• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.1313-1320
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• 2014

Introduction: Although most prostate cancers initially respond to castration with luteinizing hormonereleasing analogues or bilateral orchiectomy, progression eventually occurs. Based on the exciting results of several randomized controlled trials (RCTs), it seems that patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) might benefit more from treatment withabiraterone. Therefore we conducted a systematic review to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of abiraterone in the treatment of mCRPC. Methods: Literature was searched from Embase, PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library up to July, 2013. Quality of the study was evaluated according to the Cochrane's risk of bias of randomized controlled trial (RCT) tool, then the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) System was used to rate the level of evidence. Stata 12.0 was used for statistical analysis. Summary data from RCTs comparing abiraterone plus prednisone versus placebo plus prednisone for mCRPC were meta-analyzed. Pooled hazard ratios (HRs) for overall survival (OS), radiographic progression-free survival (RPFS) and time to PSA progression (TTPP); Pooled risk ratios (RR) for PSA response rate, objective response rate and adverse event were calculated. Results: Ten trials were included in the systematic review; Data of 2,283 patients (1,343 abiraterone; 940 placebo) from two phase 3 trials: COU-AA-301 and COU-AA-302 were meta-analyzed. Compared with placebo, abiraterone significantly prolonged OS (HR, 0.74; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.66 to 0.84), RPFS (HR, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.48 to 0.74) and time to PSA progression (HR, 0.55; 95% CI, 0.43 to 0.70); it also significantly increased PSA response rate (RR, 3.63; 95% CI, 1.72 to 7.65) and objective response rate (RR, 3.05; 95% CI, 1.51 to 6.15). This meta-analysis suggested that the adverse events caused by abiraterone are acceptable and can be controlled. Conclutios: Abiraterone significantly prolonged OS, RPFS and time to progression patients with mCRPC, regardless of prior chemotherapy or whether chemotherapy-na$\ddot{i}$ve, and no unexpected toxicity was evident. Abiraterone can serve as a new standard therapy for mCRPC.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.sup1
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• pp.49-53
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• 2016

Evidence shows that tobacco advertising and promotion activities may increase tobacco consumption and usage, especially in youth. Despite the regulation on prohibiting advertisement of any tobacco product, tobacco advertisement and promotion activities are still common in Vietnam. This article presents current exposure to tobacco advertising and promotion (TAP) among school children aged 13 to 15 years in Vietnam in 2014 and potential influencing factors. Data from the Global Youth Tobacco Survey 2014 in Vietnam covering 3,430 school aged children were used. Both descriptive and analytical statistics were carried out with Stata 13 statistical software. Binary logistic regression was applied to explain the exposure to TAP among youth and examine relationships with individual factors. A significance level of p<0.05 and sampling weights were used in all of the computations. In the past 30 days, 48.6% of the students experienced exposure to at least 1 type of tobacco advertising or promotion. Wearing or otherwise using products related to tobacco was the most exposure TAP type reported by students (22.3%). The internet (22.1), points of sales (19.2) and social events (11.5) were three places that students aged 13-15 frequently were exposed to TAP. Binary logistic results showed that gender (female vs male) (OR = 0.61, 95%CI: 0.52 - 0.71), susceptibility to smoking (OR = 2.12, 95%CI: 1.53 - 2.92), closest friends' smoked (OR = 1.43, 95%CI: 1.2 - 1.7) and parents smoking status (OR = 2.83, 95%CI: 1.6 - 5.01) were significantly associated with TAP exposure among school-aged children. The research findings should contribute to effective implementation of measures for preventing and controlling tobacco use among students aged 13-15 in Viet Nam.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.11
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• pp.4633-4639
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• 2015

