• 패션비즈니스
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.102-112
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• 2007

Effect of the pH condition was examined on extraction and dyeing of the yellow and red dyes of safflower. Absorption of dye solution extracted from safflower was changed by pH of solvent. In the case of yellow dyes, cotton and ramie weren't dyed regardless of pH of dye bath, but silks were significantly dyed at pH4. Raw silk showed better dyeability than refined silk. In the case of red dyes, cotton and ramie absorbed red dyes selectively, but silks absorbed yellow dyes more significantly than red dyes. Efficiency of extraction and dyeing of yellow dyes in acidic range were find out higher than that in neutral range. Red dyes was effectively extracted at pH11 and dyed at pH6.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.518-526
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• 2015

Objectives This study investigated the effect of purified safflower (Carthamus tinctorius Linne) and safflower seed (Carthamus tinctorius L. seed; CS) extract, using hot water and ethanol extract methods , on the osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3E1 cells.Methods The safflower and safflower seed were extracted with hot water and ethanol. The samples were concentrated by a rotary evaporator and then freeze-dried using a freeze-dryer. The MC3T3E1 cells were propagated and maintained in DMEM (Gibco) containing 10% FBS and a 1% antibiotic antimycotic solution. To induce osteogenic differentiation, the cells were treated for 14 days with DMEM with 10 mM β-glycerophosphate and 50 μM ascorbic acid. Extract doses were confirmed by the results of an MTT assay, and treatment of the extracts was performed in a differentiation medium every two days. The ALP staining and activity were tested after osteogenic differentiation for five days, and after 14 days, osteogenic differentiation was determined by alizarin red S staining. The mRNA expressions of osteogenic-related genes were quantified using quantitative real-time PCR.Results In the results of the MTT assay, all concentrations of safflower extracts had no toxicity in the MC3T3El cells. But in the groups of 100 ng/ml and 200 ng/ml concentrations of safflower seed extracts, the cell viability was significantly reduced by up to 40-50%. So we fixed the treatment concentration of the extract at 50 ng/ml. In the ALP and alizarin red S staining, all extract groups increased osteogenic differentiation compared with the control group. The water-safflower extract group showed the highest mRNA level of Alp, Runx2, and Dlx5 genes. The mRNA level of Ocn, an osteogenic gene related to late-stage differentiation, in the ethanol-safflower extract group increased the mineralization more significantly than in other groups.Conclusions These data suggest that the extract of safflower increases the osteoblastic differentiation activates of MC3T3E1 cells like the extract of safflower seed. The water-extract and ethanol-extract of safflower have effects on different stages of osteogenesis in MC3T3El. Not only safflower seed but also safflower will be useful therapeutic reagents for age-associated chronic diseases such as osteoporosis.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.247-254
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• 2000

This study was performed to elucidate the effects of antler, red ginseng, safflower seed, ipriflavone and estrogen on ovariectomized rats. The rats were fed with Ca and P deficient diet for five weeks to induce osteoporosis. After this period, these animals were fed with normal feed and treated every other day with antler(600 mg/kg, p.o), red ginseng(200 mg/kg, p.o), safflower(200 mg/kg, p.o), ipriflavone(80 mg/kg, p.o) and estrogene(400$\mu\textrm{g}$/kg, i.m) for 5 weeks. During the treatment, the rats were examined for serum concentrations of estradiol, calcitonin, Ca, p and alkaline phosphatase(ALP) activities. The results are summarized as follows 1. The levels of serum 17 $\beta$-estradiol after five weeks of treatment were showed 39.6$\pm$3.0 pg/ml by antler, 33.2$\pm$2.5pg/ml by red ginseng, 34.9$\pm$2.4pg/ml by safflower, 28.1$\pm$3.1 pg/ml by ipriflavone and 40.6$\pm$3.0pg/ml by estrogen-treated group. They were lower than 50.8$\pm$3.1pg/ml of normal control group which had not received ovariectomy. They, however, were significantly higher than 26.8$\pm$1.8pg/ml of ovariectomized non-treatment group(p<0.05). 2. The levels of serum calcitonin after five weeks of treatment were showed 0.60$\pm$0.02 ng/ml by antler, 0.55$\pm$0.04ng/ml by red ginseng, 0.59$\pm$0.02ng/ml by safflower, 0.56$\pm$0.04ng/ml by ipriflavone and 0.62$\pm$0.02ng/ml by estrogen-treated group. They were lower than 0.67$\pm$0.03pg/ml of normal control group. However, they were significantly higher than 0.45$\pm$0.05ng/ml of ovariectomized non-treatment group(p<0.05). 3. The levels of serum Ca of the rats after five weeks of treatment with antler, red ginseng, safflower, ipriflavone and estrogen were 23.51$\pm$2.19$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$, 25.22$\pm$3.44$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$, 23.20$\pm$0.02$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$, 24.76$\pm$3.57$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$, 23.07$\pm$3.66$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$, respectively. They were a bit higher than 21.43$\pm$2.22$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ of normal control group. And non-treatment group showed 26.12$\pm$0.29$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ which was significantly higher than that of control group(P<0.05). 4. The serum P concentraions after five weeks of treatment were showed 12.11$\pm$2.14$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ by antler, 13.18$\pm$1.64u91m4 by red ginseng, 12.67 $\pm$2.31$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ by safflower, 12.38$\pm$2.07$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ by ipriflavone, 11.86$\pm$1.93$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ by estrogen-treated group. They were a bit higher than 11.29$\pm$1.23$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ of normal control group. And non-treatment group showed 13.42$\pm$1.87$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ which was higher than that of control group but not significant. 5. The levels of serum ALP after five weeks of treatment were showed 164.8$\pm$3.8IU/ml by antler, 277.7$\pm$4.8IU/ml by red ginseng, 288.5$\pm$4.5IU/ml by safflower, 214.7$\pm$5.7IU/ml by ipriflavone and 159.4$\pm$5.4IU/ml by estrogen-treated group. They were significantly higher than 144.1$\pm$3.5IU/ml of normal control group(p<0.05). However, they were significantly lower than 336.9 $\pm$12.7IU/ml of ovariectomized non-treatment group(p<0.05). Antler and safflower elevated serum estradiol and calcitonin, and decreased serum ALP significantly. Therefore they were thought to have therapeutic effect on osteoposis by making inhibitory effect on osteoclasts rather than activating osteoblasts.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제46권7호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2008

