• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.156-161
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• 2014

It has been reported that safflower seeds have preventive effects against osteoporosis. Recently, safflower buds (SB) were found to have more useful functional ingredients than safflower seeds. In the current study, we evaluated the anti-osteoporosis effects of SB diet in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. The rats were divided into five groups; sham operated group, OVX alone group, OVX plus $17{\beta}$-estradiol ($E^2$ $10{\mu}g/kg$, i.p.) and OVX plus SB diet feeding group (0.3% or 1%). Feeding of SB diet (0.3% or 1%) to OVX rats markedly increased bone mineral density (BMD) of femurs, compared to the OVX group. The OVX rats exhibited a marked increase in trabecular separation (Tb.Sp) and this change was inhibited by the feeding of SB diet, similar to that seen with OVX+E2 group. Moreover, feeding of SB diet to OVX rats decreased the markers of bone turnover, including osteocalcin and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). These results suggest that SB extract has a bone sparing effect in OVX-induced trabecular bone loss and prevents deterioration of bone microarchitecture by suppressing the rate of bone turnover. Therefore, SB may be useful for preserving bone mass and structure in estrogen deficient women with a potential role in reducing postmenopausal osteoporosis.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.704-709
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• 2015

Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) seeds have long been clinically used in Korea to promote bone formation and prevent osteoporosis. In addition, the safflower buds (SB) were found to have more useful functional ingredients than safflower seed. Thus, we investigated the preventive effects of SB diet in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. The rats were divided into five groups; sham operated group, OVX alone group, OVX plus 17β-estradiol (E₂ 10 μg/kg, i.p.) and OVX plus SB diet feeding group (0.3% or 1%). Feeding of SB diet (0.3% or 3%) to OVX rats markedly increased trabecular formation in femur compared to OVX rats. Feeding of SB diet (0.3% or 3%) to OVX rats also decreased TRAP activity compared to OVX rats. These results suggest that SB diets have bone sparing effects by the decrease of osteoclast activity. We also observed that OVX rats fed with SB diet (0.3% or 3%) exhibited the decrease of calcium and phosphorus in serum compared to OVX-induced rats. Therefore, SB may be beneficial for the patients of osteoporosis, especially in postmenopausal women.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.149-153
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• 2005

In the present study, in vitro multiple shoot induction was achieved from cotyledonary node and stem nodal explants of cv. NARI-6 of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). Among various growth regulators tested, MS salts and B5 vitamins supplemented with BA (6-Benzy-laminopurine) $17.76\;{\mu}M$ and KN (Kinetin) $6.96\;{\mu}M$ phytohormonal combination was found to be the most effective in initiating numerous shoot buds after 30 days of culture than BA ($4.44-44.39\;{\mu}M$) or KN ($2.32-46.40\;{\mu}M$) alone in the medium. In addition, 0.8% (w/v) agar (Hi-media) and 3.0% sucrose (w/v) was the optimum level for the formation of adventitious shoots. Further results showed the maximum shoot elongation occurred on MS medium with BA ($8.88\;{\mu}M$) and $GA_3$($11.56\;{\mu}M$) combinations. Efficient rooting occurred on quarter strength MS medium with NAA $10.74\;{\mu}M$. The regenerated plantlets were acclimatized and successfully transferred to the field.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.51 no.spc1
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• pp.255-258
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• 2006

This study was carried out to find the effect of the pinching and planting density on yield of petal and grain in safflower (Caythamus tinctorius L.). The planting density was high effective branch number per $m^2$ compared with pinching, and effective flower bud was most in $270ea/m^2$ in three line planting density, but in case of pinching was few at $186{\sim}223ea/m^2$ Grain yield was increased with 231 kg/10a at double line planting density compared with in 220 kg/10a of control. Petal yield of double line and three line planting density was 25.4 kg/10a and 26.9 kg/10a, it was increased 15, 22% compared with 22.0 kg/10a of control, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.340-343
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• 2006

