• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.1285-1288
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• 2012

Background: The Fagerstrom Test for Cigarette Dependence (FTCD) (formally FTND) is widely used for measuring physical dependence on nicotine. Objective: To explore the cross cultural validity and reliability of FTCD amongst Arabic speaker cigarette consumers who chew khat leaf, a stimulant green leaf. Methods: The psychometric properties of the FTCD were assessed in a subsample (91regular cigarette smokers) of purposively selected 204 UK-resident Yemeni khat chewers recruited during random visits to khat sale outlets. Data were collected via a structured face-to-face interview. Data analyses included descriptive tests and factor analysis. Results: Two factors were obtained by a principle axis factor analysis and these were termed as urgency of restoring the level of nicotine after abstinence during sleeping and maintaining the level of nicotine during waking. The internal reliability (Cronbach's alpha coefficient) of the whole FTCD is low (.68) as well as for the two subscales (.60) and (.62) respectively. Conclusion: The psychometric properties of the Arabic version of the FTCD scale in this sample of Yemeni khat chewers who smoked regularly confirmed what has been established in other cultural settings. The findings of this study have yet to be cross validated amongst other appropriately representative sample of Arabic speakers.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery Conference
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• 1996.06c
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• pp.701-710
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• 1996

Composting has gained rapid acceptance as a method of recyling relatively dry organic materials such as leaves and brush and , when alternative disposal costs are high, even moist materials such as grass clippings and dewatered sewage sludges. However, as moisture contents rise above 60% , the need for a dry bulking amendment increase the costs of composting , both by direct purchases of amendment and though increased reactor capacity and materials handling requirements. High moisture materials also present increased risks of anaerobic odor formation through reduced oxygen transport (Miller , 1991) . These costs and operational challengers often constrain the opportunities to compost high moisture materials such as agricultural manures. During the last several decades economies of scale in livestock production have been increasing livestock densities and creating manure management challenges throughout the world. This issue is particularly pressing in Korea, where livestock arms typically manage little or no cropland, and the nutrients and boichemical oxygen demand in manure pose a serious threat to water quality. Composting has recently become popular as a means of recycling manure into products for sale off the farm, but bulking amendments (usually sawdust) are expensive designed to minimize bulking agent requirements by using the energy liberated by decompostion. In this context the composting reactor is used as a biological dryer, allowing the repeated use of bulking amendment with several batches of manure.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.61-72
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to examine and investigate the characteristics of locational facilities and the purchase and leisure patters of residents with its focus on downtown streets of Yeongam-eup which is a eup-level small town. In the subject downtown streets, commercial and residential functions coexisted. While most locational facilities were small-scale sale(buy), food(eat), and employment(public institutions) facilities which were needed for neighborhood life and supporting daily life, the lack of facilities which supported leisure life(enjoy) and represented small town identity was found. The most common frequency of using downtown streets by residents was 'almost everyday'; the most common intention to use was 'to purchase daily things'; and the most common purchase good was 'groceries', followed by farming machines, books, and stationery. It suggested that the use of downtown streets was characterized by daily neighborhood life. In particular, it was found that expensive goods(more than 500,000 won) were commonly purchased in neighboring middle or large cities. Thus, it is necessary to consider the option and professionality of goods. Finally, it is necessary to consider residents' accessibility through reorganizing a street form from car-focused to pedestrian-focused.

• The Korean Journal of Food & Health Convergence
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.1-10
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• 2022

The term "Organic Food" is no longer strange to consumers around the world. Many people are concerned about their safety and health, so they have chosen this safe food. However, the decision to buy this product still faces some difficulties and challenges, such as the high price of organic products, short-time use, supply of products and so on. This study conducted an analysis to investigate the determinants of Danang City consumers' intention to purchase organic foods in Vietnam. The results show that, there are 6 influencing factors, including: subjective norm, food safety & health consciousness, consumer knowledge & environment consciousness, price of the product, availability product and trust in brands and certifications. The study uses a combination of 2 qualitative and quantitative methods. Qualitative methods are used through analysis, evaluation and synthesis of previous studies to build research models and scales for variables. Quantitative method with 250 samples applied SPSS 25.0 to test the scale by Cronbach's Alpha coefficients, to analyze the discovery factor EFA and regression analysis. The findings of the study provide useful information for consumers to buy organic foods and for marketers to increase sale of organic foods in Vietnam in general and Danang city in particular.

