• 대한기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한기계학회 2008년도 추계학술대회A
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• pp.729-734
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• 2008

A thermal stratification may occur in the horizontal parts of the surge line during operating transients of the pressurizer, which produces relatively high fatigue usage factor. Heat-up transient is the most severe case among the transient conditions. In this study, to study the relationship between the magnitude of thermal stratification and the length of vertical part of the surge line, some parametric fluid-structure interaction (FSI) analyses with different length variables of the vertical part of the surge line were performed for plant heat-up transient condition by using 3-dimensional numerical analysis. The conservativeness of the traditional finite element model for thermal stratification analysis based on the conservative assumption in the surge line was also discussed by comparison of the results of 3-dimensional transient FSI analysis of this study. Stresses calculated with 3-dimensional transient model were considerably reduced comparing with the traditional analysis.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제55권8호
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• pp.2835-2843
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• 2023

After an emergency shutdown of a lead-bismuth fast reactor, thermal stratification occurs in the upper Plenum, which negatively impacts the integrity of the reactor structure and the residual heat removal capacity of natural circulation flow. The research on thermal stratification of reactors has mainly been conducted using an experimental method, a system program, and computational fluid dynamics (CFD). However, the equipment required for the experimental method is expensive, accuracy of the system program is unpredictable, and resources and time required for the CFD approach are extensive. To overcome the defects of thermal stratification analysis, a high-precision full-order thermal stratification model based on CFD technology is prepared in this study. Furthermore, a reduced-order model has been developed by combining proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) with Galerkin projection. A comparative analysis of thermal stratification with the proposed full-order model reveals that the reduced-order thermal stratification model can well simulate the temperature distribution in the upper plenum and rapidly elucidate the thermal stratification interface characteristics during the lead-bismuth fast reactor accident. Overall, this study provides an analytical tool for determining the thermal stratification mechanism and reducing thermal stratification.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.329-343
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• 2013

According to previous studies, the increased air temperature can lead to change of thermal stratification structure of lakes and reservoirs. The changed thermal stratification may result in alteration of materials and energy flow. The objective of this study was to predict the effect of climate change on the water temperature and stratification structure of Daecheong Reservoir, located in Geum River basin of Korea, using a three-dimensional(3D) hydrodynamic model(ELCOM). A long-term(100 years) weather data set provided by the National Institute of Meteorological Research(NIMR) was used for forcing the 3D model. The model was applied to two different hydrological conditions, dry year(2001) and normal year(2004). It means that the effect of air temperature increase was only considered. Simulation results showed that the surface water temperature of the reservoir tend to increase in the future, and the establishment of thermal stratification can occur earlier and prolonged longer. As a result of heat flux analysis, the evaporative heat loss can increase in the future than now and before. However, the convective heat loss and net long wave radiation from water surface decreased due to increased air temperature.

• 생태와환경
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.66-74
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• 2011

This numerical study aims to investigate the effect of cohesive sediment on turbulence structure due to density stratification. The transport model for cohesive sediment incorporated with flocculation model has been selected and calculates the concentration, fluid momentum, and turbulence. From the model results, it is known that suspension of sediment decreases turbulence intensity. It is also found that cohesive sediment has a relatively weak effect on turbulence damping compared to noncohesive sediment. The low settling velocity and more suspension of cohesive sediment are considered to be mechanisms of this behavior. Richardson number determined with results of this study quantitatively shows that cohesive sediment causes less stable density stratification condition and, as a result, the turbulence structure is less damped compared to the case of noncohesive sediment.

• 해양환경안전학회:학술대회논문집
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• 해양환경안전학회 2007년도 추계학술발표회
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• pp.1-7
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• 2007

한국 남해안 거제도 앞바다에 투하된 인공용승구조물에 대한 해황 변화를 파악하기 위해 CTD를 이용하여 계절별 관측을 실시하였다. 동계의 수온, 염분 및 밀도의 분포를 살펴보면 표 ${\cdot}$ 저층간의 연직혼합에 의하여 그 차가 작게 나타났으며 춘계에는 표층 10m 이천에서 태양 복사열에 의한 가열현상을 볼 수 있었다. 하계는 표층 수온의 상승으로 표 ${\cdot}$ 저층간의 성층이 약 $10{\sim}20$ m에 형성되었으며 추계에는 하계에 존재한 강한 성층이 서서히 파괴되어 하계보다 약 20m 깊어진 수심 $30{\sim}40$ m 에 성층이 존재하였다. 수온의 기울기 분포를 보면 하계에는 해중산 동쪽보다 서쪽에서 크게 나타났으며, 추계에서도 서쪽에서 기울기가 크게 나타났다. 또한 인공구조물 구축 선과 후의 성층분포틀 비교하였을 때 그 형성수심의 변화를 볼 수 있다.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.553-559
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• 2004

Stratified flow past a three-dimensional obstacle such as a sphere has been a long-lasting subject of geophysical, environmental and engineering fluid dynamics. In order to investigate the effect of the stratification on the near wake, in particular, the unsteady vortex formation behind a sphere, numerical simulations of stratified flows past a sphere are conducted. The time-dependent Navier-Stokes equations are solved using a three-dimensional finite element method and a modified explicit time integration scheme. Laminar flow regime is considered, and linear stratification of density is assumed under Bossiness approximation. The computed results include the characteristics of the near wake and the unsteady vortex shedding. With a strong stratification, the separation on the sphere is suppressed and the wake structure behind the sphere becomes planar, resembling that behind a vertical cylinder.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.473-487
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• 2023

