the project of the free-form buildings, problems such as increase of construction cost, increase of air and deterioration of construction quality are occurring. In this study, data on the 27 free-form projects in Korea and abroad using digital fabrication were collected through the journals, reports, articles, and websites of the institutes and case studies were conducted based on the collected data. Based on the following case analysis, we conducted evaluation of case data analysis based on the knowledge domain specified in PMBOK. Evaluation of case data analysis shows that the application of digital fabrication is divided into positive and negative effects for each knowledge area in the free-form building project. Using the results of the analysis, we can confirm the knowledge field showing the positive effect on the free-form building project by using digital fabrication. However, the data scale of the project using the digital fabrication is not realized at present and research is insufficient. In Korea, a small number of specialists were interviewed and verified because experts do not exist much in korea. Therefore, this study is expected to suggest the necessity of applying digital fabrication in the free-form building projects in the construction industry.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aviation and Aeronautics
• /
• v.16 no.4
• /
• pp.54-62
• /
• 2008

International organizations related to air transport such as ICAO, IATA, ACI are forecasting that the number of passenger will grow about 4.4% annually up to 2015. Therefore, the innovation of given system technology and operation procedure is required in global scale to cope with the increase of air traffic demand. CNS/ATM infrastructure based on satellite is considered to play key role in order to solve the problems due to the dramatic increase of air traffic demand over the world. Free flight concept in the air transport operation has been proved with CNS/ATM infrastructure especially in USA and Europe. Therefore, it is necessary to develop key technologies to overcome technology gap and to secure international competitiveness in Korea. ADS-B is an important issue, and new element technologies should be considered as essential items which were shown in Capstone project. Nowadays, the free flight concept is combined to Air Transport Road Map such as NextGen project in USA, SESAR in Europe. In this process, free flight is included in the concepts such as ATM(Air Traffic Management), aviation security and safety, environmental protection and economy development, wide area weather variable reduction service, information integration and application between the related authorities (civil/military) etc. The purpose of research is to establish mid-term and long-term infrastructure plan and strategy for free flight realization in Korea. The analysis of action target and equipment construction status, phase construction plan of infrastructure has been performed by considering mid-term and long-term free flight plans of USA and Europe.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
• /
• v.57 no.1
• /
• pp.85-89
• /
• 2019

Cell-free protein synthesis utilizes the translational machinery in a cell extract. Unlike the conventional cell-based expression methods, not being affected by the conditions for cell growth, cell-free protein synthesis enables flexible manipulation of individual factors affecting the efficiency protein biosynthesis. However, the high cost and low stability of the energy sources to regenerate ATP have limited the use of cell-free synthesis for large-scale production of recombinant proteins. One of the approaches to address this problem is to use glucose as an alternative energy source to regenerate ATP through the glucose-metabolizing pathways in a cell extract. In this study, in an attempt to improve the efficiency of ATP regeneration by reinforcing oxidative phosphorylation process, we supplemented with cellular lipids to a glucose-fueled reaction mixture for cell-free protein synthesis. As a result of the lipid supplementation, the productivity of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase in a cell-free synthesis system using glucose increased more than 6 fold compared to when the lipid was not supplemented.

• Steel and Composite Structures
• /
• v.26 no.4
• /
• pp.513-531
• /
• 2018

In this article, static, buckling and free vibration analyses of a sinusoidal micro composite beam reinforced by single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) with considering temperature-dependent material properties embedded in an elastic medium in the presence of magnetic field under transverse uniform load are presented. This system is used at micro or sub micro scales to enhance the stiffness of micro composite structures such as bar, beam, plate and shell. In the present work, the size dependent effects based on surface stress effect and modified strain gradient theory (MSGT) are considered. The generalized rule of mixture is employed to predict temperature-dependent mechanical and thermal properties of micro composite beam. Then, the governing equations of motions are derived using Hamilton's principle and energy method. Numerical results are presented to investigate the influences of material length scale parameters, elastic foundation, composite fiber angle, magnetic intensity, temperature changes and carbon nanotubes volume fraction on the bending, buckling and free vibration behaviors of micro composite beam. There is a good agreement between the obtained results by this research and the literature results. The obtained results of this study demonstrate that the magnetic intensity, temperature changes, and two parameters elastic foundations have important effects on micro composite stiffness, while the magnetic field has greater effects on the bending, buckling and free vibration responses of micro composite beams. Moreover, it is shown that the effects of surface layers are important, and observed that the changes of carbon nanotubes volume fraction, beam length-to-thickness ratio and material length scale parameter have noticeable effects on the maximum deflection, critical buckling load and natural frequencies of micro composite beams.

