• Journal of the Daesoon Academy of Sciences
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• v.24_2
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• pp.231-270
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• 2015

This thesis examined Chu Hsi's self-cultivation theory as the representative theory of cultivation in Confucianism, while juxtaposing it to self-cultivation theory in Daesoon thought, concentrating on its similarity and difference. Neo-Confucianism is a scholarship which has wielded a tremendous influence upon East Asia, while functioning as an official scholarship for long period up to Yuan, Ming, and Ching period, after achieving its synthesis by Chu Hsi. After 13th century, Neo-Confucianism has been a representative academic system in Confucianism, and self-cultivation theory was in its center. It suggested various virtues that classical scholars have to equip to fulfill the sainthood and the politics of royal road. The self-cultivation theory of Chu Hsi was developed upon the basis of the theory 'Li-Qi' and the theory of mind. Here, the practice of Geokyung(morally awakened state with a reverent spirit in every moment) and Gyeokmul-tsiji(reaching into the utmost knowledge through investigation of things) formed a nucleus of Chu Hsi's self-cultivation theory. While Geokyung was to reveal one's true nature through cultivation of mind, Gyeokmul-tsiji was to demonstrate the complete use of mind's essence and function. Chu Hsi's self-cultivation theory attempted to realize the unity of heaven and man, and through cultivating self and governing people, it also tried to achieve its ideal of the society of Great Union(Daedong). Daesoon Thought is originated from Sangjenim who has descended to this world as a human being called Jeungsan. He went on his circuit to rectify the disorder of heaven and earth for 9 years to rectify the Three worlds of heaven, earth and human being which were faced with total annihilation due to its rule of mutual conflict, while creating an earthly paradise. Respecting the will of Sangjenim, Dojunim established the foundation of Do through launching 'Meukeukdo' and setting tenet, creed and object so that the cultivators (Doins) could believe and respect the truth of Sangje's great itineration (Daesoon). Among those, the two components of creed, which are four fundamental principles and the three fundamental attitudes are of great account as precept and cardinal point. Through this means, the cultivators of Daesoonjinrihoe aspire to guard against self-deception through transforming the human spirit, to realize earthly immortality through renewing human beings, and to create an earthly paradise through transforming the world. This thesis attempted to compare and analyze the theory of self-cultivation in Neo-Confucianism and Daesoon Thought in the aspect of ground, method, and object of cultivation. First, as for the ground of cultivation, the doctrines of Chu-tzu and Daesoon thought place the essence of cultivation on 'heaven'. Yet, whereas the former postulates Taekeuk (the Great Ultimate) as a principle as well as the heaven of a natural order, Daesoon thought postulates Sangenim as the heaven of superintendence as well as the heaven of a natural order, signified as its equation of Daesoon with circle, along with the unity of Meukeuk (Endlessness) and Taegeuk (the Great Ultimate). Further, the doctrine of Chu-zhu and Daesoon thought is identical in the point that both thoughts see mind as the subject of cultivation, while trying to restore a pure essence. Nevertheless, whereas Neo-Confucianism intends to give scope to ability of the complete use of mind's essence and function, Daesoon Thought sees mind as the essence which is used by spiritual beings and as an organ that heaven, earth and human being rely upon as the center of the universe. In the aspect of method of cultivation, the doctrine of Chuzhu lays emphasis on the rational factor in that it brightens its 'myung-deoki'(bright inner virtue),' while trying to correspond to the law of heaven on the basis of 'Geokyung' and 'Gyeokmul-tsiji.' On the contrary, Daesoon thought lays much emphasis on faith factor in that it aspires for human perfection based on the restoration of conscience by cultivating Daesoonjinri with sincerity, reverence and faith along with 'quieting the heart-mind', 'quieting the body', 'respecting the God of the Ninth Heaven', and 'observing ritual practice on the basis of the faith in Sangjenim. Yet, both thoughts have similarities in that cultivation of body forms the basis and that they attempt to realize their ideals through cultivation in daily life while taking 'Guarding against self-deception' as the key method of self-cultivation.' However, the principle of Chu-zhu can be said to be a voluntary and autonomous practice based on scripture of the saint as well as self-reflection. On the other hand, Daesoon thought reveals certain difference in that it combines faith factor with one's self-effort by concentrating on cultivation under the presence of Sangjenim as the object of belief and the spirits of heaven and earth. In the aspect of object of cultivation, both thoughts share similarities in that the saint and the perfected gentleman with a moral virtue as an ideal image of men in both thoughts attempt to realize each of their 'myung-deok' in human nature as a heavenly mandate while respecting morality. Further, they also share similarity in the point that the desirable characters in both thoughts want to participate in harmonious creation and nurturance. Yet, the perfected gentleman with a moral virtue is also characterized by its aim for a new heaven and earth where there is no mutual conflict but mutual beneficence, by promoting the moral influence and virtue of Sangjenim over one's own virtue, while practising the mutual beneficence of all life through harmonious union of divine beings and human beings.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.65 no.3
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• pp.62-75
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to examine how fine art is received in fashion, and to contribute to the development of a creative fashion culture. In order to do this examination, this study focuses on the formative ideas of De Stijl which appeared in the early 20th century. In addition, this study presents examples of today's fashion that still reflects the formative ideas of De Stijl. The De stijl movement did not last for a long time, but it has had significant influence on modern art, and has been a source of inspiration to fashion designers since the Mondrian look was presented by Yves Saint Laurent in 1965. The study on the basis of De Stijl such as Neo-Plasticism of Piet Mondrian and Elementalism of Theo van Doesburg, has been conducted in this study. As a result, this study presents formative characteristics of the De Stijl group in fashion as follows: First, contemporary fashion designers have searched for proportion and thickness of lines and the side split using lines, a stylistic trait of an artist in the De Stijl group. Second, color scheme defined by the De Stijl group has been applied with modification to contemporary fashion. Modification and selective choice of the limited colors are for a contemporaneous style. Third, formative ideas of De Stijl, which strives to achieve the vision of Utopia, has turned up in contemporary fashion as a simple and minimal silhouette. Contemporary fashion has enhanced their aesthetic value by deriving not only a superficial expression but also plastic principle and philosophy from De stijl. It can be regarded as the fashion's ideal way to embrace style of art and it might be so described as a key to edifying artistic and creative attributes of fashion.

