• 제목/요약/키워드: STI policy

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Inclusive Growth and Innovation: A Dynamic Simultaneous Equations Model on a Panel of Countries

  • Bresson, Georges;Etienne, Jean-Michel;Mohnen, Pierre
    • STI Policy Review
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    • 제6권1호
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    • pp.1-23
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    • 2015
  • Based on the work of Anand et al. (2013) we measure inclusive income growth, which combines growth in gross domestic product (GDP) per capita and growth in the equity of the income distribution. Extending the work of Causa et al. (2014), we estimate a dynamic simultaneous structural equations model of GDP per capita and inclusive income on panel data for 63 countries over the 1990-2013 period. We estimate both equations in error correction form by difference GMM (generalized method of moments). Among the explanatory variables of the level and the distribution of GDP per capita we include R&D (research and development) expenditure per capita. In OECD countries we obtain a large positive effect of R&D on GDP. R&D is found to have a positive effect on the social mobility index but its impact on the income equity index at first decreases, then switches around to become slightly positive in the long run. In non- OECD countries, R&D is found to decrease inclusive income, mostly through a negative growth effect but also because of a slightly increasing income inequity effect.

Towards an Innovation-driven Nation: The 'Secondary Innovation' Framework in China

  • Wu, Xiaobo;Li, Jing
    • STI Policy Review
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    • 제6권1호
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    • pp.36-53
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    • 2015
  • The rise of latecomer countries across the world directs academic attention to their catching-up and innovation processof seizing technological opportunities and combining internal and external knowledge. Different from the developed economies as well as the newly industrialized economies, China presents a special innovation environment, wherein its technology regime, market opportunities, and institutions are complex and the globalization trend affects competition in a broader way. In thiscontext, we clarify and extend the framework of "secondary innovation". This framework describes the dynamics of those with relatively poor resources and capabilities in their efforts to capture the values of mature/emerging technology or business models by acquiringthem from across borders and then adapting to catching-up contexts. Such processes, differentiated from original innovation that involves the whole process from R&D to commercialization, has become a prevailing regime during paradigm shifts. In particular, unlike the traditional catch-up literature that focuses more on technology, the secondary innovation framework inclusively contains both technology and business model innovation, and puts forward the co-evolution between the two elements, which is more applicable to China's context. In accordance, we also provide implications towards fulfilling the goal of building an innovation-driven nation.

Aging and Scientific Performance: An Empirical Study on Korean University Researchers

  • Chung, Sungchul
    • STI Policy Review
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    • 제6권2호
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    • pp.1-23
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    • 2015
  • This study aims to contribute to the debate over the age-productivity relationships in scientific and technological research. For this purpose, we conducted an empirical experiment employing a time-series cross-section dataset derived from the KRI of the NRF containing data on individual researchers of fifty major universities in Korea covering the period of 2008-2013. This study has found that: (1) there exists an inverse U-shaped age-productivity relationship at the level of individual researchers; (2) the impact of the average age of a research group on the productivity of individual researchers varies across fields; (3) male and female researchers move along different age-productivity curves; and (4) the inverse U-shaped age-productivity relationship also holds at the level of organizations. The results suggest that the aging of researchers in Korea will soon reach the stage where serious losses in research productivity become a reality. Yet, it is not so clear whether the observed decline in the performance of older researchers is due to declining cognitive capability, which is an unavoidable result of aging, or to declining motivation, which results from an institutional system that discourages older researchers' research activities (such as reduced access to research opportunities or mandatory retirement). What is clear is that it is inevitable for the Korean science system to change the current seniority- and age-based organizational system into one of higher adaptability.