• Steel and Composite Structures
• /
• v.20 no.2
• /
• pp.227-249
• /
• 2016

The objective of this work is to present a zeroth-order shear deformation theory for free vibration analysis of functionally graded (FG) nanoscale plates resting on elastic foundation. The model takes into consideration the influences of small scale and the parabolic variation of the transverse shear strains across the thickness of the nanoscale plate and thus, it avoids the employ use of shear correction factors. Also, in this present theory, the effect of transverse shear deformation is included in the axial displacements by using the shear forces instead of rotational displacements as in available high order plate theories. The material properties are supposed to be graded only in the thickness direction and the effective properties for the FG nanoscale plate are calculated by considering Mori-Tanaka homogenization scheme. The equations of motion are obtained using the nonlocal differential constitutive expressions of Eringen in conjunction with the zeroth-order shear deformation theory via Hamilton's principle. Numerical results for vibration of FG nanoscale plates resting on elastic foundations are presented and compared with the existing solutions. The influences of small scale, shear deformation, gradient index, Winkler modulus parameter and Pasternak shear modulus parameter on the vibration responses of the FG nanoscale plates are investigated.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
• /
• v.26 no.9
• /
• pp.1367-1373
• /
• 2022

In this paper, we consider a power re-allocation technique in order to enhance the frequency efficiency of the low performance user in a cell-free multiple input multiple output (MIMO) network. The AP first allocates transmit power to the user to be proportional to the large-scale fading coefficients of the connected users. Then, the AP reduces the power of the users who were allocated power greater than the threshold ratio of total allocated power to be equal to the threshold ratio of the allocated power. Finally, the AP re-allocates the reduced power from the strong channel user to the user who has the worst channel condition, and thus, the frequency efficiency of the low performance user can be enhanced. In the simulation results, we verify the performance of the power re-allocation technique in terms of the spectral efficiency of the low performance user.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
• /
• v.20 no.4
• /
• pp.569-579
• /
• 2019

Objective: To investigate the usefulness of computed tomography (CT) texture analysis (CTTA) in estimating histologic tumor grade and in predicting disease-free survival (DFS) after surgical resection in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Materials and Methods: Eighty-one patients with a single HCC who had undergone quadriphasic liver CT followed by surgical resection were enrolled. Texture analysis of tumors on preoperative CT images was performed using commercially available software. The mean, mean of positive pixels (MPP), entropy, kurtosis, skewness, and standard deviation (SD) of the pixel distribution histogram were derived with and without filtration. The texture features were then compared between groups classified according to histologic grade. Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazards analyses were performed to determine the relationship between texture features and DFS. Results: SD and MPP quantified from fine to coarse textures on arterial-phase CT images showed significant positive associations with the histologic grade of HCC (p < 0.05). Kaplan-Meier analysis identified most CT texture features across the different filters from fine to coarse texture scales as significant univariate markers of DFS. Cox proportional hazards analysis identified skewness on arterial-phase images (fine texture scale, spatial scaling factor [SSF] 2.0, p < 0.001; medium texture scale, SSF 3.0, p < 0.001), tumor size (p = 0.001), microscopic vascular invasion (p = 0.034), rim arterial enhancement (p = 0.024), and peritumoral parenchymal enhancement (p = 0.010) as independent predictors of DFS. Conclusion: CTTA was demonstrated to provide texture features significantly correlated with higher tumor grade as well as predictive markers of DFS after surgical resection of HCCs in addition to other valuable imaging and clinico-pathologic parameters.

• Clinical and Experimental Vaccine Research
• /
• v.13 no.1
• /
• pp.54-62
• /
• 2024

Purpose: Accidental vaccination with a live attenuated low-virulence strain of Miyagi (LOM) vaccine led to the reemergence of classical swine fever virus (CSFV) in Jeju province, South Korea in 2014. To control the continual outbreaks of LOM-derived CSFV, the provincial government launched a provincial mass vaccination project using a CSF-E2 subunit vaccine. We conducted this study to assess the herd immunity level and outcomes of E2 vaccine-based immunization in breeding and growing herds on Jeju Island during 2020-2021. Materials and Methods: A large-scale vaccination trial using the Bayovac CSF-E2 vaccine investigated its efficacy in breeding and growing herds under farm application conditions (10 CSFV-affected and three CSFV-naïve swine farms). Results: The level of herd immunity in each farm was classified into three (S1-S3) and six (G1-G6) profiles in breeding and growing herds, respectively. Immunity monitoring revealed a remarkable improvement in the herd immunity status in all farms. The majority (10/13) of farms, including CSFV-free farms, showed the S1G1 immunity profile in 2021, indicating the appropriate implementation of the advised vaccination regime. Moreover, there were significant decreases in E^rns seropositivity from 100% to 50% and 25.9% to 4.3% at farm and pig levels, respectively. In particular, all farms were confirmed as CSFV free in the growing-finishing herds. Conclusion: Our large-scale trial demonstrated the effectiveness of the E2 subunit vaccine in establishing herd immunity stabilization and eliminating CSFV circulation in the affected farms and highlighted the need for a provincial vaccination policy to regain the CSF-free status on Jeju Island.

• Resources Recycling
• /
• v.12 no.5
• /
• pp.50-56
• /
• 2003

To be recycled iron and heat source in EAF, EAF dust and mill scale generated from steelmaking plant should be made to iron carbide. Behavior of reduction and carburization in EAF dust and mill scale is studied to get fundamental data. EAF dust and mill scale are carburized at $650^{\circ}C$ by 100% CO gas. The carbon content of iron carbide(about 9 wt,% C) is higher than that of cementite without free carbon. The 1.2 times of calculated carbon content is suitable for reduction of EAF dust. The reduction temperature is appropriate to $900^{\circ}C$ in EAF dust and $1000^{\circ}C$ in mill scale. The carburization rate of mill scale are faster than those of EAF dust. The composition of super iron carbide is almost $Fe_2$C.