1970~1980년대 준공된 우리나라의 다목적댐 저수지에는 발전방류를 위한 고정식 취수구가 심층에 설치되어 있어 일부 댐 하류에서는 냉수 방류에 의한 농작물 냉해, 안개 일수 증가 등의 문제점이 제기된 바 있다. 본 연구에서는 고정식 취수구를 통해 심층 취수가 이루어지고 있는 합천호를 대상으로 취수 수심이 저수지의 수온 성층 구조와 방류 수온에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 3차원 수리수질모형인 AEM3D를 이용하여 합천호의 연직 수온 분포를 재현하고 계절별 수온성층 구조를 분석하였으며, 수문 조건에 따른 수온성층 변화를 비교 분석하기 위하여 풍수해와 갈수해를 대상으로 모델링 하였다. 또한 취수심 변경 시나리오를 적용함으로써 취수 수심이 수온성층 구조에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 모의 결과 심층 취수를 표층 취수로 변경할 경우 수온약층의 형성 위치가 풍수해 6.5 m, 갈수해 6.8 m 감소하여 더 얕은 수심에 형성될 것으로 분석되었다. 또한 수체 안정도 지수인 Schmidt Stability Index (SSI)와 Buoyancy frequency (N²)가 증가하여 수온성층 강도가 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 표층 취수시 연평균 방류수온이 풍수해 3.5℃, 갈수해 5.0℃ 증가하여 하류하천의 영향은 감소하나, 호내의 저수온층 수체적과 수온성층 강도가 증가하므로 추후 수질관리를 위해 취수심을 댐 운영의 주요인자로 고려해야 할 것으로 판단된다.

• 해양환경안전학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.372-380
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• 2015

인공용승구조물 설치 전 후 주변해역의 하계 물리환경특성을 조사하였다. 구조물 설치 전(2002년)의 수온구조는 수심 30m에 강한 성층이 형성되었다. 한편 구조물 설치 3~4년 후(2012, 2013년)의 수온구조는 조류방향에 따라 구조물에 의한 성층의 형성수심 및 세기가 변화하였다. 이와 같은 현상은 구조물에 의한 연직류의 효과로 하계 강한 성층에 의해 저층에 분포하는 저수온수가 상승류에 의해 부상하여 성층분포에 영향을 미친 것으로 판단한다. 또한 구조물 설치 이후 연직류의 분포를 보면, 구조물 중심으로 국지적인 상승류 및 하강류가 혼재하여 나타났다. 즉 연직류는 조류방향에 따라 시 공간적인 변화를 보이면서 흐름이 진행하는 방향의 구조물 후면부에서 형성하는 상승류에 의해 성층이 약화되는 현상을 볼 수 있다. 또한 구조물에 의해 발생하는 연직류는 보다 넓은 해역으로 확장하여 발생한다. 본 연구해역에 설치한 인공용승구조물에 의해 발생하는 국지적인 용승은 한국 남동해안에 나타나는 연안 용승에 비해 유량이 100배 이상 크게 나타났다. 이와 같이 구조물에 의해 발생하는 상승류는 하계 저층에 존재하는 고농도의 영양염을 표층으로 상승시켜 주변해역의 기초생산량을 증가 시키는 역할을 가능하게 한다.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제45권2호
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• pp.191-202
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• 2013

A numerical analysis of thermal stratification in the upper plenum of the MONJU fast breeder reactor was performed. Calculations were performed for a 1/6 simplified model of the MONJU reactor using the commercial code, CFX-13. To better resolve the geometrically complex upper core structure of the MONJU reactor, the porous media approach was adopted for the simulation. First, a steady state solution was obtained and the transient solutions were then obtained for the turbine trip test conducted in December 1995. The time dependent inlet conditions for the mass flow rate and temperature were provided by JAEA. Good agreement with the experimental data was observed for steady state solution. The numerical solution of the transient analysis shows the formation of thermal stratification within the upper plenum of the reactor vessel during the turbine trip test. The temporal variations of temperature were predicted accurately by the present method in the initial rapid coastdown period (~300 seconds). However, transient numerical solutions show a faster thermal mixing than that observed in the experiment after the initial coastdown period. A nearly homogenization of the temperature field in the upper plenum is predicted after about 900 seconds, which is a much shorter-term thermal stratification than the experimental data indicates. This discrepancy may be due to the shortcoming of the turbulence models available in the CFX-13 code for a natural convection flow with thermal stratification.

• 대한기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한기계학회 2000년도 춘계학술대회논문집B
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• pp.715-720
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• 2000

Stratified flow past a three-dimensional obstacle such as a sphere has been a long-lasting subject of geophysical, environmental and engineering fluid dynamics. In order to investigate the effect of the stratification on the near wake, in particular, the unsteady vortex formation behind a sphere, numerical simulations of stratified flows past a sphere are conducted. The time-dependent Navier-Stokes equations are solved using a three-dimensional finite element method and a modified explicit time integration scheme. Laminar flow regime is considered and linear stratification of density is assumed under Boussinesq approximation. The computed results include the characteristics of the near wake and the unsteady vortex shedding. With a strong stratification, the separation on the sphere is suppressed and the wake structure behind the sphere becomes planar, resembling that behind a vertical cylinder.