• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.171-184
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to identify the adolescent girl's weight control practices, degree of obesity and body image. The data were collected from July 1st to 15th, 1996 using the questionnaire and the physical examination record. The subjects of this study were 295 junior high school girls. Darta were analyzed with percentages, means, t-test, ANOVA, Kruscal-Wallis one way ANOVA, Scheffe test and pearson correlation coefficients using the SPSS program. The results were as follows: 1. The mean for the degree of obesity in subjects was -1.26%. The 34.2% of the subjects were underweight, the 46.8% were normal, the 9.2% were overweight and the 9.8% were obese. The girls who perceived themselves obese were 39% and only the 47% of them were really over-weight and obese. 2. The mean score of body image was 139.30. It was 145.51 for underweight girls, 128.07 for normal weight girls and 125.17 for obese girls. The higher the degree of obesity was, the lower body image score was. The body image score of the girls who perceived themselves obese was significantly lower than that of the girls who perceived themselves normal or underweight. 3. The 65.1% of subjects experienced weight control practices. They reported that they had used the following weight control methods such as diet(42.2%), exercise(35.9%), diet and exercise(15.1%) and others including drug(6.8%). The degree of obesity was significantly higher and the body image score was significantly lower in the case of the girls who had weight control experiences than in the case of those who had no weight control experiences. 4. The 60% Of the subjects often had 2 meals per day. The 48.8% of the subjects tended to skip breakfast, the 7.8% would skip lunch and the 20% did not have dinner. The higher the degree of obesity was and the lower body image score was, the more the girls would skip their meals. In conclusion, many adolescent girls tended to believe their body weight heavier than their real body weight. Many girls who were not overweight and obese tried to lose weight. In the case of the girls whose degree of obesity was high or who perceived themselves obese, the body image score tended to get lower and the weight control practices tended to be increased.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.13-25
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• 2000

Optimal Pressable Ceramic is one of the all-ceramic restorations with a shaded translucent pressed core and layering porcelains. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the marginal fidelity according to margin types and measurement sites, and to evaluate fracture strength according to margin types. Twenty seven OPC crowns made according to 3 types of cervical finishing lines were used in this study. Marginal gaps were measured before and after cementation. A Steromicroscope(SZ-ST(R), Olympus, Japan) was used to measure the space between the margin of OPC crown and the finishing line of metal model. Marginal gaps were measured at the labial, mesial, lingual and distal site, which were demonstrated in advance. Fracture strength testing was carried out using an Instron(Model M100EC, Mecmesin, England) at a cross head speed of 5 mm/min. All crowns were loaded until catastrophic failures occurred. The result were as follow: 1. In comparison according to variable margin before cementation, the marginal gap were increased in chamfer margin($47.50{\pm}18.39{\mu}m$), $120^{\circ}$shoulder margin ($55.21{\pm}14.4{\mu}m$) and $90^{\circ}$shoulder margin($71.18{\pm}13.30{\mu}m$) in ascending order, and there were significant differences between chamfer margin and $90^{\circ}$shoulder margin, $120^{\circ}$shoulder margin and between $120^{\circ}$shoulder margin and $90^{\circ}$shoulder margin respectively(p<0.05). 2. In comparison according to variable margin after cementation, the gap discrepancies were increased in chamfer margin($60.78{\pm}30.37{\mu}m$), $120^{\circ}$shoulder margin($66.67{\pm}11.18{\mu}m$) and $90^{\circ}$shoulder margin($85.78{\pm}17.23{\mu}m$) in ascending order, but there was significant difference only between chamfer margin and $90^{\circ}$shoulder margin(p<0.05). 3. Labio-lingual points showed a better marginal fidelity than that of proximal point(p<0.05). 4. Chamfer margin($48.76{\pm}8.45kgf$) showed higher fracture strength than $120^{\circ}$ shoulder margin($40.57{\pm}7.90kgf$) and $90^{\circ}$ shoulder margin(32.7.90kgf) (p<0.05), but there was significant difference only between chamfer margin and $90^{\circ}$ shoulder margin(p<0.05).

