• 제목/요약/키워드: Saddle angle

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사이클 페달링 시 안장높이에 따른 하지관절 각도와 근육활성화의 상관관계 (Relationship between Lower -Limb Joint Angle and Muscle Activity due to Saddle Height during Cycle Pedaling)

  • 서정우;최진승;강동원;배재혁;탁계래
    • 한국운동역학회지
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    • 제22권3호
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    • pp.357-363
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    • 2012
  • The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of different saddle heights on lower-limb joint angle and muscle activity. Six elite cyclists(age: $32.2{\pm}5.2years$, height: $171.0{\pm}3.5cm$, weight: $79.7{\pm}5.6kg$, cycle career: $13{\pm}6.2years$) participated in three min. submaximal(90 rpm) pedaling tests with the same load and cadence based on saddle heights where subject's saddle height was determined by his knee flexion angle when the pedal crank was at the 6 o'clock position. Joint angles(hip, knee, ankle joints) and the activity of lower limb muscles(biceps femoris(BF), vastus lateralis(VL), tibialis anterior(TA) and gastrocnemius medial(GM)) were compared by measuring 3D motion and electromyography(EMG) data. Results showed that there were significant differences in minimum hip & knee joint angle and range of motion of hip and knee joint between saddle heights. Onset timing and integrated EMG of only BF among 4 muscles were significantly different between saddle heights. Especially there was a negative relationship between minimum hip joint angle and onset timing of BF in most subject, which means that onset timing of BF became fast as the degree of bending of the hip joint became larger by saddle height. Optimal pedaling will be possible through increased amount of muscle activation due to the appropriate burst onset timing by proper pedaling posture with adjusted saddle height.

비폐쇄를 보이는 III급 부정교합아동의 기도 공간 형태와 안모 골격 형태와의 상관관계 연구 (A study on the correlation between airway space and facial morphology in Class III malocclusion children with nasal obstruction)

  • 정호림;정동화;차경석
    • 대한치과교정학회지
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    • 제37권3호
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    • pp.192-203
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    • 2007
  • 본 연구는 비폐쇄를 보이는 III급 부정교합아동에서, 기도 공간의 형태와 안모 골격 형태 사이의 상관관계를 평가하였다. III급 부정교합을 보이며, 비폐쇄 소견을 보여 이비인후과로 의뢰된 환아 100명의 초진 측모 두부 규격 방사선 사진에서 상 인두기도 공간(upper PAS), 하 인두기도 공간(lower PAS), 편도의 크기, 구개-혀 공간을 측정하여 기도 공간 형태를 분석하였으며, 통상적인 계측점을 사용하여 안면 골격 분석을 시행하여 기도 공간 형태 계측항목과 안면 골격분성 항목간의 상관관계를 연구하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. Upper PAS는 ramal height, SNA, SNB, PFH, FHR, facial plane angle 항목과 양의 상관관계를 보였으며, saddle angle, articular angle, gonial angle의 sum, SN-GoGn, Y-axis to SN, FMA 항목과 음의 상관관계를 보였다. Lower PAS는 genial angle, FMA와 양의 상관관계를 보였으며, articular angle, facial depth, PFH, FHR와 음의 상관관계를 보였다. 편도의 크기는 PCBL, ramal height, Mn. body length, Mn. body length to ACBL, facial depth, facial length, PFH, AFH와 양의 상관관계를 보였다. 구개-혀 공간은 saddle angle, articular angle, genial angle의 합, facial length, AFH, FMA, LFH와 양의 상관관계를 보였으며, IMPA, overbite와 음의 상관관계를 보였다.

