• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제25권9호
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• pp.1300-1308
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• 2012

The 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a key part of a kinase-signaling cascade that acts to maintain energy homeostasis. The objective of this experiment was to investigate the possible effects of fasting and refeeding on the gene expression of hypothalamic AMPK, some appetitive regulating peptides and lipid metabolism related enzymes. Seven-day-old male broiler (Arbor Acres) chicks were allocated into three equal treatments: fed ad libitum (control); fasted for 24 h; fasted for 24 h and then refed for 24 h. Compared with the control, the hypothalamic gene expression of $AMPK{\alpha}2$, $AMPK{\beta}1$, $AMPK{\beta}2$, $AMPK{\gamma}1$, Ste20-related adaptor protein ${\beta}$ ($STRAD{\beta}$), mouse protein $25{\alpha}$ ($MO25{\alpha}$) and agouti-related peptide (AgRP) were increased after fasting for 24 h. No significant difference among treatments was observed in mRNA levels of $AMPK{\alpha}1$, $AMPK{\gamma}2$, LKB1 and neuropeptide Y (NPY). However, the expression of $MO25{\beta}$, pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), ghrelin, fatty acid synthase (FAS), acetyl-CoA carboxylase ${\alpha}$ ($ACC{\alpha}$), carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT-1) and sterol regulatory element binding protein-1 (SREBP-1) were significantly decreased. The present results indicated that 24 h fasting altered gene expression of AMPK subunits, appetite regulation peptides and lipometabolism related factors in chick's hypothalamus; the hypothalamic FAS signaling pathway might be involved in the AMPK regulated energy homeostasis and/or appetite regulation in poultry.

• 항공우주정책ㆍ법학회지
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• 제6권
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• pp.239-266
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• 1994

In den 30er Jahren fing man an, sich Gedanken $\ddot{u}ber$ eine internationale Regelung der Rechtsstellung des Luftfahrtpersonals zu machen, um Konflikte zwischen den verschiedenen nationalen Gesetzgebungen hinsichtlich der Handlungen des Luftfahrtpersonals bei der Aus bung seiner Verrichtungen zu verhindern. Aber bisher gibt es keine ausreichende Erfolg. Aus dem Vorhergehenden ergibt sich, $da{\beta}$ eine internationale Regelung der Rechtsstellung des Personals der Zivilluftfahrt erw nscht $w\ddot{a}re$. In der Praxis wird dies jedoch wegen der verschiedenen Arbeitsgesetzgebungen und der anderen nationalen Bestimmungen schwer durchzuf hren sein. Weil aber das Luftfahrtpersonal, insbesondere das Flugpersonal, eine arbeits - und sozialrechtliche Sonderstellung einnimmt, $w\ddot{a}re$ es zu empfehlen, allgemeine internationale Richtlinie zu schaffen, welche in den nationalen $Gesamtarbeitsvertr\ddot{a}gen$ $n\ddot{a}her$ ausgearbeitet werden $k\hat{o}nnten$, sowohl $f\ddot{u}r$ das Kabinenpersonal als $f\ddot{u}r$ die Piloten. Ferner $d\ddot{u}rfte$ es dringend notwendig sein, die Haftpflicht des Kommandanten ausf hrlicher und einheitlicher zu regeln, weil die Intensivierung des Lufttransports und die Anzahl der Flugg ste $st\ddot{a}ndig$ zunehmen. Hinsichtlich der Befugnisse des Kommandanten im Faile von an Bord des Luftfahrzeuges begangenen strafbaren Handlungen gibt das Abkommen von Tokio einige Bestimmungen. Die zivilrechtlichen Aspekte seiner Stellung sind noch nicht festgelegt. Es $k\ddot{o}nnte$ bei internationalen Regelung eine Vorschrift aufgenommen werden, die es $erm\ddot{o}glicht$, einem anderen als dem Kommandanten aile Vollmachten zu erteilen. $Au{\beta}erdem$ $k\ddot{o}nnten$ Regelungen geschaffen werden, welche die Rolle der $\ddot{u}brigen$ Besatzung bei der $Unterst\ddot{u}zung$ des Kommandanten $n\ddot{a}her$ umschreiben. $K\hat{o}nnte$ eine internationale Regelung in diesen Punkten erzielt werden, so $w\ddot{a}re$ sowohl der Einheitlichkeit der Rechtsvorschriften als auch der Rechtssicherheit gedient.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제22권9호
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• pp.1177-1184
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• 2012

In order to estimate how diverse the mating types in Pleurotus eryngii from different regions are, pairings between monokaryons derived from inter- and intra-groups were done. Sixteen and 15 alleles were identified at loci A and B from the 12 strains. In the P. eryngii KNR2312, widely used for commercial production, four mating loci, A3, A4, B3, and B4, were determined. Those loci, except A3, were found in 4 strains out of 12 strains. To improve breeding efficiency, especially in mating type determination, RAPD and BSA were performed to screen for a mating type specific marker. The SCAR marker 13-$2_{2100}$ was developed based on the RAPD-derived sequence typing B3 locus. The sequence analysis of 13-$2_{2100}$ revealed that it contained a conserved domain, the STE3 super-family, and consensus sequences like the TATA box and GC box. It seems likely that the SCAR marker region is a part of the pheromone receptor gene.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.73-80
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• 2012

