• Korean Security Journal
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• no.58
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• pp.177-194
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• 2019

Last year, the Moon Jae-In administration made an attempt to abolish the presidential security office overseeing the presidential security and to transfer the work to the presidential security service under the National Police Agency. Currently, all of the G7 nations maintain a security system spearheaded by the police, so the policy of transferring the presidential security to the National Police Agency may be discussed. However, it is necessary to focus on the following reality. First, the current presidential security system is consisted of the overlapping security organizations classified into (1) inner ring of the presidential security agency, (2) middle ring of the police agency, and (3) outer ring of the capital defense command. If the presidential security agency is abolished, a vacuum will result as per the principle of class. Second, for the efficient security guard of the President, currently, the presidential security agency at the Presidential Security Safety Measure Committee plays the role of coordinating the tasks. If the National Police Agency becomes the control tower of the presidential security, whether command will be available for the military and diplomatic aspects of the presidential security work should also be considered. Third, Korea is currently in a truce with North Korea, so there is a big difference in terms of the security environment with such G7 nations as the UK, Germany, France, and Japan.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.509-515
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• 2017

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to assess the indoor levels of $PM_{10}$, VOCs and aldehydes in nail shop and hair salon. Methods: The field survey was conducted for 52 hair salons 52 nail shops, and 26 shop-in-shops in Seoul and Daegu city. The field technicians investigated characteristics of each shop including operating time, indoor volume, ventilation and so on. Indoor concentrations of $PM_{10}$, VOCs and aldehydes, indoor temperature and humidity were measured in 12 hair salons, 12 nail shops and 6 shop-in shops. MP Surveryor II (Graywolf, USA) was used to measure $CO_2$ concentration, temperature and humidity for 8 hours. $PM_{10}$ concentrations were measured by minivolume air sampler with Teflon quartz filter ($0.2{\mu}m$ pore size, ${\varphi}$ 47 mm, Graseby-Anderson TEF-DISKTM) for 6 hours. VOCs passive sampler (OVM 3500) was used to collect VOCs for 8 hours and analyzed by GC/MSD. Results: The $CO_2$ concentrations were $759.4{\pm}58.2$ ppm in nail shops, $731.0{\pm}72.5$ ppm in hair salons, and $656.4{\pm}31.2$ ppm in shop-in-shops. The $PM_{10}$ concentrations were $27.5{\pm}14.2{\mu}g/m^3$ in nail shops, $33.1{\pm}6.3{\mu}g/m^3$ in hair salons, and $39.0{\pm}26.9{\mu}g/m^3$ in shop-in-shops. TVOCs concentrations were $3085.4{\pm}1667.8{\mu}g/m^3$ in nail shops, $2131.1{\pm}617.3{\mu}g/m^3$ in hair salons, and $1550.3{\pm}529.0{\mu}g/m^3$ in shop-in-shops. TVOCs concentrations in nail shops were significantly higher than those in hair salons and shop-in-shops (p=0.002). Formaldehyde concentrations were $60.8{\pm}36.6{\mu}g/m^3$ in nail shops, $89.1{\pm}55.4{\mu}g/m^3$ in hair salons, and $45.1{\pm}22.5{\mu}g/m^3$ in shop-in-shops. Conclusion: TVOCs concentrations in nail shop were the highest among others. TVOC concentrations in all stores exceeded indoor air quality stand of indoor air quality control in public-use facilities, etc act.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.5 no.3 s.15
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• pp.45-50
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• 2001

Open rack vaporizer (ORV) has been used in liquefied natural gas (LNG) receiving terminal in order to vaporize LNG into natural gas (NG) by heat exchange with seawater The U-type ORV which had been operated with seawater for 14 years is one of the important utilities of the gas production and the weld part of tube connected with header_ pipe had experienced many corrosion problems. To elucidate the cause of corrosion at weld part of vaporizer tube, corrosion potentials were compared by parts. This study concerns on the measurement of corrosion pit depth using non-destructive method and the evaluation of stress distribution in an aspect of safety with finite element analysis. In order to confirm the reliability of galvanic corrosion between weld parts and base metal, the measurement of corrosion potential by parts was conducted for 20 minutes in 3.5$\%$(wt.) NaCl solution. Many non-destructive methods were tried to measure the remaining thickness of vaporizer tube at fields. For general corrosion, tangential radiography test was confirmed as an effective method. In case of a fine corrosion pit, the shape of corrosion pit was reproduced using surface replication method. From collected data, stress distributions were quantitatively evaluated with 2-dimensional finite element method and the diagnostic evaluation on internal pressure of the U-type vaporizer could be made.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.161-165
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• 2011

