• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.5_6
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• pp.9-18
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• 1968

Morphological studios on the mouth parts of some aphids belonging to 5 sub-families and on the penetration of stylets into their host plants were carried out in order to find out possible relationship between mouth parts and capability of virus transmission. 1. There were no differences between the aphid species in general morphology of mouth parts. 2. Mouth parts could be observed in detail especially in Toxoptera citricidus and Chaitophorus chinensis. 3. Accessory salivary gland was larger than principal salivary gland in Toxoptera citricidus. 4. In 4 species, e. g. Chaitophorus chinensis, Myzus persicae, Aphis craccivora, Toxoptem citricidus, the stylets were usually inserted in plant tissues intercellularly and reached phloem, however, in Lachnus tropicalis only intracellularly and in Eriosoma clemalis more frequently intracellularly. 5. The stylets tracks of Eriosoma clemalis, Lachnus tropicalis and Myzus persicae were clearly visible but not in Toxoptera citricidus, Chaitophorus chinensis and Aphis craccivora. The tracks were stained with yellowish brown or red brown. 6. Saliva was seceted between the cell walls in most species and some substances in saliva seem to cause loosend cell walls. 7. The penetration of the stylets might cause physiological disturbance to host plants and could make the host plants susceptible to the plant diseases.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.65-80
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• 1997

Cytochrome P450 is an oxidase involved in oxidation of alcohol and is known to be an activator of carcinogen. The present study was perfomed to analyze the effect of diabetes and cold stress on the expression of Cytochrome P450 IIE1(CYPIIE1) in the liver and salivary glands in rats by an immunoblot analysis. Sixty three divided into 4 groups; 1) 20 rats belonging to group I were allowed diabetes (40mg/kg. I.V.) 2) 20 rats of group II were bathed in cold water for 30 seconds twice a day 3) 20 rats comprising group III were received diabetes and cold stress as described above 4) 3 rats of group IV were selected as a control. The rats were sacrificed at the end of the same day 1, 2, 3, 4 weeks experiment. The liver and parotid glands were removed and stored at $-70^{\circ}C$ until use. The stored organs were homogenized for 10 seconds and the supernatants were obtained by centrifugation. The proteins of the supernatants were separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate- polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and subjected to Western blotting. The blotted membranes were incubated with polyclonal antibodies to CYPIIE1. And sepimens were observed with light microscope also under the Hematoxillin-Eosin staining. The obtained results were as follows : 1. In diabetes group, acini had changed to degeneration severely 1 week experiment, but repaired gradually in lapse of time. 2. In diabetes group, septal connective tissue had changed to degeneration little by little from 1 week after experiment, and progressed severely in lapse of time. 3. In stress group, acini had not changed remarkably, but slightly separated each other 3 weeks after experiment. 4. In diabetes and stress group, histological feature had changed remarkably campare with in the group of diabetes only. 5. In all experimental group, CTPIIE1 had expressed remarkably in the liver tissue, but not in the parotid gland tissues. 6. In diabetes and stress group, CYPIIE1 had expressed remarkably campare with in the group of diabetes only.

• Proceedings of the KOR-BRONCHOESO Conference
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• 1981.05a
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• pp.14.2-14
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• 1981

In 1859, Billroth used the term "Zylindrome" to describe a tumor arising in the paranasal sinuses. This neoplasm has been referred to by a variety of terms including cylindroma, basaloma, basaloid adenoma, cribriform adenocarcinoma, and "adenoid cystic carcinoma", now preferred by most authors. It most often arises in the major and minor salivary glands of the head and neck but has been noted in the trachea, lung, breast, skin and elsewhere. The tumors are characterized by a high incidence of local recurrence and ultimate distant metastases after agrressive attempts at surgical excision. Radiation therapy, while not curative, has proved uniformly useful in promoting tumor regression and pain relief as a palliative treatment. The present study was undertaken to review our experience with a group of 44 patients with adenoid cystic carcinoma of the head and neck, diagnosed at the Jeonju Presbyterian Medical Center between 1963 and 1980. The results are as follows: 1. Forty-four cases of adenoid cystic carcinoma represented 40% of the malignant salivary gland tumors during the same interval. 2. The most common primary sites were palate(8 cases) and submandibular gland (8 cases). 3. Thirteen patients (31%) had tumors. that arose in the major salivary glands; 29 (69%), minor salivary glands. 4. Of the 44 patients, there were 21 males. and 23 females. 5. Age at diagnosis ranged from 19 to 78 years; the average age was 50 years. 6. The tumor size was more than 4cm to 6cm in its greatest diamension in 10 patients. Clinically positive cervical lymph nodes were found in 7 patients; distant metastasis in one case at the time of diagnosis. 7. Radical excision was employed in 27 patients, 14 of whom combined with radiotherapy. 8. Of 29 patients available for follow-up the gross and determinate 3-year survival rates were 27.6% and 44.4%, respectively. Among twelve patients who received radical excision, the 3-year survival was 58%. 9. Ten of these 44 patients had local recurrence in an interval of 3 to 88 months. from the initial treatment. Of ten recurrences, 3 occured after 5 years. 10. Distant metastasis was found in 3 of the treated patients. All were pulmonary metastasis.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.106-114
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• 2004

