• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.33 no.11
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• pp.1457-1466
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• 2023

Enteric fever is caused by typhoidal Salmonella serovars (Typhi, Paratyphi A, Paratyphi B, and Paratyphi C). Owing to the importance of Salmonella serovars in clinics and public hygiene, reliable diagnostics for typhoidal serovars are crucial. This study aimed to develop a novel diagnostic tool for typhoidal Salmonella serovars and evaluate the use of human blood for clinically diagnosing enteric fever. Five genes were selected to produce specific PCR results against typhoidal Salmonella serovars based on the genes of Salmonella Typhi. Heptaplex PCR, including genetic markers of generic Salmonella, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica, and typhoidal Salmonella serovars, was developed. Typhoidal Salmonella heptaplex PCR using genomic DNAs from 200 Salmonella strains (112 serovars) provided specifically amplified PCR products for each typhoidal Salmonella serovar. These results suggest that heptaplex PCR can sufficiently discriminate between typhoidal and non-typhoidal Salmonella serovars. Heptaplex PCR was applied to Salmonella-spiked blood cultures directly and provided diagnostic results after 12- or 13.5-h blood culture. Additionally, it demonstrated diagnostic performance with colonies recovered from a 6-h blood culture. This study provides a reliable DNA-based tool for diagnosing typhoidal Salmonella serovars that may be useful in clinical microbiology and epidemiology.

• The Journal of the Korean Society for Microbiology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.9-12
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• 1975

The authors identified 717 Salmonella cultures among 1504 suspectable cultures collected from all over the country in 1974. According to the results obtained from the physical and biochemical tests, and the antigenic formula analysis, seven cultures of S. paratyphi A, one culture of S. paratyphi B, Six cultures of S. typhimurium, one culture of S. thompson, four cultures of S. enteritidis and six hundred and ninty eight cultures of S. typhi were confirmed. The results of antibiotics-sensitivity test on Salmonella cultures revealed that chloramphenicol, gentamycin and ampicilin were considered to be the drugs of choice according to the results from the In Vitro test performed.

• The Journal of the Korean Society for Microbiology
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.19-22
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• 1976

The authors identified 436 Salmonella cultures, which were 426 Salmonella typhi and ten cultures of other serotypes among 2033 suspectable enteric pathogens collected from all over the country in 1975.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.22 no.2 s.26
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• pp.268-275
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• 1989

The studies on the standard plate count, most probable number(MPN) and isolation of the Enterobacteriaceae, especially Salmonella species from stream waters of Kyong-Ju city were carried out from June to July, 1988. The relationship between water temperature, weather and standard plate count were observed. The locations where all of the MPN was higher than 1,600 were Mun-chon bridge, Wol-song bridge, Go-hun bridge and the area adjoining the Hyong-san river. The higher the water temperature, the more the viable counts without rain. Bacteriological survey of the Salmonella species was performed with the total 80 specimens isolated from 16 areas which are the main streams in Kyong-Ju city. The author identified S strains(2.36%) of Salmonella typhi, 5 strains(2.3%) of Salmonella paratyphi, 2 strains(1.42%) of Salmonella paratyphi B, 63 strains(29.72%) of other Salmonella groups by biochemical tests and serotyping tests with slide agglutination.

• The Journal of the Korean Society for Microbiology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 1974

The authors identified 426 cultures of the Genus Salmonella among 1644 suspectable cultures of enteric pathogens submitted, to be bacteriologically confirmed, by the eleven hygiene laboratories of cities and provincial level and some hospital laboratories in 1973. According to the results obtained from the physical and biochemical tests, and the antigenic structural analyses, eleven cultures of Salmonella paratyphi B, nineteen cultures of Salmonella typhimurium, one each culture of Salmonella potsdam and Salmonella newport, sixteen cultures of Salmonella enteritidis and three hundred thirty-four cultures of Salmonella typhi were confirmed. The drugs of choice for treating Salmonella infections were found to be chloramphenicol, ampicillin and gentamycin in Korea, although there were a few cultures appearing in a couple of previous years which showed resistant patterns by the In Vitro tests.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.155-158
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• 2003

In early 2002, over 200 people in the city of Pusan. Korea suffered from paratyphoid fever resulting from Salmonella Paratyphi A Infection. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests and Xbal pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFCE) were conducted to 54 Salmonella Paratyphi A isolated from humans during the period of 1998 to 2002. Most of the isolates ($83\%$) were only nalidixic acid-resistant and $78\%$ were X 1 PFGE patterns. Also, we measured the MIC of ciprofloxacin and screened gyrA mutation(5) using allele- specific PCR and restriction fragment length polymorphism (AS-PCR-RFLP). The representative 5 isolates in 2002 and 1 isolate in 2000 were $1{\mu}g/ml$ of MIC and had mutation at the 83rd codon in gyrA. These data suggest that the outbreak in the early 2002 might have been due to dissemination of the strain present In 2000. Also, decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin was partly due to the mutation at the 83rd codon in gyrA.

