• 제목/요약/키워드: Salt water resistance

검색결과 171건 처리시간 0.027초

A computer simulation of ion exchange membrane electrodialysis for concentration of seawater

  • Tanaka, Yoshinobu
    • Membrane and Water Treatment
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    • 제1권1호
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    • pp.13-37
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    • 2010
  • The performance of an electrodialyzer for concentrating seawater is predicted by means of a computer simulation, which includes the following five steps; Step 1 mass transport; Step 2 current density distribution; Step 3 cell voltage; Step 4 NaCl concentration in a concentrated solution and energy consumption; Step 5 limiting current density. The program is developed on the basis of the following assumption; (1) Solution leakage and electric current leakage in an electrodialyzer are negligible. (2) Direct current electric resistance of a membrane includes the electric resistance of a boundary layer formed on the desalting surface of the membrane due to concentration polarization. (3) Frequency distribution of solution velocity ratio in desalting cells is equated by the normal distribution. (4) Current density i at x distant from the inlets of desalting cells is approximated by the quadratic equation. (5) Voltage difference between the electrodes at the entrance of desalting cells is equal to the value at the exits. (6) Limiting current density of an electrodialyzer is defined as average current density applied to an electrodialyzer when current density reaches the limit of an ion exchange membrane at the outlet of a desalting cell in which linear velocity and electrolyte concentration are the least. (7) Concentrated solutions are extracted from concentrating cells to the outside of the process. The validity of the computer simulation model is demonstrated by comparing the computed results with the performance of electrodialyzers operating in salt-manufacturing plants. The model makes it possible to discuss optimum specifications and operating conditions of a practical-scale electrodialyzer.

實環境を考慮したポーラスコンクリートの耐凍害性の評価(실제 환경을 고려한 다공질 콘크리트의 내동해성(耐凍害性) 평가) (Frost resistance of porous concrete assuming actual environment)

  • 中村拓郞;堀口敬;志村和紀;菅原隆
    • 한국건축시공학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 한국건축시공학회 2008년도 추계 학술논문 발표대회
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    • pp.227-233
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    • 2008
  • Porous concrete has large continuous voids of 20-30 % by volume, and this concrete is attractive as environmental material in Japan i.e. permeable road pavement, river bank protection with vegetation and green roof system which influence thermal environment. It is necessary to confirm the frost resistance when constructing porous concrete structure in cold region. However applicable test method and evaluation criterion of porous concrete has not defined yet. Therefore, the object of this study is to investigate the frost resistance of porous concrete and this investigation attempts to address this concern by comparing 4 kinds of specified freezing and thawing tests methods (JIS A1148 procedure A/B and RILEM CIF/CDF test) in consideration of actual environment. RILEM freeze-thaw tests are different from JIS A1148 freeze-thaw tests, which are widely adopted for evaluating the frost resistance of conventional concrete in Japan, in water absorption, cooling rate, length of freezing and thawing period, and number of freezing and thawing cycles. RILEM CIF test measures internal damage and is primarily applicable for pure frost attack. CDF test is appropriate for freeze-thaw and de-icing salt attack. JIS A1148 procedure A/B showed extremely low frost resistance of porous concrete if the large continuous voids were filled with water and the ice expansion in the large continuous voids set in during cooling. Frost resistance of porous concrete was improved by mixing coarse aggregate (G7) which particle size is smaller and fine aggregate in JIS freezing and thawing tests. RILEM CIF/CDF test showed that freeze-thaw and de-icing resistance of porous concrete was seems to be superior in that of conventional concrete.

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Reduction of Stress Caused by Drought and Salt in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Crops through Applications of Selected Plant Extracts and the Physiological Response Mechanisms of Rice

