• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.286-289
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• 2007

Heracleum nepalense D Don. (Umbelliferae) is a small shrub having high glabrescent stem found in stream banks in Sikkim. Various medicinal properties which include antidiarrhoeal, antiseptic, anti-influenzal etc. have been attributed for this plant in the traditional system of medicine in Sikkim. In present investigation the methanol extract of roots of Heracleum nepalense was subjected for its effectiveness against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria causing diarrhoea. The roots extract was tested for its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms causing diarrhoea. Further, the zones of inhibition produced by the crude extract against few sensitive strains was measured and compared with those of standard antibiotic ciprofloxacin. It is evident that the methanol extract is very active against the bacteria causing diarrhoea at low concentrations. The antibacterial efficacy of the root extract was found to decrease in the following order against different tested bacterial strains like Shigella dysenteriae, Escherichia coli, Shigella boydii, Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella typhimurium.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.383-388
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• 2020

Ingestion of food contaminated with microorganism, if not always, could lead to severe health problem. Preservatives has been added to food to prevent food from being contaminated with microorganism. But, these have potential to threaten the health. Therefore, much effort has been taken to find the safe materials showing the anti-microbial activity. In this study, we investigated the anti-bacterial activity of Oenothera lamarckiana aerial part extract against eight bacteria strain. In paper disc assay, extract inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Methicillin-resistant S. aureus, Bacillus cereus and Shigella dysenteriae at 200 μg/disc, but not against Escherichia coli, E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella Typhi and S. enteritidis. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against Staphylococcus aureus, Methicillin-resistant S. aureus, Bacillus cereus and Shigella dysenteriae is 250, 250, 500 and 500 μg/mL, respectively. Compared with reported MIC of other plant resources, O. lamarckiana aerial part extract showed the relatively high anti-bacterial activity. O. lamarckiana aerial part could be suitable for the preservative development. But, it still remains to be studied to evaluate safety and so on.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.81-87
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• 2005

This study was performed to investigate the antimicrobial activities of the Plagiorhegama dubium extracts against food-borne pathogens. The methanol extract was partitioned into petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol portions. The antimicrobial activity of the P. dubium extracts was determined using a paper disc method against food-borne pathogens and food spoilage bacteria. The methanol extracts of P. dubium showed the highest antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The synergistic effect has been found in combined extracts of P. dubium and Hedyotis diffsa as compared to each extracts alone. Finally, the growth inhibition curve was determined using methanol extracts of P. dubium against S. aureus and E. coli. The methanol extract of P. dubium showed strong antimicrobial activity against S. aureus at the concentration of 4,000 ppm. The 4,000 ppm of ethyl acetate portion from P. dubium retarded the growth of S. aureus more than 36 hours and E. coli up to 60 hours. The methanol extracts of P. dubium has been shown the antimicrobial activity against S. aureus and E. coli.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.168-173
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• 2002

Gastrointestinal infections kill over two million people each year, and pathogen contamination of livestock causes many cases of food poisoning. Two candidate intestinal probiotic strains, L. rhamnosus GR-1 and L. fermentum RC-14 were found to inhibit the growth of Salmonella typhi, Shigella dysenteriae, E. coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, L. innocua, Enterococcus faecalis, and Bacteroides fragilis. In a series of mouse experiments, L. rhamosus GR-1 and L rhamnosus GG protected against S. typhimurium infection and translocation to the liver and spleen, reduced mortality and induced intestinal phagocytic and immunoglobulin responses. In a second series of experiments, the combination of L. rhamnosus GR-1 and L. fermentum RC-14 was superior to L. rhamnosus GG and placebo in protecting the mice from the lethal effect of salmonella. In summary, the use of combinations of probiotic lactobacilli as dietary supplements or foods could be considered for people at high risk of salmonella intestinal infection. Given the post-infection complications that can arise, such natural methods warrant further exploration especially given the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance and the lack of alternative measures available to many developing countries.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.97-102
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• 2003

Raw and washed spinaches were tested to evaluate the incidences of Aeromonas hydrophila, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Plesiomonas shigelloides, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Yersinia enterocolitica, Bacillus cereus, Campylobacter jejuni, Clostridium perfringens, Listeria monocytogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus. Four pathogenic bacteria were isolated from spinach samples, and identified by morphological and biochemical methods, including API and ATB identification systems. Isolates from MacConkey, Cereus Selective, Clostridium Perfringens, and Baird-Parker agar media were in 99.9, 99.8, 99.9, and 97.8% agreements with A. hydrophila, B. cereus, C. perfringens, and S. aureus at the species level, respectively. SET-RPLA revealed, among the five strains of S. aureus isolates, two produced type A enterotoxin. All five strains of B. cereus isolates produced enterotoxin as revealed with CRET-RPLA.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.59-68
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• 1979

This work was carried out to detect the enterobacterial contamination in summer kimchies and their antagonis tic activity with lactic acid bacteria during kimchi fermentation. And obtained results were as in the followings. 1) Severe cases of enterobactrial contamination were found in every kimchi material and in the first step of summer kimchi fermention. 2) Some pathogenic or food poisonous strain of Salmonellaspp. was identified among the contaminated enterobacteria. 3) Pathogenic strains of Salmonella typhi, Shigella flexneri or E. coli which were added to kimchi fermention, were contineously detected for 10days at the temperature of $10^{\circ}C$. Food poisonous strain of Vibrio parahemolyticus was more resistant than the above stains in the kimchi fermentation. 4) And in summer condition(over $30^{\circ}C$) the added pathogenic strains of enterobacteria were also detected for 2 day at pH of 4.5 kimchi fermentation. 5) The antagonistic activity of enterobacteria in lactate buffer solution of pH 4.8 was more stron than that in the kimchi fermentation at $30^{\circ}C$ of summer condition. 6) According to the above results, sanitary washing processes for every kind of kimchi material (vegitables) are required to reduce the enterobacterial concentration which is usually contaminated. And some fermentation period is also required to avoid the possible kimchi food poisoning.

