• 한국문화재보존과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2005.11a
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• pp.122-134
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• 2005

XRF, EDX, IR analysis was conducted to figure the effect of Fe to blacken the waterlogged wood. The results showed that investigated soil contained more Fe than normal soil by XRF analysis and wood ash contained more sulfur and Fe than any other element by EDX analysis. C-H and C-O peaks were significantly reduced at the surface of wood where is blackened part of waterlogged wood by IR analysis. The optimum condition to remove Fe from waterlogged wood by EDTA was investigated. To do this, removed concentration of Fe was measured at various concentration of EDTA-2Na. The optimum pH of EDTA-2Na was figured to be 4.1 to 4.3 and as the concentration of EDTA was increasing, extracted concentration of Fe was also increased. In the case of 0.4 wt% of EDTA-2Na, 700ppm of Fe was eliminated and was stabilized after 48 hours time lapse. In the case of EDTA-3Na, the optimum pH was 7 to 8, and 10 ppm of Fe was eliminated at 0.4 wt% of EDTA-3Na. In the case of EDTA-4Na, the optimum pH was 10 to 11, and 120 ppm of Fe was eliminated at 0.4 wt% of EDTA-4Na.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.45-57
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• 2015

Soil moisture is critical for understanding the spatial-temporal variability of hydrologic processes. The distributions of soil moisture have been explored along transect line in hillslope hydrology. In this study, we measured several soil moistures along transect lines during ten-month period at a hillslope located the Cheong-mi catchment. The soil moisture properties were expressed by simple statistical methods (average, standard deviation, and recession slope) and analyzed in terms of soil depths and transects from the seasonal context. Supplementary studies were also performed about the effect of location, topography and soil texture to the soil moisture responses. The spatial distributions of average soil moisture at deep soil layer were distinguished from those at near surface due to the possibility of expected factors such as subsurface lateral flow from upslope, preferential flow and existence of bedrock. The soil moistures in combined line affected from significant contribution of upper transect line were relatively higher(wetter), low variability compared to those in other transect lines and seemed to be under stabilization process. There are confirmed heterogeneity of soil moisture variation related with preferential flow and significant influence of soil texture for soil moisture properties in upslope.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.22
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• pp.77-86
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• 2008

The pre-treatment for conservation must be needed for the exhumed historic sites. So, the study of conservation and restoration of historical sites has progressed favorably with using various polymers for solving upper problems. The problems which should be essentially solved for conservation of the exhumed historic sites are, however, using reinforcing agents that don't impair their original forms and sorting reinforcing agents on the lines of the historic sites' soil. These agents should be able to use without the effect of outer environments like marsh, winter time or temperature. In this work, we synthesized Epoxy resin and Epoxy hardener for the restoration of historical sites. These products have very good tension strength and adhesion strength and various physical properties that the users want. Particularly, these epoxy with high viscosity have good separation of between Epoxy final product and Urethane pre-surface.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.587-596
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• 2014

Soil moisture is one of the most important interests in hydrological response and the interaction between the land surface and atmosphere. Estimation of Antecedent Wetness Conditions (AWC) which is soil moisture condition prior to a rainfall in the basin should be considered for rainfall-runoff prediction. In this study, Soil Wetness Index (SWI), Antecedent Precipitation Index ($API_5$), remotely sensed Soil Moisture ($SM_{rs}$), and 5 days ground Soil Moisture ($SM_{g5}$) were selected to estimate the AWC at four study area in the Korean Peninsula. The remotely sensed soil moisture data were taken from the AMSR-E soil moisture archive. The maximum potential retention ($S_{obs}$) was obtained from direct runoff and rainfall using Soil Conservation Service-Curve Number (SCS-CN) method by rainfall data of 2011 for each study area. Results showed the great correlations between the maximum potential retention and SWI with a mean correlation coefficient which is equal to -0.73. The results of time length representing the time scale of soil moisture showed a gap from region to region. It was due to the differences of soil types and the characteristics of study area. Since the remotely sensed soil moisture has been proved as reasonable hydrological variables to predict a wetness in the basin, it should be continuously monitored.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.561-570
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• 2016

This research was a technical case study for the authentic restoration of the seven-storied Simgoksa stone pagoda after disassembly and reconstruction using three-dimensional image analysis. During disassembly and reconstruction, the pagoda's properties were analyzed in terms of the overall modification and displacement of the pagoda. Distortion was minimized by ensuring structural stability during the reconstruction process. Also, the original site of the pagoda was examined in order to utilize it fully during rebuilding. Before reconstruction of the pagoda, moss and lichen on the stone surfaces were removed by scientific surface cleaning. The foundation of the pagoda was reinforced with rammed earth than was similar to the original foundation using a mixture of soil and quicklime. The results are expected to provide valuable data for the reconstruction of other stone pagodas.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.30
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• pp.23-46
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• 2023