PURPOSE. This randomized clinical trial was conducted to assess the safety and effectiveness of the ErhBMP-2 in alveolar bone regeneration as well as preservation of the ${\beta}$-TCP bone graft material that contains ErhBMP-2. MATERIALS AND METHODS. This study involved 72 patients at the 3 study centers. The patients, who were divided into 2 groups: the experiment group who had ErhBMP-2 coated TCP/HA and the control group who had TCP/HA graft material alone transplanted immediately after tooth extraction. CT was taken before and 3 months after the transplantation and healing status was compared between the two groups. The efficacy endpoints that were used to measure the degree of bone induction included alveolar bone height and 3 measurements of bone width. The paired t test was used to determine the significance of the changes (P<.05). RESULTS. Changes in alveolar bone height were $-1.087{\pm}1.413$ mm in the control group and $-.059{\pm}0.960$ mm in the experimental group (P<.01). At 25% extraction socket length [ESL], the changes were $0.006{\pm}1.149$ mm in the control group and $1.279{\pm}1.387$ mm in the experimental group. At 50% ESL, the changes were $0.542{\pm}1.157$ mm and $1.239{\pm}1.249$ mm, respectively (P<.01 for 25% ESL, and P<.05 for 50% ESL). During the experiment, no adverse reactions to the graft material were observed. CONCLUSION. ErhBMP-2 coated ${\beta}$-TCP/HA were found to be more effective in preserving alveolar bone than conventional ${\beta}$-TCP/HA alloplastic bone graft materials.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.138-142
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• 2013

This study was conducted to measure the uranium concentrations in urine of some members of the general public in Busan and Daejeon and to assess the annual committed effective doses from uranium analysis of daily excretion. As a result, the ranges of total uranium concentrations in the urine for the residents in Busan and Daejeon were found to be 0.556 - 1.53 $mBq\;L^{-1}$ and 2.18 - 4.55 $mBq\;L^{-1}$, respectively. It was noted that the uranium concentrations for the residents in Daejeon were observed to be higher than those for the residents in Busan. This result assumes that the uranium concentrations in the urines for the residents in Daejeon are probably related to the high uranium concentrations contained in the drinking water of Daejeon city. The bedrock of Daejeon, known as granitic rocks formed in the Jurassic period of the Mesozoic Era, contains high uranium contents. Also, results showed no significant correlation with age or sex. The ranges of annual committed effective doses from ingestion of uranium for the residents in Busan and Daejeon were calculated to be 0.472-1.41 ${\mu}Sv$ and 1.99-4.15 ${\mu}Sv$, respectively.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.97-118
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• 2004

As the economy grows rapidly and the national income level increases, the service industry has become more important and its size gets larger. Especially, the food industry undertakes a continuing growth of consumer expenditures through no nationalization of food, consumers varying patterns of eating out, and individualization. However, it includes many problems with improving service quality towards customers owing to the absence of systems and philosophy to realize customer satisfaction management Therefore, this study conducted a study with Korean traditional restaurant customers to measure their perceived service quality, to verify what factors most influence consumer satisfaction, and to suggest ways to meet the costumer needs by integrating the study results and developing high service quality. To sum up the results of this study, Korean traditional restaurant visitors evaluated three dimensions of service quality overall favorably. Interestingly, background music received a lower level of satisfaction. This implies that the Korean traditional restaurant managers do not do a fine performance in managing music as an ambient element to evoke the atmosphere of the restaurant. Customers showed a lower satisfaction with menu price among the factors measuring product quality. As a result of this study, several suggestions have been made as follows: First, it is necessary for the Korean traditional restaurants to provide systematic employee training to instigate a service culture of customer focus. Secondly, it is important to develop traditional foods using ingredients produced in the region based on a literature review of food in Gyeongju, Silla. Thirdly, it is an urgent task to develop regional menus to revitalize the restaurant business. Fourthly, it is important to provide safety food through systematic sanitary administration. Lastly, it is necessary to limit the number of menu items and attempt specialization of them. Such an attempt with specialized menu items will help their food taste and quality improve and thereby reduce inventory burdens. However, this study has a few limitations. Since this study conducted a survey of the restaurants which provides only Korean traditional food in Gyeongju, not all the restaurants in it, there is a limitation in measuring customer satisfaction with service quality. Therefore, the study results cannot be generalized to all the restaurants in Gyeongju and the nation. Finally, this study suggests that studies on the relationships between customer satisfaction and menu price and customer value system or further customer satisfaction studies with Korean traditional restaurants should be continued.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.17 no.7
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• pp.5-13
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• 2016