Purpose : This study was done to evaluate xerostomia fellowing intensity modulated radiotherapy for patients with head and neck cancer, and to analyze the correlation between the dosimetric parameters and xerostomia parameters. Materials and Methods : From February till October 2003, 13 patients with 3 months of follow-up were evaluated for xerostomia after being treated for head and neck cancer with IMRT. Their median age was 57 years(range: 43$\~$77). Xerostomia were assessed with a 4-question xerostomia questionnaire score (XQS) and a test for salivary flow rates (unstimulated and stimulated). The patients were also given a validated LENT SOMA scale (LSC) questionnaire. The evaluations were completed before radiation therapy (pre-RT) and at 1 and, 3 months after radiation therapy (RT). We evaluated xerostomia at pre-RT, 1 and, 3 months after RT. The association between the xerostomia parameters (XQS and LSC) and salivary flow rates (unstimulated and stimulated: USFR and SSFR) was assessed at 1 and 3 months after RT. Resrlts : All 13 patients showed no significant changes in XQS, LSC and Salivary Flow rates. As a result, we couldn't find out about xerostomia development. Based on the total mean parotid dose, 3,500 cGy, we divided these patients into two groups. The 8 patients (<3,500 cGy) showed no significant changes in XQS, LSC and Salivary Flow rates However, in 5 Patients ($\geq$3,500 cOGy), there was a significant increase in USFR and, SSFR at 3 months after RT, and for the XQS and, LSC at 1 and 3 months after RT. The correlation between XQS and, LSC, and USFR and, SSFR in ail patients (13) was significant at 3 months after RT. The correlation had a tendency to the decrease for USFR and, SSFR in proportion to the increase of XQS and, LSC. Conclusion : Based on the results of this study, IMRT seem to be an effective treatment to significantly decrease the xerostomia. XQS and, LSC seem to be a effective tool for predicting the xerostomia. A total parotid gland mean dose of <3,500 cGy should be a planning goal if substantial sparing of the gland function is desired. Furthermore, patients should be enrolled in a study to define a more accurate threshold dose for the parotid gland.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.161-169
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• 2003

Purpose: To observe the histologic changes and clusterin expression in the acinar cells of the submandibular gland in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat following irradiation. Materials and Methods: Mature Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups: control, diabetic, and diabetic-irradiated groups. Diabetes mellitus was induced in the Sprague-Dawley rats by injecting streptozotocin, while the control rats were injected with citrate buffer only. After 5 days, rats in diabetic-irradiated group were irradiated with single absorbed dose of 10 Gy to the head and neck region. The rats were killed at 1, 3, 7, 14,21, and 28 days after irradiation. The specimen including the submandibular gland were sectioned and observed using histologic and immunohistochemical methods. Results : Morphologic change of acinar cells was remarkable in the diabetic group, but was not observed in the diabetic-irradiated group. Necrotic tissues were observed in the diabetic-irradiated group. Coloring of toluidine blue stain was most increased at 14 days in the diabetic group, however there were no significant change throughout the period of the experiment in the diabetic-irradiated group. Expression of clusterin was most significant at 14 days in the diabetic group, but gradually decreased with time after 7 days in the diabetic-irradiated group. Degeneration of clusterin was observed in the diabetic-irradiated group. Conclusion : This experiment suggests that the acinar cells of submandibular gland in rats are physiologically apoptosed by the induction of diabetes, but that the apoptosis is inhibited and the acinar cells necrotized after irradiation.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.9-14
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• 2010

Purpose : We evaluated the absorbed doses to the organs and calculated the effective doses when using the digital panoramic radiography. Materials and Methods : The absorbed dose averages in major organs of oral and maxillofacial region were measured using the Dental head phantom (CIRS Co., USA), $^nLi_2B_4O_7$ TLD chip and UD-716AGL dosimeter (Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., JPN) when performing indirect and direct digital panoramic radiography. Effective doses were calculated from correspond to ICRP 2007 recommendations for two panoramic radiography. Results : The absorbed dose average on indirect and direct digital panoramic radiography was highest in parotid glands as measured 1259.6 mGy and 680.7 mGy respectively. Absorbed dose average in another organs were high in order of esophagus, submandibular gland, tongue and thyroid gland on both types of digital panoramic radiography. The absorbed dose average was higher on indirect type than direct one (p<0.05). The effective dose was higher on indirect type than direct one as measured 13.28 mSv and 8.70 mSv respectively. Conclusion : The absorbed doses in salivary gland and oral mucosa were high. However, thyroid gland also demands the attention on radiography due to high tissue weighting factor in spite of the low absorbed dose.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.53-56
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• 2010

Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma is transformed at the incidence of 1-20% in pleomorphic adenoma and frequently recurred. It accounts for 10% of all malignant salivary tumors and its average age of occurrence is 60s. It will present in a large, long-standing pleomorphic adenoma or in one that was previously treated but has recurred. According to cell composition in malignant cell carcinoma, and clear cell adenocarcinoma. Most (75%) occur in parotid gland, while about 20% occur in the minor gland of the oral mucosa. The metastasis rate to regional lymph node is about 25%, and to distant organs about 33% and the 5-year survival rates are 40%. Though the treatment of the carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma is not established, it is treated ideally with and extensive resection, neck dissection, postoperative radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. When occurred in parotid gland, facial paralysis is reported. With a review of literatures, we report a case of carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma which operated with total parotidectomy and supraomohyoid neck dissection.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.33-37
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• 2014

Acinic cell carcinoma (ACC) is an uncommon malignant tumor of the salivary glands that is difficult to diagnose. It grows slowly and shows distant metastasis rarely. We experienced a case of recurrent ACC in the parotid gland with cardiac metastasis and hypertrophic osteoarthropathy. The 29-year-old man had been suffering from severe multiple bones and joints pain for 2 months. Ten years earlier, he underwent superficial parotidectomy due to a right subauricular mass. The mass was diagnosed with ACC. After surgery, the tumor recurred twice. Then the patient was diagnosed with cardiac metastasis via positron emission tomography-computed tomography and trans-thoracic echocardiography. He also had hypertrophic osteoarthropathy with multiple bone metastasis. He was given palliative radiotherapy and conservative treatment. ACC in the parotid gland with cardiac metastasis and hypertrophic osteoarthropathy has not yet been reported in literature. From this case, it is recommended to evaluate multiple distant metastasis in the ACC of the parotid gland when joint and bone pain are present.

• The Korean Journal of Cytopathology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.106-109
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• 2005

We report a case of Warthin's tumor of the parotid gland in a 53 year old man, which is incorrectly diagnosed as squamous cell carcinoma. Fine needle aspiration cytology(FNAC) smear obtained from the right parotid gland revealed scattered epithelial cell clusters or nests in a diffuse inflammatory and necrotic background. Some epithelial cells had squamoid appearance showing variable sized bizarre shaped nuclei. They had abundant of dense eosinophilic keratinized cytoplasm. Occasionally, parakeratotic cells were also present. These cytologic findings with significant atypia and necrotic background made diagnosis as squamous cell carcinoma. But, the resection specimen from this patient showed classic Warthin's tumor in addition to abundant areas of inflammation and squamous metaplasia. Metaplastic or infarcted Warthin's tumor in the salivary gland may be confused with false positive diagnosis of malignancy on FNAC. Therefore, cytopathologist should have adequate awareness of potential of erroneous diagnosis in FNAC of Warthin's tumor.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.93-100
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• 2020

Xerostomia is a relatively common oral disease that causes various problems such as pain, discomforted, tissue damage, and infection. When the activity of AQPs, which plays an important role in the microbial channel transmembrane activity in tissues, decreases saliva secretion and the oral cavity dryness occurs. In this study, we observed whether there was a change in tissue through the expression level of AQP-5 in the submandibular gland in the 4-DAMP-induced xerostomia model. First, in order to construct a xerostomia model, 4-DAMP (1 mg/kg) and 20% urethane (0.5 mL/kg) were administered intraperitoneal (i.p.) to experimental animals. To observe the changes in the submandibular gland was excised, H&E staining was performed and protein quantitation analysis was performed using the submandibular tissue to observe the changes in AQP5 protein expression involved in changes in saliva secretion. Also, cinnamaldehyde (5, 12.5, 25 and 50 mg/kg) dissolved in 20% DMSO, in distilled water for each concentration, and then orally administered at a dose of 1 mL for biopsy and protein quantitative analysis. As a result, it was observed that the submandibular tissue, a model of xerostomia was wider than the naïve group. And then western blot analysis, the expression level of AQP5 decreased in the 4-DAMP group compared to the naïve group, and the expression increased in the group administered orally with cinnamaldehyde. Therefore, administration of 4-DAMP resulted in histological changes for xerostomia, and cinnamaldehyde would be a material that can be developed by reducing xerostomia.