• Korean Journal of Bronchoesophagology
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.45-49
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• 2007

Background and Objective : Laryngeal Papillomatosis (LP) is the most common benign neoplasm of the larynx, but it tend to recur and it makes eradicating difficult. Meticulous $CO_2$ laser excision has been the most effective treatment to date. This article analyzes the clinical feature and therapeutic results of 42 LP patients who were undergone $CO_2$ laser excision. Methods : Forty two patients with recurrent LP were treated with $CO_2$ laser. And their medical records were reviewed retrospectively. Demographics, chief complaints at onset, initial distribution of papillomas, number of operations performed on each patient, and current results were evaluated. Results : Male in their twenties and forties are dominant in number in patient number. Most common site was anterior one thirds (69%) of glottis area (86%). LP recurred in 17 cases (40%), and in 4 cases, the lesion extended over the original margin. Patients were undergone surgery $1.62{\pm}0.87$ times, $2.53{\pm}0.72$ in recurred cases. Mean relapsing time was 6 momths (from 1momth to 8years). Ant. laryngeal web occurred in 2 cases (4.8%) and 1 case was combined with squamous cell carcinoma. Conclusion : Meticulously performed $CO_2$ laser excision can achieve significant voice and airway improvement and clinical cures. The $CO_2$ laser through microdirect laryngoscopy allows more precise and bloodless removal of papillomas.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2012.08a
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• pp.250-250
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• 2012