  • Hyun Hwa Park;Young Seon Lee;Yong In Kuk
    • 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 한국작물학회 2022년도 추계학술대회
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    • pp.57-57
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    • 2022
  • In many areas of the world, salt damage and drought have had a negative impact on human survival due to a decrease in agricultural productivity. For instance, about 50% of agricultural land will be affected by salt damage by 2050. Biostimulants such as plant extracts can not only increase the nutrient utilization efficiency of plants, but also promote plant growth and increase resistance to abiotic or biotic stress. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine how selected plant extracts might reduce levels of stress caused by drought and salt and to better understand the physiological response mechanisms of rice plants. In this study, we used Soybean leaves, Soybean stems and Allium tuberosum, Allium cepa, Hizikia fusiforme, and Gracilaria verrucosa extracts were used. These extracts had been used in previous studies and were found to be effective. The materials were dried in a dry oven at 50℃ for 5 days and ground using a blender. Each 50 g of materials was put in 1 L of distilled water, stirred for 24 hours, filtered using 4 layers of mirocloth, and then concentrated using a concentrator. Rice (cv. Hopumbyeo) seeds were immersed and germinated, and then sown in seedbeds filled with commercial soil. In drought experiments, three rice seedlings at 1 week after seeding was transplanted into 100 ml cups filled with commercial soils and grown until the 4-leaf stage. For this experiment, the soil weight in a cup was equalized, and water was allowed to become 100% saturated and then drained for 24 hours. Thereafter, plant extracts at 3% concentrations were applied to the soils. For NaCl treatments, rice plants at 17 days after seeding were treated with either 100 mM NaCl or plant extracts at 1%+ 100 mM NaCl combinations in the growth chamber. Leaf injury, relative water content, photosynthetic efficiency, and chlorophyll contents were measured at 3, 5, and 6 days after treatments. Shoot fresh weight of rice under drought conditions increased 28-37% in response to treatments of Soybean leaf, Soybean stem, Allium tuberosum, Allium cepa, Hizikia fusiforme, and Gracilaria verrucosa extracts at 3% when compared with control plants. Shoot fresh weight of rice subjected to 100 mM NaCl treatments also increased by 6-24% in response to Soybean leaf, Soybean stem, Allium tuberosum, Allium cepa, Hizikia fusiforme, and Gracilaria verrucosa extracts at 3% when compared with control plants. Compared to the control, rice plants treated with these six extracts and subjected to drought conditions had significantly higher relative water content, Fv/Fm, total chlorophyll and total carotenoids than control plants. With the exception of relative water contents, rice plants treated with the six extracts and subjected to salt stress (100 mM NaCl treatments) had significantly higher Fv/Fm, total chlorophyll and total carotenoids than control plants. However, the type of extract used did not produce significant difference in these parameters. Thus, all the plant extracts used in this study could mitigate drought and NaCl stresses and could also contribute substantially to sustainable crop production.

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국내.외산 메타카올린을 사용한 고강도 콘크리트의 내구특성에 관한 실험적 연구 (An Experimental Study on the Properties of Durability of High Strength Concrete Using Domestic.Foreign Meta-kaolin)

  • 이강필;이승민;이상수;송하영
    • 한국건축시공학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 한국건축시공학회 2009년도 춘계 학술논문 발표대회 학계
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    • pp.239-242
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    • 2009
  • As the high-rise building increase due to the gravitation of population to big cities recently, it requires high quality and high performance of Concrete. As a result, people are keenly interested in Meta-kaolin as new admixture favorable from an economic perspective, which has strength and endurance with admixture at the same level like Silica-fume. Accordingly, as to Meta-kaolin, this study was to set by three levels like domestic one, foreign one, and Silica-fume, the water-binding material ratio 25%, and four level substitute like 0, 10, 20, and 30(%) in order to compare and analyze the quality durability of high-concrete according to the substitute of Meta-kaolin applicable with replacement of Silica-fume. As a result of performing experiment it was found that when water-binding material ratio increases, resistance of neutralization, carbonation, salt damage and sulfate decrease, and when replacement ratio of mineral admixture increases, depth of accelerating carbonation gets greater. Also, the combination of SF and MK-B favored resistance to chloride ion penetration better than MK-A, and it was found that when replacement ratio of binding material increases, the resistance to sulphuric acid increases. Therefore, based on this study, it was understood that meta-kaolin is useable in replacement of silicafume.

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해수간헐침투되는 철근콘크리트의 부식도 평가 (Corrosion Level of RC Concrete Specimen Intermittently Attacked by Sea Water)

  • 정철희;정영수;최응규;원종필
    • 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 한국콘크리트학회 1996년도 가을 학술발표회 논문집
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    • pp.207-212
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    • 1996
  • Recently, massive concrete structures exposed to salt from ocean marine environments, or from winter deicing. The corrosion caused by chloride-penetration may affect severey the durability and service life of such a concretestructures. Thus, it is necessary to develop durable concrete to enhance the corrosion resistance. In this study, we investigate the usage of adequate corrosion-protection materials in order to reduce permability-coefficient of concrete and method of enhancing the durability of concrete structures using by penetrating corrosion-protection materials.

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Resistive Humidity Sensor Using Phosphonium Salt-Containing Polyelectrolytes Based on the Mutually Cross-linkable Copolymers

  • Lee, Chil-Won;Gong, Myoung-Seon
    • Macromolecular Research
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    • 제11권5호
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    • pp.322-327
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    • 2003
  • Two kinds of mutually cross-linkable copolymers were prepared to be used as humidity-sensing materials. The humidity-sensitive thin films consist of cross-linked polyelectrolytes of the following component: 4-vinylbenzyl dimethyl 2-(dimethylphosphino)ethyl phosphonium chloride (1)/ bis(2-methoxyethyl)itaconate (2)= 3/l, 2/l, 1/1 and 1/2 and 4-vinylbenzyl chloride (3)/ vinylbenzyl tributyl phosphonium chloride (4)= 3/l, 2/l, 1/1 and 1/2. The humidity sensor prepared from the reaction of 1/2= 2/l with 3/4= 2/l showed an average resistance of 723,36.2 and 2.42 ㏀ at 30, 60 and 90%RH, respectively. Temperature dependence, frequency dependence, and response time were measured and the reliability test such as water durability and long-term stability were also estimated.