The Jija Chongtong Gun, owned by Seokdang Museum of Dong-A University, is a tubedstyle heavy weapon of the battlefield in the mid-Joseon Dynasty and is the second largest firearm after Cheonja Chongtong. The original surface color of the Jija Chongtong Gun was obscured by foreign substances and therefore it was judged that its condition requires the conservation treatment. For stable conservation treatment, gamma ray and X-ray non-destructive transmission surveys was conducted to determine the internal structure and conservation condition. And the component analysis on the material components and surface contaminants of Jija Chongtong Gun was conducted by utilizing the p-XRF component analysis, SEM-EDS component analysis, and XRD analysis. As a result of the gamma-ray and X-ray non-destructive transmission investigation, a large amount of air bubbles was observed inside Jija Chongtong Gun, and the part that appeared to be a chaplet by visual observation was not identified. As a result of gamma-ray and p-XRF component analysis, it was confirmed that Jija Chongtong Gun was bronze made of copper (Cu), tin (Sn), and lead (Pb) alloy. As a result of surface analysis of foreign substances using SEM-EDS, it was confirmed that the main components of white foreign substances were calcium (Ca), sulfur (S), and titanium (Ti). Titanium was presumed to be titanium dioxide (TiO₂), the main component of white correction fluid. The red foreign substance was confirmed to contain barium (Ba) as its main ingredient, and was presumed to be barium sulfate (BaSO₄), an extender pigment in paint. White and red contaminants, mainly composed of titanium and barium, are presumed to have been deposited on the surface in recent years. The yellow foreign substances were confirmed to be aluminum (Al) and silicon (Si), and were presumed to have originated from soil components. As a result of SEM-EDS and XRD component analysis, the white foreign substance was confirmed to be gypsum (CaS). Based on the results of component analysis, surface impurities were removed, stabilization treatment, and strengthening treatment were performed. During the conservation process, unknown inscriptions Woo (右), Byeong (兵), Sang (上), and Yi (二) were discovered through a portable microscope and precise 3D scanning. In addition, the carving method, depth, and width of the inscription were measured. Woo Byeong Sang is located above Happo Fortress in Changwon, and Yi can be identified as the second hill.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.1108-1113
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• 2012

The changes of soil organic carbon (SOC) content in paddy soils (sandy loam) were assessed from data of the 59 years fertilization plots in which the continuous rice cropping experiment started in 1954. The treatments were no fertilization(no fert.), NPK fertilization (N, NPK), NPK plus rice straw compost (NPK+C), and NPK plus rice straw compost, silicate fertilizer and lime (NPK+CLS). After 41 years, SOC content in NPK+C and NPK+CLS treatment in surface soils (0~15 cm) reached at the highest, followed by maintaining a plateau level for 8 years. After 51 years, they showed a tendency to decrease. Peak concentrations of soil organic carbon were $20.1g\;kg^{-1}$ in NPK+CLS, $19.1g\;kg^{-1}$ in NPK+C, $13.3g\;kg^{-1}$ in NPK, $11.9g\;kg^{-1}$ in N, and $11.6g\;kg^{-1}$ in control. Dissolved organic carbon(DOC) contents in surface soil solution were about 2.3 times higher in NPK+C than that in NPK+CLS. Therefore, SOC in subsurface soil(15~30 cm) was greater in NPK+C than the other treatments. These results indicate that continuous application of rice straw compost and silicate fertilizer affected significantly on the level of SOC in surface soils, subsurface soils, and soil solutions. Thus, the combined applications of NPK fertilizers with organic compost and silicate as a soil amendment are recommended as the best fertilization practice for soil carbon accumulation, environment conservation, and enhancement of soil fertility status in the continuous rice cropping system.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.252-252
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• 2017

