• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.137-140
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• 1995

Saponin isolated from Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn has been shown to contain a strong anti-inflammatory activity. In this study, several pharmacological properties such as acute toxicity, local irritation and hemolytic activity of Sapindus saponin and its genin component, hederagenirl, were examined. The acute toxicity of Sapindus saponin was very low. Estimated from the LD$_{50}$ values, it showed much weaker toxicity in oral administration than in intraperitoneal injection. Hederagenin gave a very high LD$_{50}$ value even in intraperitoneal injection. Sapindus saponin showed a potent local irritation after topical application, whereas hederagenin did a very weak local irritation. Sapindus saponin also gave a high hemolytic activity.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.1306-1313
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• 2020

The aims of this study were to determine the effects of Sapindus mukorossi fruit extracts (SME) on the anti-oxidant activity in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. The results showed that SME significantly reduced the production of ROS in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. The expression of pro-inflammatory proteins including COX-2 and iNOS were also obviously inhibited by SME in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Further studies revealed that SME up-regulated HO-1 and Nrf2 expression. Additionally, SME increased phosphorylation of Akt and GSK-3β. These results suggest that SME could attenuate oxidative stress by activating the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.41-46
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• 1977

The composition of fatty acids and sterols from Sapindus Mukurossi oil were analyzed by gas liquid chromatography and amino acids from Sapindus Mukurossi seed oil cake were determined by amino acid autoanalyzer. The results obtained were summarized as follows; 1. Oil content (45.7%) was higher in Sapindus Mukurossi seed than in other plant seeds such as soybean, sesame and peanut. 2. From the analysis of fatty acids, it was found that oleic acid(61.6%) and gadoleic acid(20.4%) were major fatty acid and that high monoenoic acid content(82%) could be a characteristic of sample seed oil. 3. Glutamic acid contained the most amounts among all amino acids determined, and isoleucine, leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, threonine and valine were relative high amounts compared with content of other amino acids. 4. The sterol compositions of 4-desmethyl sterol, 4-monomethyl sterol and 4,4-dimethyl sterol fraction were found to be similar to those of higher plant oil, but 4-monomethyl sterol fraction was characterized by containing the unknown sterol (31.5%) with RRT 1.27.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.272-278
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• 2022

In this study, natural emulsifiers were extracted from Medicago sativa L. and Sapindus saponaria L. The extraction yield using CCD-RSM and the extraction process of foaming stability of the extracted product were optimized and 95% confidence interval was used to confirm the statistical reasonableness of the optimization. Herein, independent parameters were the ethanol volume and extraction temperature, whereas reaction parameters were the extraction yield and foaming stability. Under the condition of 53.5 vol% ethanol and extraction temperature (70.9 ℃), the maximum yield and foaming stability of the extracted product from Medicago sativa L were predicted as 26.2 wt% and 44.5%, respectively. In the case of the extraction from Sapindus saponaria L, the maximum yield and foaming stability were expected to be 31.9 wt% and 47.5% under the optimized conditions including 60.4 vol% of ethanol and extraction temperature (72.4 ℃). The average experimental error for validating the accuracy was about 3.4(± 0.3)% and 5.0(± 0.04)% for the extraction processes from Medicago sativa L. and Sapindus saponaria L., respectively.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.11
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• pp.1580-1587
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• 2006

Several researchers have demonstrated that the rumen microbial community rapidly adapts to saponins and proposed interval feeding to prevent this rapid adaptation. An in vivo experiment was carried out to examine the effect of daily versus application every third day (interval feeding) of Sapindus rarak saponins (SE) on rumen fermentation end products, protozoal counts and nutrient digestibility. Thirty sheep were allocated into 5 groups. Sheep were fed daily or every third day with two levels of SE (0.48 and 0.72 g/kg body mass). One group received no saponin and served as control. All sheep received the same diet, a mixture of elephant grass and wheat pollard (65:35 w/w). Independent of the feeding regime and the level of inclusion, the addition of SE decreased protozoal counts and rumen ammonia concentrations (p<0.01). Microbial N supply and N retention were not affected by the high feeding regime. Daily feeding negatively influenced rumen xylanase and cellulase activity, but only when the high level of saponins was fed. However, these negative effects on rumen cell wall degradation were not reflected in decreasing total tract digestibility of the organic matter or the plant cell walls. Our results show that rumen microorganisms do not rapidly adapt to S. rarak saponins.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Plant Biotechnology Conference
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• 2003.04a
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• pp.172-172
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• 2003