Background: Previous studies suggested that the H63D and C282Y polymorphisms in the HFE genes were susceptible to many cancer types, nevertheless, the present results were inconclusive. Thus, the present study was aimed to evaluate the association between the HFE polymorphisms (H63D and C282Y) and cancer risk via meta-analysis. Materials and Methods: We retrieved PubMed, Google Scholar, Embase and Web of Science databases for all eligible studies up to April 1, 2015. All the statistical analysis was conducted by STATA 12.0. Results: Finally, a total of 20 publications including 24 case-control studies, comprising 6,524 cases and 31,080 controls for HFE-C282Y polymorphism and 19 publications including 21 case control studies, comprising 5,648 cases and 14,257 controls for HFE-H63D polymorphism were enrolled in our analysis. An increased risk for overall cancer risk was identified in HFE-H63D polymorphism under allele contrast (D vs H: OR=1.153; 95%CI=1.031-1.289, Pheterogeneity=0.002), homozygotes vs wide type (DD vs HH: OR=1.449; 95%CI=1.182-1.777, Pheterogeneity=0.391), dominant model (DD+HD vs HH: OR=1.145; 95%CI=1.007-1.301, Pheterogeneity=0.002) and recessive model (DD vs HD+HH: OR=1.416 ; 95%CI=1.156-1.735, Pheterogeneity=0.549), as well as HFE-C282Y under homozygotes vs wide type (YY vs CC: OR=1.428, 95%CI=1.017-2.006, Pheterogeneity=0.220). In addition, in the stratified analysis by cancer type, an increased risk was identified in hepatocellular carcinoma and breast cancer in C282Y polymorphism, as well as pancreatic cancer in H63D polymorphism, whereas a decreased risk of colorectal cancer was identified in C282Y polymorphism. Conclusions: Present study suggested that H63D and C282Y polymorphisms associated with an increased risk of overall cancer. Nevertheless, well-designed study with large sample size will be continued on this issue of interest.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.121-126
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• 2013

Background: Significance of HPV infection and genic mutation of APC and K-ras in rectal cancer has been investigated but not clarified. The objective of our study was to investigate these parameters in patients with rectal cancer to analyze correlations with biological behaviour, to determine relationships among the three, and also to demonstrate survival prognosis effects. Methods: From December 2007 to September 2008, 75 rectal cancer cases confirmed by histopathology in the Tumor Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University were enrolled. The control group consisted of normal rectal mucous membrane taken simultaneously, a least 10 cm distant from the carcinoma fringe. HPV DNA, the MCR of APC and exon-1 of K-ras were detected by PCR and PCR-SSCP. All results were analyzed in relation to clinical pathological material, using chi-square and correlation analysis via SPSS.13 and Fisher's Exact Probability via STATA. 9.0. All 75 patients were followed up for survival analysis using Kaplan-Meier and Log-rank tests. Results: 55 out of 75 cases demonstrated gene HPV L1 while it was notdetected in normal rectal mucosa tissue. HPV infection was correlated with age and lymphatic metastasis (P<0.05) but not other characteristics, such as ethnicity, tumor size, histological type, tumor type, Duke's stage and infiltration depth. Some 43 cases exhibited APC genic mutation (57.3%) and 34 K-ras genic mutation (45.3%). APC genic mutation was correlated with gender(P<0.05), but not age, histological type, infiltration depth, lymphatic metastasis and Duke's stage. In 55 cases of rectal cancer with HPV infection, there were 31 cases with genic mutation of APC (56.4%) and 24 with genic mutation of K-ras (43.6%). For the 20 cases of rectal cancer with non-HPV infection, the figures were 12 cases (60%) and 10 (50.0%), respectively, with no significant relation. Survival analysis showed no statistical significance for K-ras genic mutation, APC genic mutation or HPV infection (P>0.05). However, the survival time of the patients with HPV infection was a little shorter than in cases without HPV infection. Conclusions: Our results suggest that HPV infection might be an important factor to bring about malignant phenotype of rectal cancer and influence prognosis. Genic mutation of APC and K-ras might be common early molecular events of rectal cancer, but without prognostic effects on medium-term or early stage patients with rectal cancer.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.231-236
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• 2013

Background: Published data regarding the association between xeroderma pigmentosum group D (XPD) Lys751Gln and Asp312Asn polymorphisms and gastric cancer susceptibility havew been inconclusive. This meta-analysis was therefore performed toobtain a more precise estimation of any relationship. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted to identify all case-control studies of Lys751Gln and Asp312Asn polymorphisms and susceptibility to gastric cancer. Summary odds ratios (ORs) and its 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated using a random-effects model with the software STATA (version10.0). Results: A total of 12 case-control studies including 3,147 cases and 4,736 controls were included. Overall, no significant associations were found in some models (for Lys751Gln: Lys/Gln vs Lys/Lys: OR=1.144, 95% CI=0.851-1.541, Gln/Gln vs Lys/Lys: OR=1.215, 95% CI = 0.740-1.955, dominant model: OR=1.137, 95% CI=0.818-1.582; recessive model: OR=1.123, 95% CI=0.765-1.650; for Asp312Asn: Asp/Asn vs Asp/Asp: OR=1.180, 95% CI=0.646-2.154, dominant model: OR=1.380, 95% CI = 0.812-2.346), but significantly elevated susceptibility was found for Asp312Asn polymorphism in some models (Asn/Asn vs Asp/Asp: OR=2.045, 95% CI=1.254-3.335, recessive model: OR=1.805, 95% CI =1.219-2.672), for the additive model, the XPD Lys751Gln and Asp312Asn polymorphisms were not significantly associated with gastric cancer susceptibility. In stratified analyses, significantly elevated susceptibility was found for some models in the Chinese population. Conclusion: This meta-analysis suggested the XPD Asp312Asn polymorphism might be a potential biomarker of gastric cancer susceptibility in overall population, while both XPD Lys751Gln and Asp312Asn polymorphisms might be risk factors of gastric cancer susceptibility in Chinese.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.8
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• pp.3637-3643
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• 2012

