• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.52-60
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• 2006

This study investigated how wood properties (i.e., annual rings, sapwood, heartwood, and cracks) might affect preservative treatment in Japanese larch (Larix leptolepis) round-wood product. We specially focused on small-diameter (~10 cm diameter) wood that is commercially sold in market. Among 100 wood samples, the groups of sample with 13~16, 17~20 annual rings represented 33 and 27 in each frequency, while 2~3 and 4~5 mm annual ring width accounted for 72 and 68 in frequency. More than a half (54%) of wood samples contained a mix of heartwood and sapwood in its surface. The rest (46%) had only heartwood exposed in the wood surface. A wide range of checks were showed in the wood samples, but the highest frequency was observed in samples with 1~6 surface (1~14 mm in size) checks and 1~4 end-grain (8~14 mm in size) checks in each round-wood sample. Pressure treatment resulted in a wide range of penetration of ACQ (Alkaline Copper Quat) into the wood, showing $4.3{\pm}4.19mm$ penetration in the wood samples contained a mix of heartwood and sapwood in its surface. However preservative treatment was much less effective for the heartwood only wood samples, ranging average 1.3 mm with ACQ and 1.1 mm with CCA (Chromated Copper Arsenate). These penetration results shown in heartwood samples did not meet the penetration standard that is required for H3 by the Korean Forest Service in relation to wood preservation treatment. These low penetration results were not significantly improved even if we incised wood samples to improve treatment effect, showing only small increase of 0.7 mm with ACQ and 0.6 mm with CCA. When preservative treatment was tested with heartwood, penetration of preservatives decrease with increase of annual rings per a cross-section area (r=0.5345). We also found that the length and number of check had no effect on preservative treatment, showing r=0.1301 and r=0.1802, respectively.

• Journal of Korea Foresty Energy
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.31-38
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• 2006

Quercus mongolica is the most common hardwood species distributed in Korea. This study was conducted to investigate the biomass and energy content of the belowground biomass of Q. mongolica and to obtain the regression equation for estimating root biomass using the tree height and diameter at breast height (DBH). A total of 18 sample trees ranging 20 to 60 year-old were selected in the study sites. Tree height, DBH, age, and weight of stemwood, sapwood, heartwood, stembark, branch, leaf, and root were measured for total biomass. The highly positive correlation was shown between the biomass of most of variables of aboveground components and root biomass. The regression equation of the aboveground total biomass was $log\;W_A\;=\;1.469\;+\;0.992\;log\;D^2H\;(R^2 =0.99)$. The regression equation of the belowground biomass was $log\;W_R\;=\;1.527\;+\;0.808\;log\;D^2H\;(R^2\;=\;0.97)$. The mean energy contents of sapwood, heartwood, bark, leaf, and root were 19,594 J/g DW, 19,571 J/g DW, 19,999 J/g DW, 20,664 J/g DW, and 19,273 J/g DW, respectively. The results obtained from this study can be used to estimate biomass and energy content of belowground using easily measurable variables such as DBH and tree height ranging from 20 to 60-year-old Q. mongolica stands.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.133-134
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• 1982

This experiment has been made to investigate the absorption of watersoluble zinc chloride by Pinus densiflora S. et Z. at different moisture content, under soaking process, to decide the optimum content condition for the maximum absorption of zinc chloride by the wood tested and to investigate the concentration of zinc chloride affecting each moisture content of wood. Material was cut in the Dept. of Forest, College of Agr. S.N.U. Suwon, Korea. Sample was divided into sap and heartwood group and cut $2{\times}2{\times}2\;cm$ in size, having exact three dimensions, using the part of D.B.H. The numbers of sample were 20 pieces for each moisture content condition for both sap and heartwood. Especially, the samples were protected from exposure to keep moisture content in green condition. The ranges of moisture content tested were as the table 3 and 4. The conclusions were as follows: 1. With 3% zinc chloride solution, the rate of absorption decreased with the time increased, if the air seasoned Korean red pine (Pinus densiflora S. et Z.) was treated in steeping process. Initial absorption for 30 minutes was more than 50% of total absorpon for 24 hours. 2. Rate of absorption was same under the green condition, while rate of absorption under the moisture content 7 to 30% varied. 3. Although it was not quite proportional change in the absorption with the difference of moisture content, the great change in the absorption occured by seasoning. With exception sap green condition, sapwood twice more permeable than the heartwood in the oven dried condition and it has been observed the nearly same amount of absorption at the moisture content of 7%, 10% and 15% respectively in heartwood. 4. It was better from water in wood from view-point of absorption of zinc chloride solution, but it was difficult practically to obtain the smallest moisture content, and then it was decided that values of allowable moisture content, on the basis of mean absorption, were 15% to 20% in the sapwood, and in the heartwood, 10% to 15%. The mean absorption for each moisture content in the sap and the heartwood were as following. 5. In general, the concentration of zinc chloride after steeping was nearly same between moisture content and sap and heartwood respectively.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.173-185
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• 2015