Objectives : Under normal condition melanin protects the skin from extracellular stimuli including ultraviolet (UV)-induced oxidative skin damages, but excess production and accumulation of melanin can induce hyperpigmentation causing esthetic problems. Therefore, in this study we tried to search for natural skin whitening materials from marine natural resources. Methods : Water and ethanol extracts of marine natural resources were prepared from Porphyra thalli (PT), Laminariae thallus (LT), Ostreae concha (OC), Sargassum thallus (ST), Undaria thallus (UT), Codium thalli (CT), Enteromorpha thalli (ET), Syngnathoides biaculeatus (SB), and Hippocampus coronatus (Hc). Their effects against UVB and ${\alpha}$-melanocyte stimulating hormone (${\alpha}$-MSH)-induced melanogenesis were investigated based on melanin formation in B16 mouse melanoma cells. The mRNA and protein expression of enzymes involved in the melanogenic process were further examined by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot analysis, respectively. Results : Water extract of Ostreae concha (OCW/E) effectively inhibited UVB and ${\alpha}$-MSH-induced melanin production in B16 melanocytes, which seemed to be mediated by inhibition of mRNA expression of tyrosinase and tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TRP-1). In another experiment, ethanol extracts from Porphyra thalli (PTE/E), Laminariae thallus (LTE/E), Sargassum thallus (STE/E), Undaria thallus (UTE/E), Codium thalli (CTE/E), Syngnathoides biaculeatus (SBE/E), and Hippocampus coronatus (HcE/E) significantly suppressed UVB and ${\alpha}$-MSH-induced melanin formation. Furthermore, ethylacetate fraction isolated form LTE/E (LTE/EEt) decreased UVB and ${\alpha}$-MSH-elevated extracellular melanin levels via inhibition of tyrosinase protein expression. Conclutions : These results suggest that marine natural resources such as Porphyra thalli, Laminariae thallus, Ostreae concha, Sargassum thallus, Undaria thallus, Codium thalli, Syngnathoides biaculeatus and Hippocampus coronatus have anti-melanogenic effects, thereby exhibiting high potentials to be utilized as one of the ingredients for the development of new whitening functional cosmetics.

• 대기
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.523-532
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• 2014

In this study, thermal tropopause height defined from WMO (World Meteorological Organization) using temperature profile derived from Advance Microwave Sounding Unit-A (AMSU-A; hereafter named AMSU) onboard EOS (Earth Observing System) Aqua satellite is retrieved. The temperature profile of AMSU was validated by comparison with the radiosonde data observed at Osan weather station. The validation in the upper atmosphere from 500 to 100 hPa pressure level showed that correlation coefficients were in the range of 0.85~0.97 and the bias was less than 1 K with Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of ~3 K. Thermal tropopause height was retrieved by using AMSU temperature profile. The bias and RMSE were found to be -5~ -37 hPa and 45~67 hPa, respectively. Correlation coefficients were in the range of 0.5 to 0.7. We also analyzed the change of tropopause height and temperature in middle troposphere in the extreme heavy rain event (23 October, 2003) associated with tropopause folding. As a result, the distinct descent of tropopause height and temperature decrease of ~8 K at 500 hPa altitude were observed at the hour that maximum precipitation and maximum wind speed occurred. These results were consistent with ERA (ECMWF Reanalysis)-Interim data (potential vorticity, temperature) in time and space.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.23-30
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• 1985

${\pi}^{\ast}$-${\pi}^{\ast}$ 궤도간 상호작용에 관한 섭동식을 유도하였다. 섭동식으로부터 예측되는 ${\pi}$-${\pi}$와 ${\pi}^{\ast}$-${\pi}^{\ast}$ 상호작용간의 중요한 두가지 차이점은 : (ⅰ)에너지분리정도가 ${\pi}$-${\pi}$ 상호작용의 경우보다 ${\pi}^{\ast}$-${\pi}^{\ast}$의 경우가 더 컸으며, ( ii ) 상호작용에 의한 에너지 변화량은 ${\pi}$-${\pi}$ 상호작용의 경우보다 ${\pi}^{\ast}$-${\pi}^{\ast}$의 경우가 더 불안정화 되었다. 이러한 예측들은 실험결과들과 MO이론적 계산에 의하여 잘 밝혀졌다. 한편 STO-3G 및 INDO-LCBO 계산방법은 ${\pi}^{\ast}$-${\pi}^{\ast}$ 상호작용을 과소평가하고 있음을 알았으며 MO이론적 계산을 이용하여 이러한 ${\pi}^{\ast}$-${\pi}^{\ast}$상호작용을 적절히 표현하는 데는 split valence 기초함수를 사용하여야 함을 밝혔다.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.509-515
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• 1992

