• 한국해안·해양공학회논문집
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.401-412
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• 2008

본 연구에서는 3차원수치파동수로내에 쇄파후의 파랑이 대형연직원주구조물에 작용할 때 작용파력과 구조물에 의한 파랑변형을 수치적으로 해석한다. 수치해석법으로 파랑과 구조물과의 비선형상호간섭에 따른 쇄파현상을 포함하는 복잡한 자유수면의 거동특성을 고정도로 해석할 수 있는 3차원Navier-Stokes운동방정식과 자유수면추적에 3차원VOF(Volume Of Fluid)법을 결합한 강비선형해석법을 적용한다. 3차원파동장내에서 해저는 쇄파를 상대적으로 쉽게 발생시킬 수 있는 경사스텝의 해저(변수심의 경사수역과 일정수심역으로 구성)로 이루어진 경우를 고려하며, 파고의 변화에 따라 쇄파가 경사수역 또는 일정수심역에서 발생하여 일정수심역의 대형연직원주구조물에는 쇄파후의 파랑만이 작용하는 경우로 한정한다. 구조물의 위치 및 입사파랑의 파고변화가 구조물에 작용하는 파력 및 파랑변형에 미치는 특성을 쇄파전후의 파랑을 중심으로 검토하고, 쇄파후 파랑의 전파에 따른 파랑에너지의 변화와 구조물에 작용하는 파력특성과를 연관시켜 논의하여 3차원파동장에서 파랑과 구조물과의 강비선형간섭현상의 특성을 규명한다.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.199-211
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• 1995

The deep sea camera system could render it possible to obtain the detailed information of the nodule distribution, but difficult to estimate nodule abundance quantitatively. In order to estimate nodule abundance quantitatively from deep seabed photographs, the nodule abundance equation was derived from the box core data obtained in KODOS area(long.: $154^{\circ}{\sim}151^{\circ}W$, lat.: $9^{\circ}{\sim}12^{\circ}N$) during two survey cruises carried out in 1989 and 1990. The regression equation derived by considering extent of burial of nodule to Handa's equation compensates for the abundance error attributable to partial burial of some nodules by sediments. An average long axis and average extent of burial of nodules in photographed area are determined according to the surface textures of nodules, and nodule coverage is calculated by the image analysis method. Average nodule abundance estimated from seabed photographs by using the equation is approximately 92% of the actual average abundance in KODOS area. The measured sampling points by box core or free fall grab are in general very sparse and hence nodule abundance distribution should be interpolated and extrapolated from measured data to uncharacterized areas. The another goal of this study is to depict continuous distribution of nodule abundance in KODOS area by using PC-version of geostatistical model in which several stages are systematically proceeded. Geostatistics was used to analyse spatial structure and distribution of regionalized variable(nodule abundance) within sets of real data. In order to investigate the spatial structure of nodule abundance in KODOS area, experimental variograms were calculated and fitted to a spherical models in isotropy and anisotropy, respectively. The spherical structure models were used to map out distribution of the nodule abundance for isotropic and anisotropic models by using the kriging method. The result from anisotropic model is much more reliable than one of isotropic model. Distribution map of nodule abundance produced by PC-version of geostatistical model indicates that approximately 40% of KODOS area is considered to be promising area(nodule abundance > $5kg/m^2$) for mining in case of anisotropy.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.323-336
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• 2018