견직물에 홍화 황색소와 홍색소로 염색을 한 후 자외선 조사 후 시료들의 염착량 색채변화, 형태변화, 인장강도변화를 측정한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 색소의 종류에 상관없이 자외선 조사시간 증가에 따라 염착량이 감소되었다. 그러나 홍색 소보다는 황색소로 염색한 시료들의 최종 자외선 조사 28일 후의 염착량 보유율이 높은 것으로 나타났으며 견직물의 경우 홍화 홍색소보다는 황색소가 자외선에 대한 내구력이 더욱 있음을 알수 있다. 2. 색채변화의 경우, 황색소로 염색한 시료들도 $L^*$은 증가하고 $a^*$는 감소하고, $b^*$도 감소하였으며, H/VC, ${\Delta}E$ 등 색채 전반에 퇴색이 나타났다. 홍색소로 염색한 시료들은 자외선 조사 시간 증가에 따라 $L^*$은 증가하고 $a^*$는 감소하였으며, $b^*$는 증가하였고, H/VC, ${\Delta}E$ 등 색채 전반에 퇴색이 나타났다. 그러나 조사 28일 후의 색차는 홍화 홍색소보다는 황색소가 훨씬 낮았다. 3. 자외선 조사시간에 따른 형태학적 변화의 결과, 견직물에 대해서는 홍화 색소의 종류에 상관없이 조사 28일 후 모든 시료들에서 심한 손상을 관찰할 수 있었다. 4. 자외선 조사시간에 따른 인장 강도 변화 결과, 모든 종류의 시료에서 자외선 조사시간 증가에 따른 강도의 손실을 알 수 있었다. 그러나 홍색 소보다는 황색소로 염색한 시료들의 인장 강도 보유율이 상대적으로 높은 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 연구 결과를 통해 홍화 염색한 견직물의 경우 자외선 조사에 의해 색소의 종류에 상관없이 염색물 자체의 성능에 많은 변화가 나타났음을 알 수 있다. 그러나 천염 염색물의 자외선에 의한 변화는 섬유의 자체의 특성뿐만 아니라 색소의 차이도 영향을 주는 것으로 보이며, 견직물의 경우에는 홍화 황색소가 홍색 소보다 자외선에 대한 내구성이 더욱 좋은 것으로 파악되었다. 차후 견직물 이외 다른 섬유 종류와 홍화의 두가지 색소가 자외선에 반응하는 연구를 통해 본 연구결과가 보충될 수 있을 것으로 본다.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.69-77
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• 1999

Safflower is an important medicinal plant that has been used in China, Korea and Japan for thousands of years. The red and yellow pigments obtained from the petals of safflower can invigorate blood, release stagnation and promote menstruation. In addition, these pigments are used safely in processed foods and soft drinks as naturally harmless rotor additives. On the other hand, the seed of safflower contains 30-40% oil with higher level of mono- and poly-unsaturated fatfy acid profiles and elevated levels of $\alpha$-tocopherol. In this paper, we describe advances in the production of pigments and $\alpha$-tocopherol by cell culture in safflower.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제45권10호
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• pp.13-20
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• 2007