This research is focused on the seepage behavior of embankment which had the weak zone with big permeability. The distributed TDR (Time Domain Reflectometer) and point sensors such as settlement gauge, pore water pressuremeter, vertical total stressmeter, and FDR (Frequency Domain Reflectometer) sensor were used to measure the seepage characteristics and embankment behavior. Also, the measured data were compared to the data of 2-D and 3-D numerical analysis. The dimension of model embankment was 7 m length, 5 m width and 1.5 m height, which is composed of fine-grained sands and the water level of embankment was 1.3 m height. The seepage behavior of measuring and numerical analysis were very similar, it means that the proper sensing system can monitor the real-time safety of embankment. The result by 2-D and 3-D numerical analysis showed similar saturation processing, however in case of weak zone, the phreatic lines of 2-D showed faster movement than that of 3-D analysis, and finally they converged.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.197-205
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• 2016

Objectives : To report the clinical application and safety of Traditional Korean Medical treatment for patients with low back pain during pregnancy. Methods : Three patients who suffered from low back pain during pregnancy were treated with acupuncture, pharmacopuncture, moxibustion, and herbal medicine for 12 to 21 days. Numeric rating scale (NRS) of low back pain and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) were checked to measure the outcome. A liver function and renal function test was carried out to identify any drug-induced liver or renal injury, and any adverse events were monitored thoroughly until delivery. Results : Low back pain reduced on NRS in all cases, and no serious adverse effects were found in the patients or infants. Conclusion : This study suggests that Traditional Korean Medical treatment is a candidate therapy for relieving low back pain during pregnancy, and also is safe for both patients and infants.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.93-112
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• 2017

Objectives : To evaluate and summarize the efficacy and safety of acupuncture treatment (AT) in chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). Methods : Fifteen databases (Pubmed, Cochrane, EMBASE, AMED, CINAHL, CNKI, Wanfang, and eight Korean databases) were searched up to September 2016. Only trials in which acupuncture was the sole treatment were included. Fatigue was used as the primary outcome measure, while the quality of life, pain, mood disorders, and adverse events were used as secondary outcome measures. We adopted three classifications: AT vs Sham AT, AT vs Wait-list, AT vs Western medication. The Cochrane risk of bias tool was used to assess the methodological quality. Results : A total of 11 randomized controlled trials involving 869 participants were identified. In comparison with Sham AT, AT significantly alleviated fatigue and pain, but no conclusions about the quality of life and mood disorders could be drawn. In the Wait-list group and Western medication groups, patients with CFS might feel less fatigued following acupuncture treatment, but the evidence was insufficient due to lack of study. Nine of 11 RCTs (81.8%) reported adverse events and there were two cases of mild subcutaneous hemorrhage, but no serious adverse cases. Conclusion : This review found evidence that patients with CFS may generally benefit from alleviation of symptoms by acupuncture treatment, and there is no evidence of worsening symptoms or causing of serious adverse events. A positive effect on fatigue and pain was observed, but no conclusion for improving quality of life and mood disorders.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.156-161
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• 2016

When air discharged from a radioisotope production facility is contaminated with radiation, the public may be exposed to radiation. The objective of this study is to manage such radiation exposure. We measured the airborne radioactivity concentration at a 30 MeV cyclotron radioisotope production facility to assess whether the exhaust gas was contaminated. Additionally, we investigted the radioactive contamination of the air filter for efficient air purification and radiation safety control. To measure the airborne radiation concentration, specimens were collected weekly for 4 h after the beginning of the radioisotope production. Regarding the air purifier, five specimens were collected at different positions of each filter-pre-filter, high-efficiency particulate air filter, and charcoal filter-installed in the cyclotron production room. The concentrations of F-18, I-123, I-131, and Tl-201 generated in the radioiodine production room were $13.5Bq/m^3$, $27.0Bq/m^3$, $0.10Bq/m^3$, and $11.5Bq/m^3$, respectively; the concentrations of F-18, I-123, and I-131 produced in the radioisotope production room were $0.05Bq/m^3$, $16.1Bq/m^3$, and $0.45Bq/m^3$, correspondingly; and those of F-18, I-123, I-131, and Tl-201 generated in the accelerator room were $2.07Bq/m^3$, $53.0Bq/m^3$, $0.37Bq/m^3$, and $0.15Bq/m^3$, respectively. The maximum radiation concentration of I-123 generated in the radioiodine production room was 1,820 Bq/g, which can be disposed after 2 days. The maximum radiation concentration of Tl-202 generated in the radioisotope production room was 205 Bq/g, and this isotope must be stored for 53 days. The I-123 generated in the radioiodine production room had a maximum concentration of 1,530 Bq/g and must be stored for 2 days. The maximum radiation concentration of Na-22 generated in the radioisotope production room was 0.18 Bq/g and this isotope must be disposed after 827 days. To manage the exhaust, the efficiency of air purification must be enhanced by selecting an air purifier with a long life and determining the appropriate replacement time by examining the differential pressure through systematic measurements of the airborne radiation contamination level.