• The Journal of the Korean Society for Microbiology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.7-11
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• 1974

The authors identified fifty-eight Shigella cultures among 1644 cultures and specimens of enteric pathogens collected from all over the country in 1973. Fifty-one out of fifty-eight cultures belonged to Shigella flexneri and the rest to Shigella sonnei. None of cultures belonging to either subgroup A or C was detected in 1973. Of fifty-one cultures of Shigella flexneri twenty-six cultures were $B_{2a}$, which were isolated in Seoul area and Kwangwon-Do. The rest were $B_{3a}$ which were isolated in Jeonla-bug-Do and Kangwon-Do. It would not be possible to understand that there might not have been the cases or carriers of Shigella in the areas where the organisms were not isolated in 1973 and that there might not have been any other serotypes existing in the country, although there was a quite disparity found in the distribution between different areas and in the detection of the serotypes as shown in Table 1. Concerning the biochemical properties there were only two cultures showing positive arginine decarboxylase test among $B_{2a}$, and there were three cultures of trehalose negative cultures, one of rhamnose positive culture and one of glycerol positive culture observed, which were considered to be unusual. All the Shigella cultures were sensitive to nitrofurantoin, cephalosporin and ampicillin, and resistant to colistin, bacitracin and neomycin. Majority of them showed sensitive results to gentamycin, and the majority of Shigella $B_{3a}$ appeared to be sensitive to chloramphenicol, tetracycline, oxytetracycline and doxycycline, but the majority of $B_{2a}$ and Shigella sonnei were observed resistant to those antibiotics by means of the In-Vitro tests.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.483-488
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• 2001

The antimicrobial substance produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa KLP-2 strain was purified and identified. The substance was identified as a pyocyanine by the fast atom bombardment mass(FAB-MS). In physic-chemical properties, the pyocyanine was dark blue needles, and was soluble in various organic solvents such as chlorogorm, methanol, ethanol and ethyl acetae. The pyocyanine possessed a ultraviolet absorbance spectrum in methanol, 0.1 M HCl, and chlorogorm. The maximum absorption peak of the pyocyanine showed at 318 mm in methanol. The molecular formula of the pyocyanine was determined to the $C_{13}$ H$_{10}$ N$_{2}$O and protonate molecular ion species (M+H)$^{+}$ was observed at m/z 211 by FAB-MS. The pyocyanine showed antimicrobial against Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus luteus, Rodococcus equi, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus faecalis, E. col, Legionella pneumophila, Shigella flexneri Shigella boydii, shgella sonnei, NAG Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibro vulnificus, Yersinia enterocolitica, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. However, Salmonella spp. Shigela dysenteriae, 3 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiela pneumoniae, and Aspergillus niger were resistant to the pyocyanine. The pyocyanine showed the highest antimicrobial activity aganist Legionella pneumophila based on the size of inhibition zone by the disk contained 0.5 $\mu\textrm{g}$ of the pyocyanine.e.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.507-513
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• 2004

Microbiological safety investigation of 36 commercial salt-fermented shrimps revealed presence of coliform and Gram(+) cocci, whereas pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia coli O26, Salmonella, Shigella, Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and V. cholerae were not detected. When pathogenic bacteria were inoculated into 9, 18, and 27% salted shrimps, Salmonella so., E. coli O26, and S. aureus were not detected up to 13, 80, and 90 days of fermentation at $20^{\circ}C$, respectively, whereas up to 15 day in commercial salt-fermented shrimps.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.107-113
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• 2017

Purpose: This study clarified the bacterial pathogens currently causing acute infectious enterocolitis (AIE) in children and evaluated the clinical characteristics and ultrasonographic findings according to the different pathogens. Methods: Medical records regarding age, sex, clinical symptoms, laboratory data, identified enteropathogens, ultrasonographic findings, treatment, and outcome of 34 patients who were diagnosed with AIE via stool examination using multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or culture, were retrospectively reviewed. Results: Twenty-four patients (70.6%) were male. The mean age of the patients was $8.5{\pm}6.2$ (range, 1.1-17.1) years. Six bacterial pathogens were isolated: Salmonella species (spp.) (32.4%), Campylobacter spp. (20.6%), verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (14.7%), Staphylococcus aureus (11.8%), Clostridium difficile (8.8%), and Shigella spp. (2.9%). Abdominal pain occurred in all patients regardless of pathogen. The patients infected with Salmonella were older than those infected with verotoxin-producing E. coli (p<0.05). C-reactive protein levels were higher in patients with Salmonella and Campylobacter infections than in those with verotoxin-producing E. coli infection (p< 0.05), the other clinical and laboratory data were indistinguishable between pathogens. Ultrasonography demonstrated diverse involvement of bowel segments according to pathogen. Wall thickening of both the ileum and the entire colon was the most common lesion site regardless of pathogen. Conclusion: Various bacterial agents cause AIE and the symptoms are diverse symptoms, however, all most children recovered spontaneously. Use of multiplex PCR on stool samples warrants improvement of its sensitivity for diagnosis of enteropathogenic bacteria. Ultrasonographic examination is useful for diagnosis of AIE; it can also detect the disease extent and severity.