Platform Business and Network Strategy

  • Kim, Junic
    • STI Policy Review
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    • 제5권1호
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    • pp.57-74
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    • 2014
  • This review organises the fragmented management literature on platform business according to a conceptual map and a meta-theoretical scheme. Since the early 2000s, numerous researchers have examined platform business and two-sided networks with platform business and strategy being an important business innovation model for many industries, creating value primarily by enabling direct interactions. Platforms such as Google or Amazon contain a common set of rules and components in most user transactions. Thirty-two core papers and books on Strategic Management Journal, Industrial Economics and Operation Management-related disciplines are reviewed, with further observations on how cumulative research streams on the platform are carried out independently from each academic perspective. The first of the two arguments in this paper is that because interactive relationships bridge the platform and stakeholders such as end-users and developers, it is crucial for platform companies to be aware of their relationship with stakeholders in order to support and sustainably provide content to their platform. The second is that integrative perspectives are essential due to the low number of interdisciplinary investigations conducted thus far. The paper's final section deals with implications for theory and practice, concluding that integrative studies and interactive relationship studies should be the main research streams in future platform research.

Post Catch-Up Innovation and Development of Creative Talent in Korea: Limitations and Challenges

  • Seong, Jieun;Kim, Wangdong
    • STI Policy Review
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    • 제1권3호
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    • pp.39-51
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    • 2010
  • Korea faces challenges from the recent development catch-up countries and the absence of catch up incentives. For Korea to solve the issue of post catch-up problems and create a new development path based on creative innovation, there is an urgent need to secure a system design capability for the production of creative knowledge and talent that can create a competitive society. However, the conservative inclination and a lack of a customer-oriented attitude of Korean universities and professors leads to a standardization of talent and a passive restructuring of the curriculum by universities instead of a direct correspondence with the demands of companies and society. The compatibility of Korean university education with the demands of society remains the lowest in the world and creative education in Korea faces a difficult situation. The world is transforming from a knowledge-based economy to a creativity-based economy and a competitive society will led by creativity, not by knowledge. The success of a country in nurturing creative talent will determine its future national competitiveness. For Korea to be become a global leader in the new era of creativity, it needs to make proactive preparations. It is imperative for Korea to transform the educational system from the previous cramming system to a creativity-nurturing system.

Korean Innovation Model, Revisited

  • Choi, Youngrak
    • STI Policy Review
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    • 제1권1호
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    • pp.93-109
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    • 2010
  • Over the last decade, some Korean enterprises have emerged to become global players in their specialized products. How have they achieved such tremendous technological progress in a short period of time? This paper explores that question by examining the characteristics of technological innovation activities at major Korean enterprises. The paper begins with a brief review of the stages of economic growth and science and technology development in Korea. Then, the existing literature, explaining the Korean innovation model, is analyzed in order to establish a new framework for the Korean innovation model. Specifically, Korean firms have experienced three sequential phases, and thus, the Korean model, at the firm level, can be coined as "path-following," "path-revealing," and "path-creating." Then, the stylized facts in the first phase (path-following) and the second phase (path-revealing) are discussed, in the context of empirical evidence from the areas of memory chips, automobiles, shipbuilding, and steel. In terms of technology development, the Korean model has evolved as "collective learning" in the first phase, "collective recombination" of existing knowledge and technology in the second phase, and is assumed as "collective creativity" in the third phase. Ultimately, all three can be classified as "collective creation". Korean firms now face a transition in the modes of technological innovation in order to efficiently implement the third phase. To achieve remarkable progress again, as they did in the past, and to sustain the growth momentum, Korean firms should challenge new dimensions such as creative technological ideas, distinctive technological capabilities, and unique innovation systems -- all of which connote 'uniqueness'. Finally, some lessons from the Korean technological innovation experience are addressed.

Strategic Considerations for Development of the ICT Industry in Korea: Exploratory Research Using Input-Output Analysis

  • Jung, Joonhwa
    • STI Policy Review
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    • 제7권2호
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    • pp.85-105
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    • 2016
  • This study compares the economic impacts among ICT sectors and derives strategic considerations for development of the ICT industry in Korea. Prior to analysis, this study classified ICT industry into four sectors: ICT equipment, components, service, and SW/system. This study conducted Input-Output Analysis on the four ICT sectors. An Input-Output Analysis is a quantitative economic technique that represents the direct and indirect interdependencies between different industries of a national economy. Features of each ICT sector were observed in the results. Within the ICT equipment sector, production is decreasing, import dependence is increasing, and employment size is very low, relative to the overall ICT industry. The component sector accounts for the over half of the output and value added of the ICT industry, but domestic production has recently declined. The subsector experienced decreasing production and increasing imports relative to the other ICT subsectors. In the service sector, output is small but its production and employment impact is very high. The fourth sector, ICT SW/system, has very low impact on production but high impact on employment. These features suggest two strategies to develop the ICT industry in Korea. First, the ICT component and service sectors should be promoted to stimulate growth of the national economy. Second, to encourage employment growth, policies should promote the ICT SW/system and service sectors.

