• CELLMED
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.14.1-14.6
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• 2018

Santalum album Linn. [Family: Santalaceae] is commonly known as white sandalwood, sandal safaid and safed chandan. It is one of the most valuable trees and second costliest wood in the world. Sandalwood and its oil is extensively used in the Unani and other traditional systems of medicine as it has blood purifier, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, exhilarant, cardiotonic, antiseptic, nervine tonic and expectorant properties. It is used in skin, cardiac, liver, gastrointestinal, respiratory, integument and urogenital disorders. These uses are supported and proven by many in vitro or in vivo studies. The proven pharmacological activities of S. album are antimicrobial, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic and anti-fatigue. The research has proven that sandal oil or its constituents have anti-microbial activity. Sandalwood oil showed skin cancer preventive effect in mice and its constituent alpha santalol showed the anticancer property. The methanolic extract of wood was confirmed for antioxidant, free radical scavenging, analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. ${\alpha}$ and ${\beta}$ santalols present in sandal oil showed sedative effects. Sandalwood tea had a significant effect on heart muscles of frog and showed increased myocardial contractility. Its oil showed significant changes in hepatic xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes. Sandalwood oil and its major constituents showed less acute oral and dermal toxicity in laboratory animals. Hence, the aforementioned studies justify the uses of sandalwood and its oil mentioned in the classical Unani literature. However, further clinical trials are suggested to confirm its efficacy and safety in humans.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.199-207
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• 2019

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the neuroprotective effects of donepezil and 33 kinds of herbal extract combinations in SH-SY5Y cells with $A{\beta}_{25-35}$ treatment. Methods: MTT assay was performed to measure the cell viability of each herbal extract combined with donepezil against $A{\beta}$-induced neurotoxicity. The most active extracts were then subjected to assess the effects on CREB phosphorylation and COX-2 expressions through the western blot analysis. Results: There were eight herbal extracts representing significant increase on the cell viability: 1) Erycibe obtusifolia, 2) Polygonum multiflorum, 3) Polygala tenuifolia, 4) Illicium verum, 5) Santalum album, 6) Loranthus parasticus, 7) Platycladus orientalis, and 8) Zanthoxylum piperitum. Especially, when Santalum album and donepezil were treated together, the phosphorylation of CREB significantly increased and COX-2 protein expression was significantly inhibited. Conclusions: Among the screened herbal extracts, combination treatment of each of the eight herbs and donepezil showed neuroprotective effects in SH-SY5Y cells. Additionally, the combination of Santalum album and donepezil suggested cognitive improvement by up-regulation of p-CREB and down-regulation of COX-2.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.33-38
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• 2013

Objectives : The aim of this study was to examine anti-thrombotic effect of traditional herbal extracts in a rat model of ferric chloride ($FeCl_3$)-induced carotid arterial thrombosis. Methods : Thirty minutes prior to a 35% $FeCl_3$ application, Sprague Dawley(SD) rats were injected with the 10 types of traditional herbal extracts (100mg/kg, intraperitoneal injection), respectively. The effect of these herbal extracts was examined for time to occlusion(TTO) using the Laser doppler flow meter and measured for thrombus weight (TW) in $FeCl_3$-induced thrombosis model. Results : In the TTO, Salvia miltiorrhiza (Sm, $2.30{\pm}0.28$ min, p<0.001) and Santalum album (Sa, $2.19{\pm}0.19$ min, p<0.001) showed significantly delayed TTO more than twice compared with Saline-treated group. Cnidium officinale (Co), Psoralea corylifolia (Pc), Scutellatia baicalensis (Sba), Panax notoginseng (Pn), Angelica tenuissima (At), Scrophularia buergeriana (Sbu), Rhus verniciflua (Rv) and Picrasma quassioides (Pq), except for Rhus verniciflua (Rv) also meaningfully impeded TTO more than one fold. In addition, Salvia miltiorrhiza, Santalum album, Cnidium officinale, Psoralea corylifolia and Scutellatia baicalensis significantly reduced TW more than 10% compared with Saline-treated group. Especially, Salvia miltiorrhiza and Santalum album showed the most excellent anti-thrombotic effect among the 10 herbal extracts tested on the restoration of altered TTO and TW. Conclusions : These results suggest that Sm and Sa extracts have outstanding anti-thrombotic effect in $FeCl_3$-induced thrombosis model and is potentially useful as herbal medicines for the treatment and prevention of thrombosis.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.456-460
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• 2008