A new method for competent extraction of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius Linnaeus) colorants by using ultrasonic device was developed. When comparing to general extraction method, the ultrasonic method showed high extraction efficiency of safflower pigments. Ultrasonic method gave a higher extraction yield of red and yellow safflower pigments than using general method. It is supposed that the extraction efficiency is to be attributed to high vibration energies from ultrasound and finally induced physical changes of the pigments. Furthermore, this study explored the effects of ultrasonic treatment into the extracted safflower pigments on dyeing of cotton fabrics. Ultrasonic treatment into the extracted pigments exhibited significantly improved dyeing properties for the cotton fabrics.

• 한국염색가공학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.47-54
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• 1995

Safflower is natural red dye largely used for dyeing on cotton. It contains yellowish safflower yellow and reddish carthamin, whose constitution is known. Safflower yellow is water-soluble dye and carthamin is solved in alkaline condition. Carthamon obtained by adding acidic solution to a carthamin shows the original hue of safflower. In present study, the dyeing behavior of natural dye known as safflower are examined in an aqueous acidic medium by use of the different dyeing methods such as traditional, modern and purifide-powder method. The relationship between the dye-uptake of cotton fabric investigated by the three methods and the various dyeing conditions is discussed.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.201-215
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• 2014

This study explores the kinds and types of dyes used in the Joseon Dynasty. Some literature including "Sanga Yorok", "Gyuhap Chongseo", "Imwon Gyeonjeji" were reviewed for this purpose. The findings are as follows. The colors obtained from the dyes were divided into seven color series, such as red, yellow and orange, green, blue, purple, brown, gray and black. These are practical color categories differed from abstract five cardinal colors [五方色]. The diachronic dyes used during the Joseon Dynasty were safflower and Japanese alder bark for red, indigo leaves for blue, gromwell for purple, chestnut tree bark for brown. The representative dyes used in the late Joseon Dynasty were safflower and sappan wood for red, wild pear tree bark and Pentapetes phoenicea for yellow and orange, indigo leaves for blue, sappan wood and gromwell for purple, mulberry tree for brown, and Chinese ink for gray. Common dyes used both in Joseon and China were safflower and sappan wood for red, pagoda tree blossom for yellow, a combination of pagoda tree blossom (or Amur cork tree) and indigo leaves (or sediment) for green, indigo leavers or sediment for blue, sappan wood and hollyhock for purple, and a combination of indigo leaves and Galla Rhois for gray and black.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제46권10호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to increase uv-cut ability of cotton, ramie, and rayon fabrics dyed with safflower red colorants. For this purpose, samples treated with uv-cut agent and tannic acid were compared with the untreated samples after ultraviolet(uv)-light exposure in terms of K/S value, color changes(${\Delta}E$), SEM, and tensile strength retention. K/S value rapidly decreased with increasing exposure time, but K/S value of the samples treated with both uv-cut agent and tannic acid decreased less than that of untreated samples. As increasing exposure time, $L^*$ and $b^*$ increased, $a^*$ decreased, and so ${\Delta}E$ increased, indicating less red character and more yellow character in color. This leads to change hue, value and chroma value. But color change of samples treated with both uv-cut agent and tannic acid was less than that of untreated samples. SEM pictures showed a severe degradation by uv exposure in all samples. Tensile strength slowly decreased for 21 days. And after this point, the decreased proceeded more rapidly. Tensile strength retention of the samples treated with uv-cut agent and tannic acid was higher than that of untreated samples.

• 한국염색가공학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.32-38
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• 2003

To get the variety of color by natural dyeing, cotton and silk fabrics were dyed with natural indigo and safflower in turn. The two ways of dyeing processes were carried. First, silk and cotton fabrics were dyed repeatedly in safflower dyebath to five times to get the five fabrics dyed in different shades. And then indigo dyeing process was carried on the top of the dyed fabrics with safflower. In second way, the fabrics were dyed in five stages of shade by repetition of dyeing process in indigo dyebath. And then safflower dyeing was carried on the top of the dyed fabrics with indigo. When indigo dyeing process was added on the top of the fabrics dyed in five shades with safflower, the color differences decreased between five shades of fabrics, their color values got similar in hue, shade and chroma. When safflower dyeing process was added on the top of the fabrics dyed in five shades with indigo, the fabrics showed different hue of colors between red and blue of Munsell color circle such as RP, P and PB. Like almost of fabrics dyed with plants materials, the lightfastness and laundering fastness of dyed samples were poet and drycleaning fastness were good.