Machine foundations with impact loads are common powerful sources of industrial vibrations. These foundations are generally transferring vertical dynamic loads to the soil and generate ground vibrations which may harmfully affect the surrounding structures or buildings. Dynamic effects range from severe trouble of working conditions for some sensitive instruments or devices to visible structural damage. This work includes an experimental study on the behavior of dry dense sand under the action of a single impulsive load. The objective of this research is to predict the dry sand response under impact loads. Emphasis will be made on attenuation of waves induced by impact loads through the soil. The research also includes studying the effect of footing embedment, and footing area on the soil behavior and its dynamic response. Different falling masses from different heights were conducted using the falling weight deflectometer (FWD) to provide the single pulse energy. The responses of different soils were evaluated at different locations (vertically below the impact plate and horizontally away from it). These responses include; displacements, velocities, and accelerations that are developed due to the impact acting at top and different depths within the soil using the falling weight deflectometer (FWD) and accelerometers (ARH-500A Waterproof, and Low capacity Acceleration Transducer) that are embedded in the soil in addition to soil pressure gauges. It was concluded that increasing the footing embedment depth results in increase in the amplitude of the force-time history by about 10-30% due to increase in the degree of confinement. This is accompanied by a decrease in the displacement response of the soil by about 40-50% due to increase in the overburden pressure when the embedment depth increased which leads to increasing the stiffness of sandy soil. There is also increase in the natural frequency of the soil-foundation system by about 20-45%. For surface foundation, the foundation is free to oscillate in vertical, horizontal and rocking modes. But, when embedding a footing, the surrounding soil restricts oscillation due to confinement which leads to increasing the natural frequency. Moreover, the soil density increases with depth because of compaction, which makes the soil behave as a solid medium. Increasing the footing embedment depth results in an increase in the damping ratio by about 50-150% due to the increase of soil density as D/B increases, hence the soil tends to behave as a solid medium which activates both viscous and strain damping.

• 해양환경안전학회지
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.795-801
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• 2019

층류 경계층 내 반구에 의해 유기되는 말굽와류를 흡입 제어했을 때 후류영역에서의 마찰저항 변화를 측정하였다. 이를 위해 회류수조에서 유동가시화를 실시하여 최적의 자유유속, 반구 크기 및 흡입제어 구멍 크기를 결정하였고, 반구 후류영역에 설치된 평판과 연결된 동력계로 표면 마찰저항 감소를 측정하는 실험을 수행하였다. 평판에 설치된 반구 전방에는 유입 유동에 의해 반구를 감싸는 말굽와류가 생성되며 그 주위 와도 방향에 의해 후류영역으로는 빠른 유속의 유동이 유입되어 머리핀 와류 생성을 촉진시킨다. 따라서 반구 전방에 생성되는 말굽와류 세기를 흡입 제어에 의해 약화시킴으로써 반구 좌우측으로 길게 형성된 유속방향 와류가 후류영역으로 공급하는 에너지는 감소하게 된다. 즉, 반구 전방의 말굽와류를 제어함으로써 후류영역으로부터 생성되는 헤어핀 와류 발생 주파수가 줄어 들게 된다. 염료 주입을 이용한 유동 가시화 영상을 해석한 결과로 머리핀 와류의 발생 빈도가 흡입제어에 의해 36.4 % 감소되었고, 후류영역에서 측정된 표면 마찰저항은 2.3 % 감소되는 것으로 나타났다.

• 전기화학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.14-20
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• 2001

단결정 Pt(100)/0.5M $H_2SO_4$ 및 0.5M LiOH수용액 계면에서 저전위 수소흡착(UPD H)과 과전위 수소흡착(OPD H)에 관한 Langmuir흡착등온식을 위상이동 방법을 이용하여 연구 조사하였다. 최적 중간주파수에서 위상이동 변화$({-\varphi}\;vs.\;E)$는 Langmuir흡착등온식$(\theta\;vs.\;E)$의 추정에 적용할 수 있는 유용한 실험 방법이다. 단결정 Pt(100)/0.5M $H_2SO_4$ 수용액 계면에서 과전위 수소흡착에 기인한 흡착평형상수(K)와 흡착표준자유에너지$({\Delta}G_{ads})$는 각각 $1.5\times10^{-4}$와 21.8kJ/mol이다. 단결정 Pt(100)/0.5M LiOH 수용액 계면에서 K는 음전위에 따라 1.9(UPD H)에서 $6.8\times10^{-6}$ (OPD H)또는 그 반대로 전이한다. 마찬가지로, ${\Delta}G_{ads}$는 음전위에 따라 -1.6kJ/mol (UPD H)에서 29.5kJ/mol (OPD H) 또는 그 반대로 전이한다. 전극속도론적 패러미터$(K,\; {\Delta}G_{ads})$의 전이는 단결정 Pt(100)전극표면의 UPD H와 OPD H에 기인한다. UPD H와 OPD H는 음극 $H_2$발생 반응을 위한 순차적 과정이 아니라 전극표면의 수소 흡착부위에 기인하는 독립적 과정이다.