사이클 페달링 시 페달반력 효율성을 고려한 적정 안장높이 결정방법 (Saddle Height Determination by Effectiveness of Pedal Reaction Force during Cycle Pedaling)

  • 배재혁;서정우;강동원;최진승;탁계래
    • 한국운동역학회지
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    • 제24권4호
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    • pp.417-423
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    • 2014
  • The purpose of this study was to compare two saddle height determination methods by the effectiveness of pedal reaction force. Ten male subjects (age: $24.0{\pm}2.4years$, height: $175.1{\pm}5.4cm$, weight: $69.3{\pm}11.1kg$, inseam: $77.8{\pm}4.5cm$) participated in three minutes, 60 rpm cycle pedaling tests with the same load and cadence. Subject's saddle height was determined by $25^{\circ}$ knee flexion angle (K25) when the pedal crank was at the 6 o'clock position (knee angle method) and 97% (T97), 100% (T100), 103% (T103) of trochanter height (trochanteric method). The RF (resultant force), EF (effective force), and IE (index of effectiveness) were compared by measuring 3D motion and 3-axis pedal reaction force data during 4 pedaling phases (phase1: $330^{\circ}-30^{\circ}$, phase2: $30^{\circ}-150^{\circ}$, phase3: $150^{\circ}-210$, phase4: $210^{\circ}-330^{\circ}$). Results showed that there were significant differences in EF at phase1 between T97 and K25, in EF at phase4 between T100 and T103, in IE at total phase between T97 and K25, between T100 and T103, in IE at phase1 & phase2 between T97 and K25. There was higher IE in the K25 than any other saddle heights, which means that K25 was better pedaling effectiveness than the trochanteric method. Therefore it was suggested the saddle height as 103.7% of trochanter height that converted from K25.

사이클 안장 높이 증가가 대퇴 외측광근과 대퇴이두근의 길이 및 활성화 패턴에 미치는 영향 (Effects of Increased Saddle Height on Length and Activity Pattern of Vastus Lateralis and Biceps Femor is Muscle)

  • 최진승;강동원;서정우;배재혁;탁계래
    • 한국운동역학회지
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    • 제22권4호
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    • pp.413-419
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    • 2012
  • The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of increased saddle height on the length and activity pattern of vastus lateralis (VL) and biceps femoris (BF) muscle. To compare the effects of increased saddle height, Preferred (self-selected height of subject) and High saddle height (approximately 5% higher saddle height than self-selected) were used. Seven elite cyclists (career: $16.1{\pm}8.5years$) participated in 3 min. sub-maximal pedaling tests under the same cadence (90 RPM) and pedaling power (150 W). Hip and knee joint angles, and the length and activity of VL and BF were compared by measuring 3D motion and electromyography (EMG) data. Results showed that there were significant differences in peak extension timing of the hip joint angle and the range of motion of the hip and knee joint between different saddle heights. Although there were significant differences in muscle length of both muscles with increasing saddle height, the timing and amount of muscle activity differed only at the BF. These findings suggest that the timing and amount of bi-articular muscle activity (i.e. BF) can be altered by changing the saddle height. For practically applying these results, further study is necessary to evaluate the effects of various cadence and the pedaling power with various saddle heights.

엘리트 카약 선수들의 에르고미터를 이용한 로잉 동작 시 안장과 페달의 거리가 로잉 패턴 및 근 활성도에 미치는 영향 (Effect of Saddle to Pedal Length in Kayak Ergometer on Rowing Motion and EMG Activation in Elite Kayak Players)

  • 류재진;남기정;이종훈
    • 한국운동역학회지
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    • 제22권1호
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    • pp.65-73
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    • 2012
  • The purpose of this study was to identify the saddle to pedal length contributing to successful performance in kayak using a kayak ergometer. Ten male elite kayak players participated in this study. players were tested on the kayak ergometer which was varied saddle to pedal length by the knee flexion angle(90deg; 120deg; 150deg) to measure stroke frequency, paddling amplitude, joint angle, RoM and angular velocity, foot pressure and force, iEMG using the 3D motion system, foot pressure system and EMG wireless system. At a results, rowing at 120deg on knee flexion angle showed higher stroke frequency and paddling amplitude than other knee flexion angles. RoM at upper extremity showed not significant difference between knee flexion angles. But there were significant differences in thorax and pelvis rotation RoM, knee flexion-extension RoM in each condition. In addition, foot pressure, force and iEMG were significantly different in knee flexion angles. Study showed that changed of saddle to pedal length affected rowing performance kinds of stroke frequency, paddling amplitude. The most important thing, increased range of motion in pelvic and thorax has occurred by force that generated foot-bar to seat. Not only that, but it seems to be attributed to a technical adaptation developed to maximum rowing performance.

