• 원자력산업
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• 제6권8호통권42호
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• pp.51-56
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• 1986

• 방사선산업학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.79-87
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• 2024

In a previous study, the suitability for use of inspection equipment was evaluated at temperatures outside the quality assurance range. The quality assurance operating temperature of the safeguards equipment is 0~+40℃, and previous studies have confirmed the performance of the safeguards equipment for temperatures ranging from -40~+70℃. The scintillator-based verification equipment showed a shift in the centroid channel and a change in the count rate in all temperature ranges, and the semiconductor-based safeguards equipment generated Leakage Current and equipment failure. In this study, a retrofit was performed applying a vacuum housing to the safeguards equipment (Inspector-2000-based inspection equipment), and performance evaluation was performed at a low temperature and snowy site, and it was confirmed that the same performance was observed as the measurement results at room temperature.

• 방사선산업학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.71-78
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• 2024

For most commercial radiation measurement equipment, manufacturers specify an operating temperature in the range of 0 to +40℃. However, in environments that exceed the quality assurance performance of the safeguards equipment, such as the winter environment in North Korea, the performance of the equipment deteriorates or normal use is impossible. In this study, safeguards equipment measurements were performed by creating an extreme temperature environment using a constant temperature and humidity test chamber. The safeguards equipment used in the evaluation was MIRION's Inspector-2000-based equipment, which evaluated the usability in extreme temperature environments using three types of detection units: NaI(Tl), CZT, and HPGe.

• 방사성폐기물학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.421-433
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• 2021

The present multidisciplinary study, which is a nexus of engineering and political science, investigates how the modernization of Non-Strategic Nuclear Weapons (NSNWs) affects the IAEA safeguards system based on the likelihood of the use of nuclear weapons. To this end, this study examines the characteristics of modernized NSNWs using Monte Carlo techniques. The results thus obtained show that 10 kt NSNWs with a Circular Error Probability (CEP) of 10 m can destroy the target as effectively as a 500 kt weapon with a CEP of 100 m. The IAEA safeguards system shows that the Significant Quantity (SQ) of 1 of plutonium is 8 kg, a parameter that was established when strategic nuclear weapons were dominant. However, the results of this study indicate that in recent years, low-yield nuclear weapons such as NSNWs have been more strategically interesting than strategic nuclear weapons as NSNWs require less plutonium than strategic nuclear weapons. Therefore, we would like to conclude that reducing the SQ of plutonium can result in more robust safeguards and non-proliferation strategies.

• Mass Spectrometry Letters
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.31-40
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• 2016

The analysis of nuclear materials and environmental samples is an important issue in nuclear safeguards and nuclear forensics. An analysis technique for safeguard samples has been developed for the detection of undeclared nuclear activities and verification of declared nuclear activities, while nuclear forensics has been developed to trace the origins and intended use of illicitly trafficked nuclear or radioactive materials. In these two analytical techniques, mass spectrometry has played an important role in determining the isotope ratio of various nuclides, contents of trace elements, and production dates. These two techniques typically use similar analytical instruments, but the analytical procedure and the interpretation of analytical results differ depending on the analytical purpose. The isotopic ratio of the samples is considered the most important result in an environmental sample analysis, while age dating and impurity analysis may also be important for nuclear forensics. In this review, important aspects of these techniques are compared and the role of mass spectrometry, along with recent progress in related technologies, are discussed.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제52권5호
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• pp.1022-1028
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• 2020

One of the possible options for spent-fuel management in Korea is pyroprocessing, which is a process for electrochemical recycling of spent nuclear fuel. Nuclear material accountancy is considered to be a safeguards measure of fundamental importance, for the purposes of which, the amount of nuclear material in the input and output materials should be measured as accurately as possible by means of chemical analysis and/or non-destructive assay. In the present study, a neutron measurement system based on the fast-neutron energy multiplication (FNEM) and passive neutron albedo reactivity (PNAR) techniques was designed for nuclear material accountancy of a spent-fuel assembly (i.e., the input accountancy of a pyroprocessing facility). Various parameters including inter-detector distance, source-to-detector distance, neutron-reflector material, the structure of a cadmium sleeve around the close detectors, and an air cavity in the moderator were investigated by MCNP6 Monte Carlo simulations in order to maximize its performance. Then, the detector responses with the optimized geometry were estimated for the fresh-fuel assemblies with different ²³⁵U enrichments and a spent-fuel assembly. It was found that the measurement technique investigated here has the potential to measure changes in neutron multiplication and, in turn, amount of fissile material.