The Trajectory of University Science Parks (USPs) in China: Institutional Evolution and Assessment

  • Su, De-Jin;Wu, Bei;Sohn, Dong-Won;Zhou, Da-Yong
    • STI Policy Review
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    • 제7권2호
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    • pp.16-34
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    • 2016
  • This study aims to identify the chronological trajectory of university science parks (USPs) in China and to discuss the roles of government-driven science and technology (S&T) policies in the development of USPs and the future directions of these entities. Our study shows that USPs in China have undergone two development waves: The first from the late 1980s to the late 1990s, when research universities expected to directly participate in economic activities, and the second from 2000 when the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) and the Ministry of Education (MOE) jointly enacted the Proposed Regulation of State-level USPs Management to guide and regulate the development of USPs. The development trajectory highlights that USPs are effective platforms that link scientific research, knowledge spillovers and industrial system. However, Chinese USPs still need to confront some conundrums which may influence the processes and outcomes of UILs. Finally, we also summarize the major issues inherent in the development of USPs to guide policymakers to enact more effective policies.

An Intercultural Experiment to Build Life Science Innovation in Korea

  • Nehrbass, Ulf
    • STI Policy Review
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    • 제3권1호
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    • pp.96-116
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    • 2012
  • The establishment of Institut Pasteur Korea (IP-K) has been an intercultural experiment, which transplanted a French research organization with many foreign researchers into Korea to grow a new institution as a long-term collaboration. The Mission of the newly founded institute has been to develop more effective ways of generating value with basic life science research in the face of a world-wide Pharma crisis. The challenges have been i.) to invent new technologies and approaches in drug discovery, ii.) to convince the Korean stakeholders of their inherent value, iii.) to induce Pharma industry to adopt the new technologies and iv.) to create a context in the Korean R&D landscape where the new institute could contribute tangible benefits. If Institut Pasteur Korea has succeeded in all counts, then due to a somewhat skewed and unlikely set of cultural complementarities between Korea and France. The abstract and conceptual French approach was matched by Korean pragmatism, linearity and relentless improvement towards the defined development goal. IP-K has become an example for innovation made in Korea, which is now re-imported into Europe. As the project could arguably not have succeeded in either partner county alone, it highlights the benefits of longterm, in depth international collaborations.

The Effect of Gender Composition of Research Teams on Individual Researchers' Performance in China

  • Ma, Ying
    • STI Policy Review
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    • 제8권2호
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    • pp.1-22
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    • 2017
  • This article explores the relationship between the gender composition of scientific research teams and scientists' individual performance. The gender composition of research teams is an important feature of workplace settings and influences the way people interact and communicate; however, previous research has not directly examined its relationship with scientists' individual performance. Drawing on data collected on university faculties in China in 2016, this article tests several hypotheses about individual's performance in teams with different gender compositions. The results show that team gender composition has a clear gendered effect on scientists' individual performance. The effects of tokenism for women in men-majority teams is proven, but men in women-majority teams appear to be unaffected by tokenism. Moreover, the theories claiming that homogenous teams are more conducive to better individual performance than mixed teams are supported for men but not for women. The findings of this research suggest that recruiting more women into the scientific workforce may improve their performance and thereby help diminish the gender gap in performance. It also indicates that the Chinese preferential policies towards women in science formulated in recent years have had positive impacts. However, considering that more than half of the researchers in the survey are working in men-majority teams, the task of narrowing the gender gap in performance remains a challenge. Further work is needed to explore the tensions and benefits of working with the opposite gender.