단신 : 페달링 시 정량적인 동적 피팅을 위한 실시간 평가 시스템 (Technical-note : Real-time Evaluation System for Quantitative Dynamic Fitting during Pedaling)

  • 이주학;강동원;배재혁;신윤호;최진승;탁계래
    • 한국운동역학회지
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    • 제24권2호
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    • pp.181-187
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    • 2014
  • In this study, a real-time evaluation system for quantitative dynamic fitting during pedaling was developed. The system is consisted of LED markers, a digital camera connected to a computer and a marker detecting program. LED markers are attached to hip, knee, ankle joint and fifth metatarsal in the sagittal plane. Playstation3 eye which is selected as a main digital camera in this paper has many merits for using motion capture, such as high FPS (Frame per second) about 180FPS, $320{\times}240$ resolution, and low-cost with easy to use. The maker detecting program was made by using Labview2010 with Vision builder. The program was made up of three parts, image acquisition & processing, marker detection & joint angle calculation, and output section. The digital camera's image was acquired in 95FPS, and the program was set-up to measure the lower-joint angle in real-time, providing the user as a graph, and allowing to save it as a test file. The system was verified by pedalling at three saddle heights (knee angle: 25, 35, $45^{\circ}$) and three cadences (30, 60, 90 rpm) at each saddle heights by using Holmes method, a method of measuring lower limbs angle, to determine the saddle height. The result has shown low average error and strong correlation of the system, respectively, $1.18{\pm}0.44^{\circ}$, $0.99{\pm}0.01^{\circ}$. There was little error due to the changes in the saddle height but absolute error occurred by cadence. Considering the average error is approximately $1^{\circ}$, it is a suitable system for quantitative dynamic fitting evaluation. It is necessary to decrease error by using two digital camera with frontal and sagittal plane in future study.

골격성 제 III급 부정교합자의 두 개안모의 성장양상에 관한 누년적 연구 (A longitudinal study on the growth pattern of craniofacial skeleton in skeletal class III)

  • 박영철;박민성;김태균
    • 대한치과교정학회지
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    • 제28권5호
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    • pp.751-761
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    • 1998
  • 악교정 수술이 꼭 필요한 골격성 제 III급 부정교합환자의 측모두부방사선 사진상의 특징을 알아보기 위하여, 골격성 제III급 부정교합으로 진단받고 수술예정이거나 수술을 시행한 7-17세의 남녀 37명을 실험군으로 하고, 정상교합을 가진 8-13세의 남녀 56명을 정상군으로 하여, 두 군을 비교분석한 바, 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. Prepubertal Group내에서의 실험군과 정상군의 비교에서 ANS-U1/Me-L1, Mx. Length/Mn. Length, S-N/Go-Me, Wits, ANB, SN-Pog, IMPA, Facial Convexity, APDI 항목에서 유의차가 있었다. 2. Pubertal Group 내에서의 실험군과 정상군의 비교에서 ANS-U1/Me-L1, S-Go/N-Me, Mx. Lenth/Mn. Length, S-N/Go-Me, Wits, Saddle Angle, SNB, ANB, SN-Pog, IMPA, Interincisal Angle, Facial Convexity, APDI 항목에서 유의차가 있었다. 3. 골격성 제 III급 부정교합의 특성을 나타내는 항목들 중 Prepubertal Group과 Pubertal Group간에는 95% 유의수준에서 Mx. Length/Mn. Length, APDI 외에 다른 항목에서는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 4. 실험군에서 골격성 제 III급 부정교합의 특성을 나타내는 항목들 중 Saddle Angle과 SNB, SN-Pog와 SNB, ANB와 Facial Convexity항목 사이의 상관관계가 가장 높게 나타났다.

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