Organic light-emitting diodes (OLED) and polymer light emitting diodes (PLED) have been regarded as the candidate for the next generation light source and flat panel display. Currently, the most common OLED industrial fabrication technology used in producing real products utilizes a fine shadow mask during the thermal evaporation of small molecule materials. However, due to high potential including low cost, easy process and scalability, various researches about solution process are progressed. Since polymer has some disadvantages such as short lifetime and difficulty of purifying, small molecule OLED (SMOLED) can be a good alternative. In this work, we have demonstrated high efficient solution-processed OLED with small molecule. We use CBP (4,4'-N,N'-dicarbazolebiphenyl) as a host doped with green dye (Ir(ppy)3 (fac-tris(2-phenyl pyridine) iridium)). PBD (2-(4-biphenylyl)-5-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole) and TPD (N,N'diphenyl-N,N'-Bis (3-methylphenyl)-[1,1-biphenyl]-4,4'-diamine) are employed as an electron transport material and a hole transport material. And TPBi (2,2',2''-(1,3,5-phenylene) tris (1-phenyl-1H-benzimidazole)) is used as an hole blocking layer for proper hole and electron balance. With adding evaporated TPBi layer, the current efficiency was very improved. Among various parameters, we observed the property of OLED device by changing the thickness of hole transporting layer and solvent which can dissolve organic material. We could make small molecule OLED device with finding proper conditions.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2016.02a
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• pp.278-278
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• 2016

Solution-processed metal-oxide semiconductors have been considered as the next generation semiconducting materials for transparent and flexible electronics due to their high electrical performance. Moreover, since the oxide semiconductors show high sensitivity to light illumination and possess persistent photoconductivity (PPC), these properties can be utilized in realizing optical memory devices, which can transport information much faster than the electrons. In previous works, metal-oxide semiconductors are utilized as a memory device by using the light (i.e. illumination does the "writing", no-gate bias recovery the "reading" operations) [1]. The key issues for realizing the optical memory devices is to have high photoconductivity and a long life time of free electrons in the oxide semiconductors. However, mono-layered indium-zinc-oxide (IZO) and mono-layered indium-gallium-zinc-oxide (IGZO) have limited photoconductivity and relaxation time of 570 nA, 122 sec, 190 nA and 53 sec, respectively. Here, we boosted up the photoconductivity and relaxation time using a double-layered IZO/IGZO active layer structure. Solution-processed IZO (top) and IGZO (bottom) layers are prepared on a Si/SiO2 wafer and we utilized the conventional thermal annealing method. To investigate the photoconductivity and relaxation time, we exposed 9 mW/cm2 intensity light for 30 sec and the decaying behaviors were evaluated. It was found that the double-layered IZO/IGZO showed high photoconductivity and relaxation time of 28 uA and 1048 sec.

• Journal of East-West Nursing Research
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.32-40
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• 2016

Purpose: This study aimed to provide basic data for vascular health of patient who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) by verifying the mediating effect of compliance in the relationship between risk level of coronary artery disease (CAD) and blood vessel elasticity. Methods: This is a descriptive study with 115 patients, who underwent the PCI a year ago and visited in the cardiology department from January to March, 2015. The risk level of CAD, blood vessel elasticity and the compliance were measured. For data analysis, SPSS/WIN 21.0 and AMOS (IBM) 21.0 were used. Results: There were a positive correlation with blood vessel elasticity score (i.e. inelasticity of the blood vessel wall) (r=.189) and a negative correlation with compliance (r=-.658) in mediating effect of risk level of CAD. There was a negative correlation between compliance and blood vessel elasticity (r=-.482). The direct effect (${\beta}=-.226$), indirect effect (${\beta}=.415$) and total effect (${\beta}=.186$) of mediating effect of risk level of CAD on blood vessel elasticity were significant. Compliance had a partial mediating effect of risk level of CAD on blood vessel elasticity. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that managing and preventing moderating effect of risk level of CAD on compliance is helpful in restoring blood vessel elasticity.

