• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.7-20
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• 2019

Purpose - This study provides appropriate procedures for EFA to help researchers conduct empirical studies by using PLS-SEM. Research design, data, and methodology - This study addresses the absolute and relative sample size criteria, sampling adequacy, factor extraction models, factor rotation methods, the criterion for the number of factors to retain, interpretation of results, and reporting information. Results - The factor analysis procedure for PLS-SEM consists of the following five stages. First, it is important to look at whether both the Bartlett test of sphericity and the KMO MSA meet the qualitative criteria. Second, PAF is a better choice of methodology. Third, an oblique technique is a suitable method for PLS-SEM. Fourth, a combined approach is strongly recommended to factor retention. PA should be used at the onset. Next, it is recommended using the K1 criterion. In addition, it is necessary to extract factors that increase the total variance explanatory power through the PVA-FS. Finally, it is appropriate to select an item with a factor loading into 0.5 or higher and a communality of 0.5. Conclusions - It is expected that the accurate factor analysis processed for PLS-SEM as previously presented will help us extract more precise factors of the structural model.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.78-90
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• 2016

This report is to introduce detail processes during the restoration/revision project for the Korean Standard Methods for Marine Environment. The processes are composed of 3 steps: questionaries, QA/QC confirming step by CRM(Certified Reference Materials), and advisory council by specialists. The questionaries required four main topics to be included to the restoration/revision protocol: 1. the guidelines to sampling, transportation, storage, and pre-analytical procedures for the marine specimens, 2. the unified analytical method, especially for the organic compounds, 3. the QA/QC test requirement for CRM, 4. introduction of diverse analytical instruments, 5. the customer- friendly express of the protocol. Based on these new protocol, we expect two most important effects: 1, increased insurance of international credibility and equivalence by the QA/QC procedures, 2. increased conformability and representatively from wide-spread use of the protocol. Finally we suggested several residual topics remained to the inter-government cooperation.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.597-603
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• 2005

In this study, we try to determine the distributive property in southwest coastal waters, such as K wang-yang bay, Ka-mak bay, Yeo-ja bay, Wan-do, Hea-nam, Young-gwang, and Mok-po, using simultaneous analytical method of 310 chemicals. The results were detected tens of the organic pollutants in sampling sites, and the major chemicals detected were CH type chemicals such as aliphatic, polycyclic compounds and were CHN(O) type chemicals such as aromatic amines, nitro compounds, In particular, pesticides were mainly detected in summer, phenols and phthalate esters were not seasonal effect. Also, a number of aromatic chemicals were detected in Kwang-yang bay, From the results of this study, we confirmed that it is mainly contaminated in summer and the pesticide chemicals are the major pollutants in southwest coastal waters.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.9 no.8
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• pp.47-55
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• 2022

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between company risk and factors such as business size, ownership structure, and leverage. The study was conducted on 142 manufacturing sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2013 to 2018. The purposive sampling method was used to select the research sample. The sample size for this study was 21 different companies. The analytical approach uses Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with WarpPLS. According to the findings of the investigation, the size of the company has a significant influence on both the amount of leverage the company uses and the amount of risk the company takes. The level of leverage is significantly influenced by the ownership structure. However, the ownership structure does not have a significant impact on the level of risk the company; rather, leverage has a big impact on the level of risk the company faces. The findings of this study are helpful to prospective investors in measuring the risk posed by the company to make judgments regarding investments. The findings of this study are also essential for management to consider while controlling the risk of the organization.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.67-80
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• 2020

Zinc (Zn) is known as an essential micronutrient for phytoplankton in the ocean. In surface waters, most of total dissolved Zn presents as organic complexes, and organic complexation dominates the speciation of Zn in seawater. Organic complexation reduces the bioavailable fraction of Zn, the free metal ion (Zn²⁺), which present less than 5% in surface waters. In this paper, a brief introduction on chemical speciation of dissolved Zn in seawater and analytical method for chemical speciation measurement is provided. Some representative studies were also introduced to describe the importance of chemical speciation of Zn (or other trace metals) on bioavailability and biogeochemistry in the ocean.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.2607-2615
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to increase efficiency and accuracy in operation of CPR(Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation) through comparing accuracy in CPR between group with verbal order and group with non-verbal order given carrying out CPR. This study performed convenience sampling targeting 62 students(31 people for group with non-verbal order, 31 people for group with verbal order) at university where is located in G Province. Survey period was carried out from October 7, 2010 to October 21. Analytical method was made by using SPSS WIN(Version 12.0). As a result of research, the group with non-verbal order was indicated to be higher in accuracy of CPR on artificial respiration and chest compression in several spheres than the group with verbal order. Based on this, the non-verbal order method needs to try to be applied to performing education and skills of CPR in the future. And, even a continuous research is needed on effectiveness between verbal order method and non-verbal order method in an emergency situation.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.165-173
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• 2013