해수용 열교환기의 코팅 부식특성 실험연구 (Experimental Study on Coating Corrosion Characteristics of Heat Exchanger for Sea Water)

  • 권영철;김기영;허철;조맹익;권정태
    • 한국산학기술학회논문지
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    • 제14권9호
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    • pp.4117-4123
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    • 2013
  • 본 연구에서는 해수용 열교환기의 코팅에 따른 해수 부식특성을 조사하기 위해 실험이 수행되었다. 코팅은 테플론, 전착, 세라믹+실리콘 3종을 선정하였고, 코팅되지 않은 알루미늄 부식과 비교하였다. 해수부식을 가속시키기 위하여 $70^{\circ}C$ 고온의 농도 3.5% 인공해수를 제작하여 9주 동안 침지부식을 시켰다. 침지기간에 따른 코팅의 부식특성 변화를 관찰하기 위하여 임피던스 분광법과 SEM을 이용하였다. Bode 선도에서 얻어진 분극저항으로부터 코팅재질의 내부식성을 확인하였다. 이중코팅은 4주 이후에도 코팅의 내부식성을 유지하였다. 또한 침지기간에 따라서 금속모재와 점착된 코팅면 사이에 블리스터가 발생할 수 있음을 확인하였다.

용융가압함침공정으로 제조된 TiC 세라믹 입자 강화 철강복합재의 염수환경에서의 부식 특성 (Corrosion Behaviors of TiC Ceramic Particulate Reinforced Steel Composites Fabricated by Liquid Pressing Infiltration Process in Salt Water Environment)

  • 이영환;고성민;신상민;조승찬;김양도;김정환;이상관;이상복
    • Composites Research
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    • 제33권5호
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    • pp.251-255
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    • 2020
  • 본 연구에서는 용융가압함침공정을 이용하여 제조된 TiC 세라믹 입자강화 철강복합재를 제조하고 상용구상흑연주철과 비교를 위하여 미세조직 분석 및 경도 등 기초물성과 선박 해양 분야등의 적용가능성 검토를 위하여 염수환경에서의 부식 특성에 관한 연구를 진행하였다. 염수환경에서의 부식특성 비교 결과 구상흑연주철 대비 부식전위와 부식전류밀도 모두 낮은 값을 나타내었고, 낮은 연간부식률을 통하여 TiC-Fe 금속복합재의 내식성이 더 뛰어난 것을 확인하였다.

Stability of High Internal Phase Emulsions

  • Park, C.I.;Cho, W.G.
    • 대한화장품학회지
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    • 제25권4호
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    • pp.65-74
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    • 1999
  • We have studied the stability of W/O high internal phase emulsions(HIPE) containing water, cetyl dimethicone copolyol and oils varying magnesium sulfate in the range 0 to 0.5 wt% and oil polarities, respectively. The rheological consistency was mainly destroyed by the coalescence of the deformed water droplets. The greater the increase of complex modulus was, the less coalescence occurred and the more consistent the concentrated emulsions were. The increasing pattern of complex modulus versus volume fraction has been explained with the resistance to coalescence of the deformed interfacial film of water droplets in concentrated W/O emulsion. The stability is dependent on: (i) the choice of the oil is important, the requirements coincide with the requirements for the formation of the rigid liquid crystalline phases; and (ii) addition of salts the aqueous phase opposes the instability due to coalescence. Increasing the salt concentration increases the refractive index of the aqueous phase. It lowers the difference in the refractive index between the oil and aqueous phases. This decreases the attraction between the water domains, thus increasing the stability.

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Stability of High Internal Phase Emulsions

  • Park, C-I.;W-G. Cho
    • 대한화장품학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 대한화장품학회 1999년도 IFSCC . ASCS 학술대회 발표 논문
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    • pp.65-74
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    • 1999
  • We have studied the stability of W/O high internal phase emulsions(HIPE) containing water, cetyl dimethicone copolyol and oils varying magnesium sulfate in the range 0 to 0.5wt% and oil polarities, respectively. The rheological consistency was mainly destroyed by the coalescence of the deformed water droplets. The greater the increase of concentrated modulus was, the less coalescence occurred and the more consistent the concentrated emulsions were. The increasing pattern of complex modulus versus volume fraction has been explained with the resistance to coalescence of the deformed interfacial film of water droplets in concentrated W/O emulsion. The stability is dependent on: (i) the choice of the oil is important, the requirements coincide with the requirements for the formation of the rigid liquid crystalline phases :5; and (ii) addition of salts the aqueous phase opposes the instability due to coalescence:. Increasing the salt concentration increases the refractive index of the aqueous phase. It lowers the difference in the refractive index between the oil and aqueous phases. This decreases the attraction between the water domains, thus increasing the stability.

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