Janggun mine (longitude $129^{\circ}$ 03'38.91" Latitude $36^{\circ}$ 51'31.59") had been operated as an underground mine for last few decades. As the part of the remediation process, the surface of tailing dump was covered with uncontaminated soil about 20 cm in depth and acacia trees were planted. Heavy metal uptake of acacia from tailing soil has continued for the past 15 years. Heavy metal concentration ranges of tailing soil that contaminated with As (66.43-9325.34 mg/kg), Cd (0.96-1.09 mg/kg), Cu (16.90-57.60 mg/kg), Pb (57.33-945.67 mg/kg), and Zn (154.48-278.61 mg/kg) have higher than those of control soil As (38.98 mg/kg), Cd (0.42 mg/kg), Cu (10.26 mg/kg), Pb (8.21 mg/kg), Zn (46.74 mg/kg). The As, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn concentrations of leaf of acacia in highly contaminated tailing dump were 165.95, 0.04, 10.68, 3.18, 48.11 mg/kg, respectively. The metal contents of leaf of acacia tree that obtained from uncontaminated control soil are 1.31 of As, 3.90 of Cu, 0.22 of Pb and 11.01 mg/kg of Zn. It was investigated that in the acacia tree, heavy metals such as As, Cu, Pb and Zn tend to be more highly concentrated in bark and leaf, compared with sapwood and heartwood.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.100-106
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• 2018

This study was fulfilled to investigate the anatomical characteristics according to provinces. In order to compare anatomical characteristics between provinces we selected Goseong, Hongcheon, and Bonghwa as experimental sites. To use the tree rings formed at the same years we dated all tree rings by cross-dating method used in dendrochronology and the cutting years were successfully dated in 2014, 2012, and 2014 for woods from Goseong, Hongchen, and Bonghwa, respectively. Based on the cutting years tracheid lengths and widths were measured considering juvenile wood (tree rings between the pith and first 10 years), heartwood (tree rings formed between 1955 and 1964), and sapwood (tree rings formed between 2002 and 2011). According to the results about differences between tracheid lengths from three provinces, juvenile wood did not show a difference, statistically, but heartwood and sapwood showed differences as the tracheid lengths following Bonghwa, Hongcheon, and Goseong. Bongwha also showed the largest value in the trachied width among three provinces. The tracheid lengths in the radial direction increased up to around the first 20 years, and then they showed stabilized. All wood samples showed typical Korean red pine's characteristics in anatomical observation under a light microscope.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.810-817
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• 2015

This study was conducted to evaluate the pressure treatment characteristics of yellow poplar skin timber with ACQ-2, CUAZ-3, and CuHDO-1. The effect of moisture content (MC) on treatability was investigated, and fixation characteristics of copper-based preservatives were also evaluated. Sapwood of yellow poplar, which was dried below 50 percent MC, was fully penetrated with preservatives, and minimum requirement of preservative retention for the hazard class H3 was achieved. Through measuring retention gradient in yellow poplar sapwood, it was confirmed that minimum requirement of preservative retention for the hazard class H3 was achieved in the assay zone from the surface to 15 mm-depth when the specimens were dried below 30 percent MC. Yellow poplar heartwood did not meet the minimum requirement of penetration and retention for the hazard class H3 over the range of pretreatment MCs tested. The fixation rate of copper was much faster under drying condition compared with nondrying condition; more than 90% of copper were fixed in 3 weeks at $21^{\circ}C$ under drying conditions.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.701-713
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• 2015