• The Journal of the Korean Society for Microbiology
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.31-36
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• 1978

Twenty strains of Salmonella paratyphi A, 55 of S. typhi, 7 of Shigella flexneri, and 14 of Sh. sonnei which were isolated in Taegu area in 1977, were tested for the susceptibility to antimicrobial drugs. All strains of S. paratyphi A were resistant to sulfisomidine(Sa), but none was resistant to chloramphenical(Cm), tetracycline(Tc), streptomycin(Sm), ampicillin, nalidixic acid, kanamycin, gentamicin, amikacin, 1:20 mixture of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole, carbenicillin, cephaloridine, and rifampicin. Only one strain. of S. typhi was multiply resistant to Cm, Tc, Sm, and Sa, but all strains were susceptible to the other drugs tested. The resistant strain carried R plasmid; R(Cm Tc Sm Sa). All strains except one were highly resistant to Cm, Tc, Sm, and Sa, and all except one of multiply resistant strains carried R plasmid; R(Cm Tc Sm Sa).

• The Journal of the Korean Society for Microbiology
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 1973

The authors identified 833 Salmonella cultures collected from various parts of the country in 1972. The procedures for the morphological and biochemical tests and for the serological determinations were performed by means of the conventional screening methods recommended by the National Center for Disease Control in U.S.A. The results of the laboratory tests were summerized as follows: 1. Of 833 Salmonella cultures, 1 S. paratyphi A, 1 S. nitra, 1 S. kiel, 1 S. abortusequi, 6 S. paratyphi B, 5 S. abony, 4 S. caledon, 13 S. typhimurium, 2 S. coeln, 1 S. oranienburg, 1 S. thompson, 1 S. bonn, 1 S. gabon, 1 S. colorado, 1 S. richmond, 2 S. berta, 20 S. enteritidis, 1 S. regent, 1 S. london were identified besides 769 cultures of S. typhi. 2. The antibiotics sensitivity tests by means of Ericsson's disc method using seven kinds of antibiotics were carried out, i.e. chloramphenicol, ampicillin, which were widely in common use in the country and the results were compared with that of Salmonella cultures isolated in 1971 as shown in table 4.

• The Journal of the Korean Society for Microbiology
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.295-300
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• 1987

Salmonella strains isolated from blood in the Dong-san hospital, Taegu during the period from 1971 to 1986 were studied for species distribution, drug resistance, and R plasmids. The number of strains was 2,527 and all of them were classified into S. typhi and S. paratyphi A. Approximately 300 strains were isolated in the period from 1974 to 1976 and 1978, 268 in 1982, and 204 in 1983, but the numbers isolated in the 1980's have a tendency to decrease as compared with those of the 1970's. S. typhi occupied 85% or more of strains isolated until 1976, but the isolation frequency decreased yearly with some variation, and S. paratyphi A increased gradually from 1974. Only 4 strains of S. paratyphi A were resistant to some drugs, and the resistance was not transferred to E. coli by conjugation. S. typhi resistant to drugs were 15 in 1971 through 1973, 24 in 1974, and 13 in 1975, but afterwards only few resistant strains were isolated. These strains were resistant to two or more drugs; chloramphenicol(Cm), tetracycline(Tc), streptomycin(Sm), sulfisomidine(Su), ampicillin(Ap), and kanamycin(Km) and no strain resistant to other drugs tested was found. Strains resistant to 3 or less drugs didn't transfer the resistance to E. coli by conjugation. There were 15 strains resistant to four or more drugs, and were isolated in years from 1972 to 1976. These strains transferred the resistance to E. coli, and the resistance was considered to be mediated by R plasmids. Transfer frequency was higher at $25^{\circ}C$ than at $37^{\circ}C$ and patterns of transferred resistance were Cm, Tc, Sm, Su; Ap, Km; Cm. R plasmids having markers of Cm, Tc, Sm and Su were classified into Inc H1.

• The Journal of the Korean Society for Microbiology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 1972

The authors made a study on the bacteriological identification about unidentified strains which were roughly screened by local health center, which an epidemic diarrhea was outbreak at Ham Yang Gun, Kyeongsang-Namdo in July 1971. And the authors made an attempt to bacteriological Identification, serotyping with slide agglutination, and determination of the susceptibility of identified strains to various chemotherapeutic agents. The results Were obtained as follows: 1. The isolated strains identified Shigella flexneri type 2b(2 strains) and Salmonella paratyphi B(4 strains). 2. Sensitivity test using with three concentrations chemotherapeutic agents(Paper disk used; Eiken chemical Co., Tokyo, Japan): (1) Shigella flexneri type 2b isolated strains were sensitive to kanamycin, colistin(100%) and penicllin(50%) respectively, but resistant to erythromycin, oleandomycin, leucomycin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, dihydrostreptomycin and sulfadimethoxin(100%) respectively. (2) Salmonella paratyphi B isolated strains were sensitive to chloramphenicol, tetracycline, dihydrostreptomycin, kanamycin, sulfadimethoxine(100%) and colistin(50%) respectively, but resistant to penicillin, erythromycin, oleandomycin and leucomycin(100%) respectively. 3. Sensitivity test using with multodisk urinary code(Paper disk used; Oxoid, London): (1) Shigella flexneri type 2b isolated strains were sensitive to Bactrim, ampicillin, nitrofurantoin, nalidixic add and gentamicin(100%) respectively, but resistant to chloramhpenicol, tetracycline, sulfadiazine and Fanasil(100%) respectively. (2) Salmonell paratyphi B isolated strains were sensitive to Bactrim, chloramphenicol, ampicillin, nitrofurantoin, tetracycline, nalidixic acid, gentamicin(100%) and sulfadiazine(50%) respectively, but resistant to Fanasil(100%) and sulfadiazine(50%) respectively.