• 정보처리학회논문지C
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• 제10C권2호
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• pp.125-132
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• 2003

본 논문에서는 정보시스템의 위험관리 과정에서 위험감소 단계를 구체적이고 체계적인 방법과 절차를 제시하여 최적의 대응책을 선택할 수 있도록 하였다. 본 논문에서 제시한 실용적인 위험감소 방법론은 기존의 위험감소 절차보다 좀 더 체계적으로 수행절차를 수립하였으며, 각 단계마다 수행해야 할 프로세스를 구체적으로 정의하여 어떤 위험관리 방법론에 적용하더라도 쉽게 사용할 수 있도록 하였다. 실용적인 위험감소 방법론은 기존의 대응책 평가, 대응책 방법 선택, 대응책 기술 선택, 위험수용 평가, 비용효과 분석 그리고 대응책 구현을 포함한 6단계로 수행된다. 실용적인 위험감소 방법론의 특징은 대응책 구현에 앞서 대응책 수립 방법과 그 방법에 따른 기술들을 식별된 위험의 특성에 맞게 대응책을 선택할 수 있다. 그리고 기존의 대응책 평가를 통해 기능이 우수한 것은 재사용함으로써 동일한 대응책을 구현하는 중복작업과 구현 비용의 낭비를 방지할 수 있다. 또한 최종 대응책을 결정할 패 최고 경영자층의 의견을 반영하여 조직과 업무 특성에 맞게 조직이 요구하는 대응책을 선택할 수도 있게 하였다.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제56권6호
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• pp.2412-2420
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• 2024

The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) mandates safeguards to ensure non-proliferation of nuclear materials. Among inspection techniques used to detect partial defects within spent nuclear fuel (SNF), gamma emission tomography (GET) has been reported to be reliable for detection of partial defects on a pin-by-pin level. Conventional GET, however, is limited by low detection efficiency due to the high density of nuclear fuel rods and self-absorption. This paper proposes a new type of GET named Spent Fuel Internal Tomography (SFIT), which can acquire sinograms at the guide tube. The proposed device consists of the housing, shielding, C-shaped collimator, reflector, and gadolinium aluminum gallium garnet (GAGG) scintillator. For accurate attenuation correction, the source-distinguishable range of the SFIT device was determined using MC simulation to the region away from the proposed device to the second layer. For enhanced inspection accuracy, a proposed specific source-discrimination algorithm was applied. With this, the SFIT device successfully distinguished all source locations. The comparison of images of the existing and proposed inspection methods showed that the proposed method, having successfully distinguished all sources, afforded a 150 % inspection accuracy improvement.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제52권6호
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• pp.1252-1258
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• 2020

This study explores the ability of non-destructive assay techniques to detect a partial material defect in which 100 g of plutonium are diverted from the center of a 1000 g can of PuO₂ powder. Four safeguards measurements techniques: neutron multiplicity counting, calorimetry, gravimetry, and gamma ray spectroscopy are used in an attempt to detect the defect. Several materials are added to the partial defect PuO₂ can to replicate signatures of the diverted material. ²⁵²Cf is used to compensate for the doubles neutron counts, ²⁴¹Am is used to compensate for the decay heat, and aluminum is used to compensate for the weight. Although, the doubles and triples difference before and after diversion are statistically indistinguishable with the AWCC in fast and thermal mode, the difference in the singles counts are statistically detectable in both modes. The relatively short half-life of ²⁵²Cf leads to a decrease (three sigma uncertainty) in the doubles neutron counts after 161 days. Combining this with the precise quantity of ²⁴¹Am needed (10.7 g) to mimic the heat signature and the extreme precision in ²⁵²Cf mass needed to defeat neutron multiplicity measurements gives reassurance in the International Atomic Energy Agency's ability to detect partial material defects.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.1657-1673
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• 2023

With the advancement of information technology, criminals employ multiple cyberspaces to promote cybercrime. To combat cybercrime and cyber dangers, banks and financial institutions use artificial intelligence (AI). AI technologies assist the banking sector to develop and grow in many ways. Transparency and explanation of AI's ability are required to preserve trust. Deep learning protects client behavior and interest data. Deep learning techniques may anticipate cyber-attack behavior, allowing for secure banking transactions. This proposed approach is based on a user-centric design that safeguards people's private data over banking. Here, initially, the attack data can be generated over banking transactions. Routing is done for the configuration of the nodes. Then, the obtained data can be preprocessed for removing the errors. Followed by hierarchical network feature extraction can be used to identify the abnormal features related to the attack. Finally, the user data can be protected and the malicious attack in the transmission route can be identified by using the Wrapper stepwise ResNet classifier. The proposed work outperforms other techniques in terms of attack detection and accuracy, and the findings are depicted in the graphical format by employing the Python tool.