Nowadays water shortage is becoming one of the biggest problems in the Korea. Many different methods are developed for conservation of water. Soil water management has become the most indispensable factor for augmenting the crop productivity especially on soybean (Glycine max L.) because of their high susceptibility to both water stress and water logging at various growth stages. The farmers have been using irrigation techniques through manual control which farmers irrigate lands at regular intervals. Automatic irrigation systems are convenient, especially for those who need to travel. If automatic irrigation systems are installed and programmed properly, they can even save you money and help in water conservation. Automatic irrigation systems can be programmed to provide automatic irrigation to the plants which helps in saving money and water and to discharge more precise amounts of water in a targeted area, which promotes water conservation. The objective of this study was to determine the possible effect of automatic irrigation systems based on soil moisture on soybean growth. This experiment was conducted on an upland field with sandy loam soils in Department of Southern Area Crop, NICS, RDA. The study had three different irrigation methods; sprinkle irrigation (SI), surface drip irrigation (SDI) and fountain irrigation (FI). SI was installed at spacing of $7{\times}7m$ and $1.8m^3/hr$ as square for per irrigation plot, a lateral pipe of SDI was laid down to 1.2 m row spacing with $2.3L\;h^{-1}$ discharge rate, the distance between laterals was 20 cm spacing between drippers and FI was laid down in 3m interval as square for per irrigation plot. Soybean (Daewon) cultivar was sown in the June $20^{th}$, 2016, planted in 2 rows of apart in 1.2 m wide rows and distance between hills was 20 cm. All agronomic practices were done as the recommended cultivation. This automatic irrigation system had valves to turn irrigation on/off easily by automated controller, solenoids and moisture sensor which were set the reference level as available soil moisture levels of 30% at 10cm depth. The efficiency of applied irrigation was obtained by dividing the total water stored in the effective root zone to the applied irrigation water. Results showed that seasonal applied irrigation water amounts were $60.4ton\;10a^{-1}$ (SI), $47.3ton\;10a^{-1}$ (SDI) and $92.6 ton\;10a^{-1}$ (FI), respectively. The most significant advantage of SDI system was that water was supplied near the root zone of plants drip by drip. This system saved a large quantity of water by 27.5% and 95.6% compared to SI, FI system. The average soybean yield was significantly affected by different irrigation methods. The soybean yield by different irrigation methods were $309.7kg\;10a^{-1}$ from SDI $282.2kg\;10a^{-1}$ from SI, $289.4kg\;10a^{-1}$ from FI, and $206.3kg\;10a^{-1}$ from control, respectively. SDI resulted in increase of soybean yield by 50.1%, 7.0% 9.8% compared to non-irrigation (control), FI and SI, respectively. Therefore, the automatic irrigation system supplied water only when the soil moisture in the soil went below the reference. Due to the direct transfer of water to the roots water conservation took place and also helped to maintain the moisture to soil ratio at the root zone constant. Thus the system is efficient and compatible to changing environment. The automatic irrigation system provides with several benefits and can operate with less manpower. In conclusion, improving automatic irrigation system can contribute greatly to reducing production costs of crops and making the industry more competitive and sustainable.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.327-339
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• 2014

This research includes the identification and cultivation of aerial algae from 33 sites located in Mt. Gwanggyo of Gyeonggi-do, Korea, from March 2011 to August 2012. The ecological factors of aerial algae were analyzed and a total of 29 taxa were identified in 4 phyla, 5 classes, 11 orders, 15 families, 19 genera, 28 species and 1 variety; 12 taxa of cyanophytes, 8 taxa of chrysophytes, and 9 taxa of chlorophytes were found. As for newly recorded cyanophytes of Korea, Komvophoron jovis, Microcoleus steenstrupii, and Nostoc edaphicum appeared. Komvophoron jovis, previously known to grow on rocks and boulders, appeared in soil. Microcoleus steenstrupii, reported to appear in desert soils, appeared on the wet surface of the soil after rain. Nostoc edaphicum, in symbiosis with fungi, appeared on tree bark as the lichen. Thus, there are a total of 99 reported taxa of Korean aerial algae, including 3 species that were discovered in this study.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.42 no.spc
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• pp.47-50
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• 2009

Nutrient losses, especially nitrogen and phosphorus, in agricultural runoff can contaminate surface and ground water, leading to eutrophication. Thus, erosion control is crucial to minimizing nutrient losses from agricultural land. Assessments of various erosion control practices were carried out under various cropping system, soil management practices, and slope conditions by means of a lysimeter study and under artificial rainfall. Soil and nutrient losses were monitored in a small agricultural field to evaluate the soil conservation practices. Nutrient losses occur in runoff and leachate (dissolved nutrient) and in sediments (particulate nutrient). Dissolved nitrates accounted for the majority (about 90%) of nitrate transport within the soil. Particulate phosphate in sediments represented the majority (60% to 67%) of phosphate transport. Recently, engineering and agronomic erosion-control practices haver been used to reduce erosion problems in fields on slopes. These practices reduced soil loss, runoff, and nutrient loss to 1/6, 1/2,and 1/3 their original levels, respectively. Bioavailable particulate phosphate in sediments represents a variable but longterm source of phosphate for algae. Dissolved nitrate and phosphate are immediately available for algal uptake, so reducing fluxes of these nutrients should also reduce the risk of eutrophication.