한국산 국화과(초롱꽃목) 잡초를 가해하는 곤충조사 결과, 12속 16종의 잡초에서 5목 17과 43속 45종의 곤충이 채집되었다. 그 중 노린재목과 딱정벌레목의 각각 13종으로 가장 많이 채집되었으며, 중요한 잡초가해 곤충은 진딧물과 잎벌레였다. 식물별로는 참쑥에서 15속 16종의 가장 많은 곤충이 채집되었으며 그외 엉겅퀴와 망초에서도 많은 곤충이 기록되었다. 가해능력이 우수하였던 곤충은 엉겅퀴의 우엉수염진딧물과 엉겅퀴가는잎말이나방이었고 쑥류에서는 쑥민들진딧물외에 쑥잎벌레, 긴발벼룩잎벌레, 금록색잎벌레, Hamushia konishili 잎벌레였다. 기주특이성이 있었던 곤충은 진딧물류와 잎벌레류였으며 쑥류와 망초의 꽃에서 빈번하게 채집되었던 노린재류의 기능은 확인할 수 없었다.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.468-474
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• 1995

Glucose biosensor용 glucose oxidase 고정화 막의 단일화 벚 일회용의 간편화를 위한 연구로서, glucose oxidase의 고정화 대상막으로는 CTA와 PCL의 촌합비율이 80/20인 혼합막을 사용한 고저화 방법 중에서는 glutaraldehyde one-steD 방법으로 효소고정화층의 건조 전 두께가 $10{\mu}m$ 인 효소고정화 막이 효과적이었다. 이 고정화 막을 천자현미쇠 으로 관찰해 본 결과, 고밀도의 CTA/PCL 막층 위에 GOD-glutaraldehyde 층이 건조 후 $3{\mu}m$ 정도로 덮여 있는 것을 알 수 있었다. Dissolved oxygen전극을 사용하여 glucose농도의 증가에 따른 전류세기의 차이 값을 측정해 본 결과, glucose 7mM의 안도범위 내에서 선형성을 나타냈으므로 이 고정화원이 glucose sensor용 효소고정화 방법으로 가장 적합하였다. 한편, tyrosmase는 CTA와PCL의 혼 합비율이 80/20인 혼합막에 direct CDI 방법으로 고정화한 것이 가장 효과적이었으며, 8일 후에도고 정화된 tyrosmase의 활성이 35% 이상 유지되었다.

• 태양에너지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.3-11
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• 1995

본 연구는 수평원통내에 물을 체적비($V_l/V_{tot}$) 0.50, 0.91로 각각 장입한 후 물의 조기 과열온도와 벽면 냉각온도를 각각 변화시키면서 내향 응고시켰을 경우, 시간에 따른 상변화물질의 평균온도, 상경계면의 형상, 응고율, 응고에너지 등을 실험적으로 구하여 이를 비교 검토한 것이다. 응고진행시 상경계면은 물의 초기 과열온도가 높을수록 응고초기에 상단부분이 하단부분보다 빠르게 진행되었으나 응고가 진행됨에 따라 상하단의 상격계면 전진속도는 거의 동일하게 나타났다. 동일한 온도조건에서 전과정에 걸친 응고율($M_s/M_{tot}$)은 체적비 0.5인 경우가 0.91인 경우 보다 크게 나타나 수평원통내 물의 내향응고시 물의 체적비($V_l/V_{tot}$) 변화에 의한 영향도 고려하여야 함을 알 수 있었다.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.600-608
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• 2013

Amide analogs of tridecapeptide ${\alpha}$-factor (WHWLQLKPGQPMYCONH$_2$) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, in which Trp at position 1 and 3 were replaced with other residues, were synthesized to ascertain whether cooperative interactions between two Trp residues occurred upon binding with its receptor. Analogs containing Ala or Aib at position 3 of the peptide $[Ala_3]{\alpha}$-factor amide (2) and $[Aib_3]{\alpha}$-factor amide (5) exhibited greater decreases in bioactivity than analogs with same residue at position one $[Ala^1]{\alpha}$-factor amide (1) and $[Aib^1]{\alpha}$-factor amide (4), reflecting that $Trp^3$ may plays more important role than $Trp^1$ for agonist activity. Analogs containing Ala or Aib in both position one and three 3, 6 exhibited complete loss of bioactivity, emphasizing both the essential role and the combined role of two indole rings for triggering cell signaling. In contrast, double substituted analog with D-Trp in both positions 9 exhibited greater activity than single substituted analog with D-Trp 8 or deleted analog 7, reflecting the combined contribution of two tryptophane residues of ${\alpha}$-factor ligand to activation of Ste2p through interaction with residue $Tyr^{266}$ and importance of the proper parallel orientation of two indole rings for efficient triggering of signal G protein coupled activation. Among ten amide analogs, $[Ala^{1,3}]{\alpha}$-factor amide (3), $[Aib^{1,3}]{\alpha}$-factor amide (6), [D-$Trp^3]{\alpha}$-factor amide (8) and [des-$Trp^1,Phe^3]{\alpha}$-factor amide (10) were found to have antagonistic activity. Analogs 3 and 6 showed greater antagonistic activity than analogs 8 and 10.