Santalum album has been used as a folk medicine for treatment of skin diseases, inflammation, gonorrhea, gleet, and cystitis in India and other Asian countries. In a search for possible bioactive agents from natural sources, we found that the various solvent extracts of S. album showed significant antioxidative effect in 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity test and moderate other biological functions submitted to the several bioassay systems for whitening and cytotoxicity evaluations. Among the tested extracts displayed DPPH radical scavenging activity, and the 70% acetone extract showed the most potent activity with an $IC_{50}$ value of $18.6\;{\mu}g/ml$, more potent than a positive control, L-ascorbic acid ($IC_{50}$, $28.7\;{\mu}g/mL$). Also, anti-lipid peroxidation, tyrosinase inhibitory, and cytotoxic effects were determined in each experiment. Total phenolic content of 70% acetone extract was found to be 117.1 mg equivalent of gallic acid per g of extract. Previous phytochemical investigation reveals the presence of phenolic compounds. The results indicate that S. album possess potential antioxidant activity and phenolic constituents are responsible for this capacity.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.210-217
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• 1999

To detect the toxic relevant components, asarone, coumarin and thujone, in the 87 medicinal plants used in brewing a Korean traditional folk wine, their 20% ethanol extracts were prepared and purified by a SPE(solid phase extraction) method. The toxic components in the purified extracts were identified by GC-FID and GC/MS analysis. On analyses, asarone was detected in 6 species, Acorus gramineus Solander, Acorus asiaticus Nakai, Angelia gigus Nakai, Santalum album, etc.; coumarin in 22 species, Anethum graveolens, Foeniculum vulgare Gaertner, Lithosperum erythrorhizon Siebold et Zuccarinii, etc.; thujone in 24 species, Achyranthes japonica Nakai, Amomum xanthiodes Wallich, Artemisia asiatia Nakai, seed of Cannabis sativa L., Caragana sinica R., Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat, Codonopsis lanceolata Bentham et flooker, Foeniculum vulgare Gaertner, etc.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.115-128
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• 2012

Objectives : To evaluate the in vitro scavenging activity, inhibitory effect of LDL oxidation of pro-oxidant reactive species, anti-platelet aggregative effects and anti-thrombosis effects in response to treatment with SA using various screening methods including biological and non-biological oxidants. Methods : The antioxidant activity concerning extract from SA was studied with in vitro methods by measuring the antioxidant activity by TEAC, measuring the scavenging effects on reactive oxygen species (ROS) [superoxide anion, hydroxyl radical] and on reactive nitrogen species (RNS) [nitric oxide and peroxynitrite] as well as measuring the inhibitory effect on $Cu^{2+}$-induced human LDL oxidation and the inhibitory effect on thrombin-induced platelet aggregation and thrombosis. Results : SA extracts were found to have a potent scavenging activity regarding oxidative stress as well as an inhibitory effect towards LDL oxidation, platelet aggregation, and thrombosis. Conclusions : The SA extracts have anti-oxidative and anti-atherosclerotic effects in vitro system, which can be used for developing pharmaceutical drugs against oxidative stress and atherosclerosis.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fashion and Beauty
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• v.2 no.3 s.3
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• pp.19-26
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• 2004

Synergic antibacterial effects of a sweet flag, essential oils, such as geranium, lemongrass, cypress, chamomile roman, tea tree bergamot, lavender and sandal wood, and the combination of sweet flag and essential oils on Streptococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans were observed in this study. As the results of the tests, the growth of Streptococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosu and Candida albicans were inhibited in the presence of sweet flag and/or the essential oils. Consequently, the sweet flag and all essential oils was proved to have antibacterial ability, and thus, can be applied to cosmetics.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.57 no.1
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• pp.70-75
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• 2013