• Journal of Korea Entertainment Industry Association
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.411-417
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to identify the effect not of therapeutic behavior but of the balance evaluation process itself on the balance ability of the elderly. For this, 36 elderly people over 65 age belonging to two elderly welfare centers in Jeonju city were divided into 3 groups of 12 each. All participants were divided into three groups, one was the daily evaluation, another was weekly, and the other group was twice at the beginning and the end of the study. And this study conducted for 4 weeks totally. The balance scale that we used one was Berg Balance Scale and for comparison within groups and between groups, Paired t-test and one-way ANOVA methods were used. The post-hoc test was used 'Scheffe test', and the significance level was α = .05. The results showed that the balance ability was significantly improved after 4 weeks in all three groups. Among all groups, the highest improvement was observed in the daily evaluation group and the lowest improvement was observed in the general evaluation group. In the comparison between the groups, it was confirmed between the daily evaluation group and the weekly evaluation group, between the daily evaluation group and the general evaluation group. These results show that the evaluation process using the balance function scale, rather than the therapeutic behavior, can affect the balance ability of the elderly. I would like to be able to utilize this basic research data that just evaluation of balance function using balance scale in the social facilities and institutions for the elderly can positively influence the improvement of the balance function and strengthen the postural controling ability necessary for the independent daily life practice.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.49-60
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• 2016

This study is in order to promote agricultural products sold in the rural village festivals direct transaction marketplace and enabled by a comprehensive user evaluation of the rural village festivals direct transaction marketplaces in universal design perspective, provide a design plan for your care and comfort of a rural village festival Direct Deals Marketplace there is a purpose. Thus, redefining the principles of universal design suitable for direct transactions rural village festival marketplaces, and to do this by reclassifying the design elements of the farmstand-type in a framework was developed 30 questions to evaluate items for Universal Design Evaluation. And, the selection of three villages along the rural village festivals scale and conducted a survey of Universal Design Rating. As a result, the overall assessment was positive for B villages of rural village festival marketplaces direct transactions, there was a significant difference with the other village. In particular, there was a notable difference in the fairness, efficiency, promotional, safety and hygiene. And, there was a significant difference in design elements for directing atmosphere by selling space, product display, hygiene. This paper presents the design suggestions about a rural village festivals farmers' market aspects of universal design for improvement of the marketplace as following, 1) placement for differentiation the markerplace and around sites in the festival place, 2) to build the operating systems of sustainable management for arrangement and organization during the festival, 3) to install the device for maintaining agricultural products freshness 4) to separate the sale of local specialty products and general food products, and 5) to locate the suitable space considering the visitors tour route in the festival place for large-scale festival.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2010.02a
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• pp.86-86
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• 2010

Micro- and nanoscale texturing and control of surface energy have been considered for superhydrophobicity on polymer and silicon. However these surfaces have been reported to be difficult to meet the robustness and transparency requirements for further applications, from self cleaning windows to biochip technology. Here we provided a novel method to fabricate a nearly superhydrophobic soda-lime glass using two-step method. The first step involved wet etching process to fabricate micro-sale patterns on soda-lime glass. The second step involved application of $SiO_x$-incorporated DLC to generate high intrinsic contact angle on the surface using chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process. To investigate the effect of surface roughness, we used both positive and negative micro-scale patterns on soda-limeglass, which is relatively hard for surface texturing in comparison to quartz or Pyrex glasses due to the presence of impurities, but cheaper. For all samples we tested the static wetting angle and transparency before and after 100 cycles of wear test using woolen steel. The surface morphology is observed using optical and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results shows that negative patterns had a greater wear resistance while the hydrophobicity was best achieved using positive patterns having static contact angle up to 140 deg. with about 80% transparency. The overall experiment shows that positive patterns at etching time of 1 min shows the optimum transparency and hydrophobicity. The optimization of micro-scale pattern to achieve a robust, transparent, superhydrophobic soda-lime glass will be further investigated in the future works.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.326-355
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• 2024