To establishment of PT Program for Indoor air quality field that manufacture of confidential development PTMs (proficiency testing materials) and examined of proficiency testing evaluation included sampling process whether or not that is valid. Confirmation of homogeneity and stability of PTMs prepared. PTMs were confirmed to be homogeneous enough to be used as proficiency testing materials since withinbottle homogeneities of the RMs were lower than 0.3 times of targeted standard deviation of proficiency testing. The result of this study showed that the Robust RSD of proficiency testing for VOCs (volatile organic compounds) appeared 23~43% in concentration of 50~320 ${\mu}g/m^3$ for Method A(Distribution by adsorption in Tenax-tube of VOCs), but less 13~42% in concentration of 200~1200 ${\mu}g/m^3$, 16~31% in concentration of 100~450 ${\mu}g/m^3$ for Method B (distribution by VOCs of gas phase in 10L Tedalr bag), C (directly sampling of cylinder with high pressure) respectively. The result of this study showed that method C with sampling is most adequate to the proficiency testing for VOCs in indoor air.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.712-718
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• 2006

In order to investigate the analytical uncertainties associated with sampling and analysis of major greenhouse gaseous pollutants(carbon dioxide and methane), we attempted to quantify their adsorptive loss due to the contact with the container wall(such as Tedlar bag and vial). Using the GC/FID method, some basic experimental parameters(such as reproducibility and method detection limit) have been evaluated as part of the essential QA/QC The reproducibilities of carbon dioxide and methane were estimated as 2.02 and 0.2%, respectively. In addition, method detection limits were measured as 0.61 and 0.06 ng, respectively. A test of sample loss rate has also been made for Tedlar bag and vial by assessing the absolute amount of sample loss on the wall. By transferring the samples contained in Tedlar bag to various sizes of Tedlar bags, we measured differences in the absolute loss quantity due to such transfer. In addition, we also examined such loss mechanism as a function of elapsed time and light penetration rate for vial. As results, carbon dioxide and methane have shown about 2% of sample loss due to such contact. It is also noticed that the amount of loss with vial surface is lower than that of Tedlar bag. Therefore, field collection of greenhouse gases using various container types should be made more cautiously to minimize the possibility of sample loss and bias related to such loss.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.55-65
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• 2000

In this study, we collected the tap water that treated from water plant in Seoul, Incheon, Taejon, Kwangju, Taeku and Pusan and supplied each house. The sampling period was June and September, 1997. The concentration of THMs formed by chlorination in drinking water was determined with the purge and trap method with GC/MSD recommended by the us EPA 542.2 method. Chloroform is the most of THMs (47.43%~93.11%) and the content order is bromodichloromethane > chlorodibromomethane > bromoform. In Incheon, Taejon, Kwangju, Taeku and Pusan, the content of bromodichloromethane, chlorodibromomethane and bromoform was higher than Seoul. But, in June and September, the concentration of THMs in six cities is not over Korea Drinking Water Regulation $100{\mu}g/L$. The calculated human exposure for each substances were chloroform $6.14{\times}10^{-4}mg/kg/day$, bromodichloromethane $1.01{\times}10^{-4}mg/kg/day$, chlorodibromomethane $0.29{\times}10^{-4}mg/kg/day$, bromoform $0.01{\times}10^{-4}mg/kg/day$ and THMs $7.98{\times}10^{-4}mg/kg/day$.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.131-139
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• 2001

There is personal difference in the concentrations of trace elements in human hair according to human life or history suck as occupation, race, sex, age, food habit, social condition and so on. It is also found that the individual's deviation of elemental concentrations is reflecting the degree of environmental pollutants exposure to human body, intakes of food and metabolism. To compare the degree of accumulation in the hair tissue, human hair samples were collected from five positions of head and analyzed by non-destructive neutron activation analysis with and without washing according to IAEA's recommended method. Analytical quality control is performed using the certified reference material. The relative error of Cu, Cr, Na, Co, Mg, As, Se, Zn and those of Mn, Ca, Fe, Sr are within ${\pm}5%$ and ${\pm}10%$, respectively and the relative standard deviation of elements are within ${\pm}10%$. The deviations between the individuals and hair sampling positions were estimated. The deviation of individual was seven times more than that of positions. Under the defined condition, the difference and the correlation of elemental concentrations were compared with two different groups, office and factory workers. The result can be used as a fundamental data for human health and environment assessment.