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Plant Biotechnology Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.160-160
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• 2003

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.118-125
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• 2019

Objective: This study investigated the effects of soapnut (Sapindus mukorossi) shell powder (SSP) on serum hormone level, egg quality, semen characteristics and reproductive performance of broiler breeders fed with a maize-soybean meal based diet. Methods: Ninety six female and twenty four male CARIBRO-VISHAL broiler breeders, 38-week old, were individually caged and randomly allocated to four treatment groups (24 female breeders/treatment and 6 male breeders/treatment): an un-supplemented control (T1) and three groups with 0.0176% SSP (group T2), 0.026% SSP (group T3) and 0.0528% SSP (group T4), to have supplementary saponin at 0, 50, 75, and 150 ppm, respectively, for 42 days. Results: The results indicated that serum (p<0.001) and seminal plasma (p<0.05) testosterone level, semen volume (p<0.001), mass motility (p<0.001), and live spermatozoa count (p<0.001) was increased in groups T3 and T4 compared to T2 and control groups. Compared with control group, total sperm count was increased (p<0.001) and dead spermatozoa count was decreased (p<0.001) in SSP supplemented groups. Supplementation of SSP did not affected the quality of egg lay. Compared with control group, fertility (p<0.01) and hatchability (total eggs set and fertile eggs set) (p<0.001) were significantly improved in SSP supplemented groups with the highest improvement in T3 treatment group. Embryonic death was decreased (p<0.001) in SSP supplemented groups compared to control; lowest embryonic death was recorded in T3 treatment group. Conclusion: Thus, it was concluded that dietary supplementation of 0.026% SSP (saponin equivalent 75 ppm) improved the reproductive performance of broiler breeders.

• Carbon letters
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.285-291
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• 2007

Carbon materials of various morphologies were synthesized by pyrolysis of Soap-nut seeds (Sapindus mukorossi), Jack Fruit seeds (Artocarpus heterophyllus), Date-seeds (Phoenix dactylifera), Neem seeds (Azadirachta indica), Tea leaves (Ehretia microphylla), Bamboo stem (Bambusa bambus) and Coconut fiber (Cocos nucifera), without using any catalyst. Carbon materials thus formed were characterized by SEM XRD and Raman. Carbon thus synthesized varied in size (in ${\mu}m$) but all showed highly porous morphology. These carbon materials were utilized as the anode in Lithium secondary battery. Amongst the various precursors, carbon fibers obtained from Soap-nut seeds (Sapindus mukorossi) and Bamboo stem (Bambusa bambus), even after $100^{th}$ cycles, showed the highest capacity of 130.29 mAh/g and 92.74 mAh/g respectively. Morphology, surface areas and porosity of carbon materials obtained from these precursors were analyzed to provide interpretation for their capacity to intercalate lithium. From the Raman studies it is concluded that graphitic nature of carbon materials assist in the intercalation of lithium. Size of cavity (or pore size of channels type structure) present in carbon materials were found to facilitate the intercalation of lithium.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.665-669
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• 2006

Somatic embryos do not survive at exposure to liquid nitrogen temperatures without cryoprotective treatments. A simplified technique which simultaneously induces and cryoprotects embryogenic calli using plant vitrification solution 2 (PVS2) followed by dehydration was developed for the cryopreservation of Soap berry genetic resources. Vitrification is a way of removing the moisture in vegetation through PVS2. The PVS2 vitrification solution consisted of 30% glycerol (w/v), 15% ethylene glycol (w/v), 15% Dimethylsulfoxide (w/v) in B5 medium containing 0.4M sucrose. Two tests were done. The one was to eliminate moisture at $0^{\circ}C$ and the other at $25^{\circ}C$. In both cases the best results came out at a vitrification time of $10{\sim}20$ minutes. It was also found that the survival rate was higher at $0^{\circ}C$ than at $25^{\circ}C$. In particular, the survival rate reached more than 80%. Water-damaged embryos turned brown and stoped growth, but energetic embryos took on a milky hue and show a very vigorous growth rate. Successful cryopreservation of somatic embryos of soapberry can be used to establish in vitro genebanks for long-term conservation of Soapberry genetic resources to complement field genebanks and other in vitro methods already being used.