Objective: Non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) is a pathway for repairing DNA double-strand breaks. Recent publications indicated that XRCC5, XRCC6 and XRCC7 genes may participate in the pathogenesis of breast cancer. The aim of this Human Genome Epidemiology (HuGE) review and meta-analysis was to investigate associations between XRCC5, XRCC6 and XRCC7 genetic polymorphisms in the NHEJ pathway and breast cancer risk. Methods: Studies focusing on the relationship between genetic polymorphisms in XRCC5, XRCC6 and XRCC7 genes and susceptibility to breast cancer were selected from the Pubmed, Cochrane library, Embase, Web of Science, Springerlink, CNKI and CBM databases. Data were extracted by two independent reviewers. The meta-analysis was performed with Review Manager Version 5.1.6 and STATA Version 12.0 software. The odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (95%CI) was calculated based on the extracted data. Results: According to the inclusion criteria, we final included seven studies with a total of 2,864 breast cancer cases and 3,060 healthy controls. Meta-analysis results showed that rs3835 (G>A) and rs828907 (G>T) in XRCC5 gene, and rs132793 (G>A) in XRCC6 gene might increase the risk of breast cancer, while rs132788 G>T and rs6002421 (A>G) might be protective factors. However, there was no relationship between XRCC7 genetic polymorphisms and the risk of breast cancer. Conclusion: This meta-analysis suggests that the rs3835 G>A and rs828907 G>T in XRCC5 gene, rs6002421 (A>G), rs132788 (G>T) and rs132793 (G>A) in XRCC6 gene might be risk factors for breast cancer, while the rs132788 (G>T) and rs6002421 (A>G) in XRCC6 gene might be protective.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.14
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• pp.5907-5912
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• 2015

Purpose: To evaluate and update evidence for prognostic effects of kidney-sparing (KS) management and nephroureterectomy (NU) for upper tract urothelial carcinomas. Materials and Methods: Pubmed, Embase and the Cochrane Library were retrieved for the identification of comparative studies of kidney-sparing procedure and nephroureterectomy for upper tract urothelial carcinoma prior to December 2014. The data were extracted independently by 2 reviewers and the quality of the included studies was assessed. Review Manager 5.3 and STATA 13 were used to perform the meta-analysis. Results: Twenty-three observational studies including 1,587 KS and 3,996 NU were evaluated. The results of the meta-analysis showed that nephroureterectomy had no significant benefit with regard to intravesical recurrence (IRFS), metastasis (MFS), cancer specific survival (CSS) and overall survival (OS) except the total tumor recurrence (RFS) when compared with kidney sparing management. The respectively pooled outcomes were HR 1.36 (0.69-2.68, P=0.38) for IRFS, 1.09 (0.59-2.01, P=0.78) for MFS, 1.17 (0.77-1.79, P=0.47) for CSS, 1.50 (0.90-2.48, P=0.12) for OS and 1.61 (1.03-2.51, P=0.04) for RFS. Conclusions: On the whole, kidney-sparing management had equivalent prognostic effect on upper tract urothelial carcinoma as the standard nephroureterectomy except in tumor recurrence. However, the results should be interpreted with caution for lack of stage and grade stratification and multi-center randomized controlled trials are still needed to verify our results.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.7
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• pp.3165-3172
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• 2012