• Journal of Korean Library and Information Science Society
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.469-491
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• 2019

The purpose of the study is to establish a plan for the development of digital person archives with the case of Geum-nam Kim, the third-generation head of the Christian Donggwangwon Monastery Society. The step-by-step strategy for building digital character archives for Geum-nam Kim is as follows. 1)The reason and expected effect of the character selection are analyzed. Since he was a survivor, he has recorded and typed his life history through several interviews. Considering that the memory of Geum-nam Kim, who is over 90 years old, could be mixed up in the time of the incident, the advice of Sister Donggwangwon and Maj. Gen. Gyuillwon, the lower unit of Donggwangwon, was obtained and verified for accuracy. 2)The contents of the records and the place of collection were identified, and the total content composition(proposal) was presented by reclassifying and relocating the records identified records. The entire contents are divided into recorded contents and explanatory contents, so that they can be linked to each area and collection.

• Particle and aerosol research
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.261-269
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• 2013

The chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) process is widely used in semiconductor manufacturing process for planarization of various materials and structures. Point-of-use (POU) filters are used in most of the CMP processes in order to reduce the unwanted micro-scratches which may result in defects. The performance of the POU filter is depends on type and size of the abrasives used during cleaning process. For this reason, there is a need to evaluate POU filters for their filtration efficiency (FE) with different types of abrasives. In this study, we developed filter test system to evaluate the FE of POU using ceria and silica abrasives (slurry). The POU filter is roll type capsule filter with retention size of 0.2 ${\mu}m$. Two POU filters of different make are evaluated for FE. We observed that both POU filters show similar filtration efficiency for silica and ceria slurry. Results reveal that the ceria slurry and the colloidal silica particle are removed not only by mechanical way but also hydrodynamic and electrostatic interaction way.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.65 no.1
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• pp.30-45
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• 2015

This study summarizes the dissemination aspects of liturgical vestments in Korea, and organizes the value and meanings of these disseminations as it appeared in the history of costumes by carrying out an empirical analysis on the relics of liturgical vestments since the modern times. It also examines its design characteristics as well. Liturgical vestments have symbolic meaning for the purpose and solar term of ceremonial occasions and it also functions as a way to differentiate the position and duty of the clergy. Liturgical vestments developed on the basis of ancient Greek-Roman costumes and transformed each situation and social trend of the age. Korean liturgical vestments started with their traditional costumes, in 1887, it were changed into French(western) style with freedom of religious. After the secondary Vatican Council held in 1962, various regulations were changed to spread the Catholic doctrines and ideology. This study conducted an empirical analysis and design consideration on the 28 relics of modern liturgical vestments on the basis of the foregoing standard and concept. As a result of analysis, relics were investigated as research materials worn by Bishops after 1960s. And design elements are that the relics used materials and ornament of Hanbok with flower patterns and decoration such as letter patterns including 壽(life) 福(luck) 喜(pleasure) as well as Chrysanthemum and Mancaowen design. These transition reflected by amend regulation of Vatican Council II. Accordingly, this data has been confirmed to be important for the history of costumes as it informs what process of changes liturgical vestments spread in Korea went through before they are worn as current appearance.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.421-431
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• 2016

Novel membrane technologies that harness ordered nanostructures have recently received much attention because they allow for high permeability due to their reduced flow resistance while also maintaining high selectivity due to their isoporous characteristics. In particular, the opaline structure (made from the self-assembly of colloidal particles) and its inverted form (inverse-opal) have shown strong potential for membrane applications on account of several advantages in processing and the resulting membrane properties. These include controllability over the pore size and surface functional moieties, which enable a wide range of applications ranging from size-exclusive separation to catalytically-reactive membranes. Furthermore, when combined with multiscale architecturing strategies, inverse-opal-structured membranes can be designed to have specific pores or channel structures. These materials are anticipated to be utilized for next-generation, high-performance, and high-value-added functional membranes. In this review article, various types of inverse-opal-structured membranes are reviewed and their functionalization through hierarchical structuring will be comprehensively investigated and discussed.