• 전기화학회지
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.118-124
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• 2001

순환전압전류 및 교류임피던스 기법을 이용하여 다결정 $0.5M\;H_2SO_4$수용액 계면에서 음극 $H_2$발생 반응을 위한 과전위 전착(흡착)된 수소의 Langmuir흡착등온식을 연구조사 하였다. 다결정 $Au|0.5M\;H_2SO_4$수용액 계면에서, 최적중간주파수일 때 위상이동 $(0^{\circ}\leq{-\phi}\leq90^{\circ})$ 거동은 표면피복율$(1\geq{\theta}\geq0)$ 거동에 정확하게 상응한다. 최적중간주 파수일 때 위상이동 변화 $({-\phi}\;vs.\;E)$즉 위상이동 방법은 다결정 $Au|0.5M\;H_2SO_4$수용액 계면에서 음극 $H_2$발생 반응을 위한 과전위 전착(흡착)된 수소의 Langmuir 흡착등온식$(\theta\;vs.\;E)$을 추정할 수 있는 새로운 방법으로 사용될 수 있다. 다결정 $Au|0.5M\;H_2SO_4$ 수용액 계면에서, 과전위 전착(흡착)된 수소의 흡착평형상수(K)와 표준자유에너지 $({\Delta}G_{ads})$는 각각 $2.3\times10^{-6}$과 $32.2kJ\;mol^{-1}$이다.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.21-25
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• 2005

This study was performed to assess therapeutic effect of the tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO) in dogs with experimentally transected cranial cruciate ligaments (CrCL). Nine healthy adult Beagle dogs were transected left CrCL under general anesthesia. The dogs were assigned to TPLO and non-TPLO control groups. The TPLO procedures for correcting the CrCL rupture in the left stifle of dogs were performed under sterile conditions. Before TPLO procedures, all dogs were screened by orthopedic and radiographic examinations. Dogs were lameness free for the previous three months, and when examined at the walk and trot on a hard surface, in a straight line and on a circle. Lateral and craniocaudal radiographs were done to confirm the soundness of the both knee joint in dogs and not detectable lesions were diagnosed. The dogs were intravenously injected with a 10 mci/kg of 99mTechnetium-methylene diphosphonate (99mTc-MDP) under general anesthesia. Scintigraphs were obtained using a large field of view gamma camera equipped a parallel-hole, low-energy about 3 hours after intravenous injection of 99mTc-MDP. Before CrCL transection and 4, 8, and 12 weeks after the procedures, scintigraphy were conducted. Bone uptake of the left stifle joint increased after the procedures in all dogs. When the bone uptake from the TPLO procedure was compared with that of the control, there was a significant difference (p < 0.05). At 12 weeks after the TPLO procedure, the dogs showed normal anatomical posture and gait. It is concluded that TPLO procedure was effective in reconstruct of the stifle joint in dogs with CrCL rupture.

• 청정기술
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.122-130
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• 2020

입상 활성탄에 대한 reactive blue 4 (RB 4) 의 등온흡착과 동력학적, 열역학적 파라미터에 대해 활성탄의 양, pH, 초기농도, 접촉시간, 온도를 흡착변수로 하여 조사하였다. 활성탄에 의한 RB 4 염료의 흡착은 pH 7을 기점으로 양쪽으로 흡착 백분율이 증가하는 concave 모양을 나타내었다. 등온흡착자료는 Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin 등온흡착식에 적용하였다. Freundlich과 Langmuir 등온흡착식이 모두 잘 맞았다. 계산된 Freundlich 분리계수(1/n = 0.125 ~ 0.232)과 Langmuir 분리계수(R_L = 1.53 ~ 1.59) 으로부터 활성탄이 RB 4를 효과적으로 처리할 수 있다는 것을 알 수 있었다. Temkin의 흡착열관련상수(B_T = 17.611 ~ 29.010 J mol^-1)는 이 공정이 물리흡착임을 나타냈다. 동력학적 실험으로부터 흡착공정은 유사 이차 반응속도식에 잘 맞았다. 입자 내 확산식에 대한 결과는 표면확산을 나타내는 두 번째 직선의 기울기보다 입자내 세공확산을 나타내는 첫 번째 직선의 기울기가 작게 나타나서 입자내 세공확산이 속도지배단계인 것을 확인하였다. Gibbs 자유에너지 변화(ΔG = -3.262 ~ -7.581 kJ mol^-1)와 엔탈피 변화(ΔH = 61.08 kJ mol^-1)은 각각 흡착공정이 자발적 공정 및 흡열과정임을 나타내었다.