Objective: Genetic polymorphisms in metabolic enzymes are associated with numerous cancers. A large number of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the CYP2D6 gene have been reported to associate with cancer susceptibility. However, the results are controversial. The aim of this Human Genome Epidemiology (HuGE) review and meta-analysis was to summarize the evidence for associations. Methods: Studies focusing on the relationship between CYP2D6 gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to cancer were selected from the Pubmed, Cochrane library, Embase, Web of Science, Springerlink, CNKI and CBM databases. Data were extracted by two independent reviewers and the meta-analysis was performed with Review Manager Version 5.1.6 and STATA Version 12.0 software. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs) were calculated. Results: According to the inclusion criteria, forty-three studies with a total of 7,009 cancer cases and 9,646 healthy controls, were included in the meta-analysis. The results showed that there was a positive association between heterozygote (GC) of rs1135840 and cancer risk (OR=1.92, 95%CI: 1.14-3.21, P=0.01). In addition, we found that homozygote (CC) of rs1135840 might be a protective factor for cancer (OR=0.58, 95%CI: 0.34-0.97, P=0.04). Similarly, the G allele and G carrier (AG + GG) of rs16947 and heterozygote (A/del) of rs35742686 had negative associations with cancer risk (OR=0.69, 95%CI: 0.48-0.99, P=0.04; OR=0.60, 95%CI: 0.38-0.94, P=0.03; OR=0.50, 95%CI: 0.26-0.95, P=0.03; respectively). Conclusion: This meta-analysis suggests that CYP2D6 gene polymorphisms are involved in the pathogenesis of various cancers. The heterozygote (GC) of rs1135840 in CYP2D6 gene might increase the risk while the homozygote (CC) of rs1135840, G allele and G carrier (AG + GG) of rs16947 and heterozygote (A/del) of rs35742686 might be protective factors.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.20
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• pp.8765-8774
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• 2014

This study aimed at summarizing epidemiological research findings on associations between tobacco, alcohol and tea consumption and risk of gastric cancer (GC) in the Chinese population. The review searched PubMed, Embase, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and China Biology Medicine (CBM) databases and reference lists of review papers for all studies published in English or Chinese languages. Information extracted, via two independent researchers, from retrieved articles included first author, year of publication, study design, sample size, source of controls and adjusted odds ratio (OR) or relative risk (RR) with the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for each category. Statistical analyses used software STATA version 12.0. The systematic search found 89 articles containing 25,821 GC cases and 135,298 non-cases. The overall random effects in terms of pooled OR and 95%CI for tobacco, alcohol and tea consumption were 1.62 (95%CI: 1.50-1.74), 1.57 (95%CI: 1.41-1.76) and 0.67 (95%CI: 0.59-0.76) respectively; while the heterogeneity among included studies ranged from 80.1% to 87.5%. The majority of subgroup analyses revealed consistent results with the overall analyses. All three behavioral factors showed statistically significant dose-dependent effects on GC (P<0.05). The study revealed that tobacco smoking and alcohol drinking were associated with over 1/2 added risk of GC, while tea drinking conferred about 1/3 lower risk of GC in the Chinese population. However, these results should be interpreted with caution given the fact that most of the included studies were based on a retrospective design and heterogeneity among studies was relatively high.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.8
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• pp.3419-3424
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• 2014

Background: Our aim was to conduct a meta-analysis to compare the efficacy and safety of pemetrexed and docetaxel for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Materials and Methods: We systematically searched the Cochrane Library, PubMed, Embase, China Biology Medicine Database for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the efficacy and toxicities of pemetrexed versus docetaxel as a treatment for advanced NSCLC. We limited the languages to English and Chinese. Two reviewers independently screened articles to identify eligible trials according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria and assessed the methodological quality of included trials, and then extracted data. The meta-analysis was performed using STATA12.0. Results: Six RCTs involving 1,414 patients were identified. We found that there was no statistically significant differences in overall response rate, survival time, progression-free survival, disease control rate, and 1-2yr survival rate (p>0.050) but it is worthy of mention that patients in the pemetrexed arms had significantly higher 3-yr survival rate (P=0.002). With regard to the grade 3 or 4 hematological toxicity, compared with docetaxel, pemetrexed led to lower rate of grade 3-4 febrile neutropenia, neutropenia, and leukocyts toxicity (p<0.001). There was no significant difference in anemia between the two arms (p=0.08). In addition, pemetrexed led to higher rate of grade 3-4 thrombocytopenia toxicity (p=0.03). As for the non-hematological toxicities, compared with docetaxel, pemetrexed group had lower rate of grade 3-4 diarrhea and alopecia. Conclusions: Pemetrexed was almost as effective as docetaxel in patients with advanced NSCLC. At the same time, pemetrexed might increase the 3-yr survival rate. As for safety, pemetrexed led to lower rate of grade 3-4 febrile neutropenia, neutropenia, leukocytes, diarrhea and alopecia toxicity. However, it was associated with a higher rate of grade 3-4 thrombocytopenia.