Expectations for the industrialization of cultured meat are growing due to the increasing support from various sectors, such as the food industry, animal welfare organizations, and consumers, particularly vegetarians, but the progress of industrialization is slower than initially reported. This review analyzes the main issues concerning the industrialization of cultured meat, examines research and media reports on the development of cultured meat to date, and presents the current technology, industrialization level, and prospects for cultured meat. Currently, over 30 countries have companies industrializing cultured meat, and around 200 companies that are developing or industrializing cultured meat have been surveyed globally. By country, the United States has over 50 companies, accounting for more than 20% of the total. Acquiring animal cells, developing cell lines, improving cell proliferation, improving the efficiency of cell differentiation and muscle production, or developing cell culture media, including serum-free media, are the major research themes related to the development of cultured meat. In contrast, the development of devices, such as bioreactors, which are crucial in enabling large-scale production, is relatively understudied, and few of the many companies invested in the development of cultured meat have presented products for sale other than prototypes. In addition, because most information on key technologies is not publicly available, it is not possible to determine the level of technology in the companies, and it is surmised that the technology of cultured meat-related startups is not high. Therefore, further research and development are needed to promote the full-scale industrialization of cultured meat.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.170-180
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• 2007

This paper deals with the economy of scale for domestic on-site hydrogen stations fueled with natural gas and naptha. We evaluate the economic feasibility of on-site hydrogen stations with hydrogen production capacities of $30Nm^3/hr,\;100Nm^3/hr\;and\;300Nm^3/hr$. We build a classical economic feasibility model and we make some sensitivity analyses by changing the values of input factors such as the hydrogen sale price and the discount rate. The estimated hydrogen prices of steam methane reforming stations with production capacities of $30\;Nm^3/hr,\;100\;Nm^3/hr\;and\;300\;Nm^3/hr$ are 18,472 won/kg, 10,689 won/kg and 7,758 won/kg, respectively. Also, the hydrogen prices are about the same if we use naptha as a raw material for hydrogen energy instead of natural gas. It turns out that small and medium size domestic on-site hydrogen stations will not be economical in the near future. This indicates that we need to construct large scale on-site hydrogen fueling stations even for the initial phase of the hydrogen economy.

• Korean System Dynamics Review
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.25-40
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• 2001

This paper describes the forecast of power plant construction in a competitive korean electricity market. In Korea, KEPCO (Korea Electric Power Corporation, fully controlled by government) was responsible for from the production of the electricity to the sale of electricity to customer. However, the generation part is separated from KEPCO and six generation companies were established for whole sale competition from April 1st, 2001. The generation companies consist of five fossil power companies and one nuclear power company in Korea at present time. Fossil power companies are scheduled to be sold to private companies including foreign investors. Nuclear power company is owned and controlled by government. The competition in generation market will start from 2003. ISO (Independence System Operator will purchase the electricity from the power exchange market. The market price is determined by the SMP(System Marginal Price) which is decided by the balance between demand and supply of electricity in power exchange market. Under this uncertain circumstance, the energy policy planners such as government are interested to the construction of the power plant in the future. These interests are accelerated due to the recent shortage of electricity supply in California. In the competitive market, investors are no longer interested in the investment for the capital intensive, long lead time generating technologies such as nuclear and coal plants. Large unclear and coal plants were no longer the top choices. Instead, investors in the competitive market are interested in smaller, more efficient, cheaper, cleaner technologies such as CCGT(Combined Cycle Gas Turbine). Electricity is treated as commodity in the competitive market. The investors behavior in the commodity market shows that the new investment decision is made when the market price exceeds the sum of capital cost and variable cost of the new facility and the existing facility utilization depends on the marginal cost of the facility. This investors behavior can be applied to the new investments for the power plant. Under these postulations, there is the potential for power plant construction to appear in waves causing alternating periods of over and under supply of electricity like commodity production or real estate production. A computer model was developed to sturdy the possibility that construction will appear in waves of boom and bust in Korean electricity market. This model was constructed using System Dynamics method pioneered by Forrester(MIT, 1961) and explained in recent text by Sternman (Business Dynamics, MIT, 2000) and the recent work by Andrew Ford(Energy Policy, 1999). This model was designed based on the Energy Policy results(Ford, 1999) with parameters for loads and resources in Korea. This Korea Market Model was developed and tested in a small scale project to demonstrate the usefulness of the System Dynamics approach. Korea electricity market is isolated and not allowed to import electricity from outsides. In this model, the base load such as unclear and large coal power plant are assumed to be user specified investment and only CCGT is selected for new investment by investors in the market. This model may be used to learn if government investment in new unclear plants could compensate for the unstable actions of private developers. This model can be used to test the policy focused on the role of unclear investments over time. This model also can be used to test whether the future power plant construction can meet the government targets for the mix of generating resources and to test whether to maintain stable price in the spot market.