A model was designed to identify wood species between Pinus densiflora for. erecta Uyeki and Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc. using the near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy in combination with principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). In the PCA using all of the spectra, Pinus densiflora for. erecta Uyeki and Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc. could not be classified. In the PCA using the spectrum that has been measured in sapwood, however, Pinus densiflora for. erecta Uyeki and Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc. could be identified. In particular, it was clearly classified by sapwood in radial section. And more, these two species could be perfectly identified using PLS-DA prediction model. The best performance in species identification was obtained when the second derivative spectra was used; the prediction accuracy was 100%. For prediction model, the $R_p{^2}$ value was 0.86 and the RMSEP was 0.38 in second derivative spectra. It was verified that the model designed by NIR spectroscopy with PLS-DA is suitable for species identification between Pinus densiflora for. erecta Uyeki and Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.84 no.1
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• pp.22-30
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• 1995

Responses of Pospam-injected chestnut and pine trees to drill wound were examined. Pospam was injected into the stem by just filling up the drill wound in September 10, 1993. The diameter of the injection wound were 0.5 and 1cm. DBH of chestnut trees and pine trees injected were 10, 15, 20 and 10, 20, 30cm, respectively. The results of tree response were examined in June, 1994. None of them showed any symptom of decay by the time. However, sapwood under the bark was remarkably discolored. The discoloration was more severe in 1cm-injection wound than in 0.5cm one. The severity of discoloration was not differed between species and among DBH applied. The sapwood split was longer in 1cm-injection wounded trees than in 0.5cm trees and longer in chestnut trees than in pine trees. From the split, callus grew out and almost closed the splits. In the trunk injection tested, the damage was mare severe in 1cm injection wound of chestnut trees than in any other combination.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.90 no.3
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• pp.338-345
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• 2001

This study was conducted to elucidate the relationship between the root structure and the crown structure of Norway spruce(Picea abies [L.] Karst), and thereafter to obtain the regression equation for the estimation of relative root and needle biomass using the tree height and diameter at breast height(DBH) without measurement of root and needle biomass. The study site was Barbis stands of Harz region located in central part of Germany. Five dominant and three co-dominant trees of 30 to 40 year-old Norway spruce were selected and tree height, diameter at breast height, clear bole length, weight of total needle and branch, cross section and sapwood area at breast height for biomass of above ground part and also the length of root, the number of root, the weight of root, the cross section area of root etc. by dividing the horizontal and vertical roots for below ground part of tree were measured. The significantly correlation was shown between the biomass of most of variables of above ground parts and those of below ground parts. For the diameter of breast height to the weight of total root, regression equation was Y = 3.56X - 45.94 and decision coefficient was 0.96 showing highly correlation. The weight of total branches and needles, and the tree height etc. of above ground parts showed highly positive relationship with below ground biomass. The results obtained from this study can be used to the estimating of biomass of below ground using variables of above ground such as DBH in the 30 to 40 year-old Norway spruce stands.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.42-47
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• 2000

This study was designed to investigate the effect of treatment variables on CCA treatment of Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora), Japanese larch (Larix leptolepis), and ezo spruce (Picea jezoensis) round posts. Variables included were duration of initial vacuum (30, 45, or 60 minutes) and maximum pressure applied (8.5, 10.5, or 14.0 kg/$cm^2$), and maximum pressure was maintained until refusal point was reached. Regardless of wood species, extending the duration of initial vacuum more than 30 minutes did not affect treatability. Increasing pressure did not affect preservative penetration; however, preservative retention was affected by pressure levels, particularly at higher level (14.0 kg/$cm^2$). Preservative penetration depth of Japanese red pine met a minimum requirement specified by Notification of Korean Forestry Administration (No. 1999-8) for hazard class H5 of CCA-treated wood. Penetration of preservative in both Japanese larch and ezo spruce was not deep because of shallow sapwood thickness of these species, so pretreatment such as incising should be considered if these species are treated with preservatives. Although retention in Japanese red pine was not significantly increased even with 14.0 kg/$cm^2$, that of refractory Japanese larch and ezo spruce was significantly increased with the application of 14.0 kg/$cm^2$. Effect of treatment variables on refusal time was unclear; however, it is cleared that the refusal time was shortened with the increase in sapwood thickness.