• 한국재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국재료학회 2012년도 춘계학술발표대회
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• pp.65-65
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• 2012

Copper zinc tin sulfide ($Cu_2ZnSnS_4$, CZTS) is a very promising material as a low cost absorber alternative to other chalcopyrite-type semiconductors based on Ga or In because of the abundant and economical elements. In addition, CZTS has a band-gap energy of 1.4~1.5eV and large absorption coefficient over ${\sim}10^4cm^{-1}$, which is similar to those of $Cu(In,Ga)Se_2$(CIGS) regarded as one of the most successful absorber materials for high efficient solar cell. Most previous works on the fabrication of CZTS thin films were based on the vacuum deposition such as thermal evaporation and RF magnetron sputtering. Although the vacuum deposition has been widely adopted, it is quite expensive and complicated. In this regard, the solution processes such as sol-gel method, nanocrystal dispersion and hybrid slurry method have been developed for easy and cost-effective fabrication of CZTS film. Among these methods, the hybrid slurry method is favorable to make high crystalline and dense absorber layer. However, this method has the demerit using the toxic and explosive hydrazine solvent, which has severe limitation for common use. With these considerations, it is highly desirable to develop a robust, easily scalable and relatively safe solution-based process for the fabrication of a high quality CZTS absorber layer. Here, we demonstrate the fabrication of a high quality CZTS absorber layer with a thickness of 1.5~2.0 ${\mu}m$ and micrometer-scaled grains using two different non-vacuum approaches. The first solution-processing approach includes air-stable non-toxic solvent-based inks in which the commercially available precursor nanoparticles are dispersed in ethanol. Our readily achievable air-stable precursor ink, without the involvement of complex particle synthesis, high toxic solvents, or organic additives, facilitates a convenient method to fabricate a high quality CZTS absorber layer with uniform surface composition and across the film depth when annealed at $530^{\circ}C$. The conversion efficiency and fill factor for the non-toxic ink based solar cells are 5.14% and 52.8%, respectively. The other method is based on the nanocrystal dispersions that are a key ingredient in the deposition of thermally annealed absorber layers. We report a facile synthetic method to produce phase-pure CZTS nanocrystals capped with less toxic and more easily removable ligands. The resulting CZTS nanoparticle dispersion enables us to fabricate uniform, crack-free absorber layer onto Mo-coated soda-lime glass at $500^{\circ}C$, which exhibits a robust and reproducible photovoltaic response. Our simple and less-toxic approach for the fabrication of CZTS layer, reported here, will be the first step in realizing the low-cost solution-processed CZTS solar cell with high efficiency.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제30권8호
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• pp.383-392
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• 2020

In this paper, AgCl/Ag₃PO₄/diatomite photocatalyst is successfully synthesized by microemulsion method and anion in situ substitution method. X-ray diffraction (XRD), photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) are used to study the structural and physicochemical characteristics of the AgCl/Ag₃PO₄/diatomite composite. Using rhodamine B (RhB) as a simulated pollutant, the photocatalytic activity and stability of the AgCl/Ag₃PO₄/diatomite composite under visible light are evaluated. In the AgCl/Ag₃PO₄/diatomite visible light system, RhB is nearly 100 % degraded within 15 minutes. And, after five cycles of operation, the photocatalytic activity of AgCl/Ag₃PO₄/diatomite remains at 95 % of the original level, much higher than that of pure Ag₃PO₄ (40 %). In addition, the mechanism of enhanced catalytic performance is discussed. The high photocatalytic performance of AgCl/Ag₃PO₄/diatomite composites can be attributed to the synergistic effect of Ag₃PO₄, diatomite and AgCl nanoparticles. Free radical trapping experiments are used to show that holes and oxygen are the main active species. This material can quickly react with dye molecules adsorbed on the surface of diatomite to degrade RhB dye to CO₂ and H₂O. Even more remarkably, AgCl/Ag₃PO₄/diatomite can maintain above 95 % photo-degradation activity after five cycles.