The present study was designed to determine the effect of the Sandalwood Essential Oil (Santalum album) on pro-inflammatory factors such as NO, iNOS expression and IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$ in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) - stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages cells. The cell toxicity was determined by MTS assay. To evaluate of anti-inflammatory effect of Sandalwood Essential Oil, amount of NO was measured using the NO detection kit and the iNOS expression was measured by western blot analysis and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). And proinflammatory cytokines were measured by ELISA kit. As a result, Sandalwood Essential Oil reduced NO, iNOS expression and IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$ production without cytotoxicity. Our results suggest that the Sandalwood Essential Oil may have an anti-inflammatory property through suppressing inflammatory mediator productions and appears to be useful as an anti-inflammatory oil.

• The Journal of Korean Medical History
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.59-69
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• 2008

The "tang[tɑ:ŋ]" in Korean pronounciation means the beverage made of boiled medicinal herbs. The"Jeho-tang", the name of Drink in this abstract, is described in a variety of medical books including the "Dongeui Bogam" as being effective for illness from the summer heat in promoting digestion, curing the heatstroke and bringing it to a halt. The Drink was used as the Royal gifts granted to retainers and royal families on the Day of Dano-festival on the fifth of the fifth month of the year according to the lunar calendar, the items of encouragement for those who worked hard in sacrifices, and the awards for students of Confucianism who were proficient in their learning. The Jeho-tang used in this study was scientifically cooked again after a long time in history through looking at the methods written in the documents concerned with the Drink such as the "Dongeui Bogam" and the "Taste of Korea". In preparation of the medicinal herbs for the Drink, the powder of thinner than 30 mesh of the "Prunus mume", which is a species of Asian plum in the family of Rosaceae, and those of 50 mesh of the "Santalum album", which is the fragrant wood of trees in the genus Santalum and the "Amomum Xanthioides", which is produced in Vietnam and is the name of a kind of herb medicines, being very effective in the desease caused from heatstrare, were used. The sugar concentration of the honey boiled down long time at low heat was $82.43^{\circ}Bx$. When cooking in a double boiler, the inner part of the liquid for the Drink was kept at $80^{\circ}C$ for 12 hours to make it finished in a state of ointment. In the general composition of the finished Jeho-tang, the moisture content was 24.4%, 1.3% of crude fat, 1.4% crude protein and 0.7% ash, along with pH3.2. The acceptance on the whole was come out to be the highest in the sample diluted with the drinking water of 7-fold of the Jeho-tang, indicating that the 7-fold's addition of water was optimum level for drinking. In the Drink cooked by a vaccum pressure extractor for herb medicine, which was developed to improve the art of cooking, the longer the time of pressure was, the less the heterogeneous feeling at tongue was and the more the glossiness of the Drink was. The Jeho-tang cooked under pressure for 7 hours received an excellent evaluation in its acceptability in every way.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.327-340
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• 2019

Objectives: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex disease accompanied by slow impairment of memory and coordination leading to behavioral changes. To date, the only treatment option is to delay the progress of the disease. The purpose of this study was to investigate the synergistic effects of combination treatment with donepezil and three herbal extracts SIP-3 in the AD mouse model induced by amyloid-β (Aβ). Methods: We tested SIP-3 extracts for the cytotoxicity on Aβ-treated SH-SY5Y cells. Then the synergistic effects of SIP-3 and donepezil were evaluated in the AD mouse model using animal experiments and the next generation sequencing (NGS) study. Results: We found that co-treatment with SIP-3 extracts and donepezil increased the viability in Aβ-treated SH-SY5Y cells. The beneficial effects of the co-treatment were also observed in the Aβ-induced AD mouse model. The NGS study was performed to show that the co-treatment of SIP-3 and donepezil restored the disease phenotype closely to the normal level in the AD mouse model in terms of mRNA expression. However, the phenotypes were only partially restored. Conclusions: This study suggests that the combination treatment has a potential to be used for the treatment of AD. However, longer periods of treatment may be required.