This study was conducted to find out the effect of rainfall time on growth and seed quality in safflower. Rainfall was done artificially and the treatment of rainfall time was divided into 6 parts. Each rainfall treatment was done from the first day of flowering up to the fifth day after flowering, from sixth day after flowering to the tenth day after flowering, from the eleventh day after flowering to the fifteenth day after flowering, from sixteenth day after flowering to twentith day after flowering, from the twenty first day after flowering to the twenty fifth day after flowering and from twenty sixth day after flowering to thirtith day after flowering. Rainfall time after flowering did not affect disease occurrence on the upper part and flower bud of safflower, which were infected at were 3.3 and 1, respectively. Ripened grain found on the main stem and primary branch was 37.4% and 65.0% at first day to the fifth day and sixth day to the tenth day rainfall periods after flowering, respectively. Yield was decreased by 14% in the sixth day up to the tenth day and eleventh day up to the fifteenth day rainfall periods (282-281kg/10a) compared to the one under control (327kg/10a). Hunter's L value was 73.5 and 69.9 in twenty first up to the twenty fifth day and twenty sixth up to the thirtith day rainfall periods after flowering, which decreased significantly to 79.3 under non-rainfall period. Therefore, it can be concluded that the optimum harvest time is twenty fifth day after flowering to maintain seed quality at rainfall time and before harvesting period.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.303-306
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• 2006

This experiment was investigated the influence of water stress in growth and yields of safflower. The water stress treatment was early growth stage(Mar. 20~Apr. 18), middle growth stage(Apr. 29~May 28) and last growth stage(Jun. 8~Jul. 7) for 30 days, respectively. Stem length of plant was 127 cm in normal irrigation(control) state and that of growth middle stage at drought state was 96 cm, to be shorted more 31 cm than that of normal irrigation state, also other growth rate of plant was decreased, relatively. Number of effective flower bud per $m^2$ was 224 ea in normal irrigation state, 114 ea in growth middle stage at drought state. Yield of seed at drought state decreased 37% and 13% in growth middle stage(222 kg/10a) and last stage(307 kg/10a) than 353 kg/10a in normal irrigation state. According to the result, it could be estimated that optimum irrigation time(0.05 MPa) was 23days after non-rainfall at early growth stage(from sowing seed time to 30 days after sowing seed), 10 days in middle growth stage(41-70 days after sowing seed) and 9 days in last growth stage(81-110 days after sowing seed), to prevent the damage of drought.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.733-738
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• 2003

Chemical compositions and DPPH radical scavenger activity in different sections of safflower (Carthamus tinctorious L.) were investigated. Protein contained 28.39% in sprout and fat contained 20.47% in seed, respectively. Linoleic acid as predominant unsaturated fatty acid of safflower contained 80.01% in sprout and 78.27% in seed. Glucose contained 1253.6mg% in sprout and fructose contained 970.7mg% in sprout. Sucrose contained 912.0mg% in flower bud. Succinic acid was included 2795.3 mg% in flower, malic acid was included 2054.8mg% in leaf. K as minerals contained 2826.8mg% in leaf and 2613,6 mg% in sprout, Ca contained 1999.8mg% in leaf and 1160.9mg% in sprout. Total phenolics contained 5.8%, 4.7%, 4.4% in flower, sprout and leaf, and total flavonoid contained 6.5%, 2.5%, 2.0% in flower, sprout and leaf, respectively Serotonin-I (Ν- [2- (5-hydroxy - l Η- indol -3- yl)ethyl] ferulamide) as serotonin compounds was determined 147.7mg% in seed, serotonin - II (Ν-［2-(5-hydroxy-lΗ-indo-1-3yl )ethyl]-p-coumaramide) was determined 155.4 mg% in seed. Acacetin as flavonoid compounds was contained 116.5mg% in seed. Luteolin as flavonoid compounds was identified 388.3mg% in sprout, luteolin 7-glucoside was determined 692.3mg% in leaf, respectively. DPPH radical scavenger activity was measured by DPPH method, it was shown higher 114.2% in ethanol extract of flower and 113.6% in ethanol extract of leaf than 88.05% of 100 ppm BHA as chemical antioxidant.