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.512-520
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• 2006

Purpose: To investigate the risk factors of arthritis, this study was carried out with 1,829 Korean women aged between 40-64 who responded to a health behavior survey. Methods: Data were extracted from the results of the 2001 National Survey on Health and Nutrition conducted by the Ministry of Health and Welfare. Results: 1 Financial difficulty and continuous anxiety about health were directly associated with arthritis. The odd ratios of these two factors of arthritis were 1.43 and 1.82 respectively. 2. With regard to the presence or absence of arthritis according to demographic characteristic, the incidence of arthritis was higher in the age between 50-64, in the group whose education level was middle school or lower, and in those who experienced the death of spouse, divorce or separation. Nevertheless, it was not significantly different according to financial status and employment status. 3. Concerning the presence or absence of arthritis according to psychological characteristic, the incidence of arthritis was found to be higher in those who were not healthy by subjective health assessment, in those who were always anxious about their health, in those who were always depressed and sad, and in those who felt heavy stress. 4. With regard to the presence or absence of arthritis according to the health behavior, the incidence of arthritis was higher in postmenopausal cases and cases who were having hormone therapy, and the incidence of arthritis was higher in those who did not drink alcohol, those with BMI higher than 25, and those who slept shorter than 7 hours a day. Conclusion: Based on the above results, it is required to provide a means applicable to communities by developing preventive education that can prevent the incidence of arthritis in middle-aged women as well as intervention programs.

• 보존과학연구
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• s.33
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• pp.5-17
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• 2012

An Ola leaf manuscript, which consists of words carved on an Ola leaf and is filled up with a mixture of herbal oils made from Vateria acuminata Hyne and charcoal, is one of the native writing media in Sri Lanka. According to historical records, Ola leaf manuscripts had been used from the 1st to the 18th century A.D. From the recent findings that Ola leaf manuscripts have been preserved well for the past 400 years and are in good state of preservation, it is supposed that herbal oils preserve Ola leaves against environmental and biological factors such as fungi and insects. To evaluate the anti-biological susceptibility of the herbal oils, the molds isolated from wooden printing blocks in Janggyeong Panjeon of Haeinsa Temple in South Korea and bacteria and fungi isolated from Ola leaves were cultured. After spreading the microorganisms suspension on an agar plate, a disk paper containing a certain volume of herbal oil was placed on the agar plate. It was found in the experiment that herbal oil exhibits a clear zone, which is optically clear and inhibits the growth of microorganisms, against some molds and bacteria. The study results indicate that the herbal oil from the plant Vateria acuminata Hyne has the anti-bacterial and anti-fungal properties.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.269-286
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• 2001

Objectives : This Investigation was aimed to find out the Classification of Cause and the Effect of Acupuncture and Moxibustion Treatment for Dentalgia Methods : We surveyed the oriental medical books from $\ll$HungTiNeiChing$\gg$ to recent published books concerning the Acupuncture therapy for Dentalgia Results : 1. Since the time of $\ll$HungTiNeiChing$\gg$ there was called "yateng", "yatong", "chiyaqutong", "kouchitong", "nichi", "chichong", "fengchi", "chongshitong", "chongshiyachi", "chifengzhongtong", "chiyinzhong", "yachuangzhongtong" 2. The Oriental Medical cause of Dentalgia are fire, wind, cold, blood stasis, stomach-heat, phlegm, difficiency of kidney, late snack, insect and wound, and then the Western Medical cause are cacodontia, periodontal disease, trigeminal nerve pain, stress 3. The meridians used for the treatment are large intestine, stomach, triple warmer, gallbladder and small intestine 4. The most frequently used acupuncture point for the treatment are Hapkok(LI3), Naejong(S44), Hyopko(S6), Igan(LI2), Sohae(H3), Yanggok(SI5), Hagan(S7), Taeyong(S5), Samgan(LI3), Kokehi(LI11) 5. The most frequently used moxibustion for the treatment are Sungjang(CV24), Yolgyol(L7), Kyonu(LI15), Taeyon(L9), Hapkok(LI3) 6. In the superior dental pain there commonly used the acupuncture point of stomach meridian, triple warmer meridian, gallbladder meridian in the inferior dental pain there commonly used the acupuncture point of large intestine meridian. 7. The most frequently used acupuncture point for the superior dental pain are Naejong(ST44), Yanggok(SI5), Chongnyong(G17), Kakson(TE20), In the inferior detal pain there are Taeyong(S5), Hapkok(LI3), Igan(LI2), Sangyang(LI1), Samgan(LI3) 8. In the treatment of dental pain The Acupuncture therapy utilized the division of region are the Erzhen therapy(耳針療法), the Touzhen therapy(頭鍼療法), the Shouzhen therapy(手鍼療法), the Zuzhen therapy(足鍼療法), the Bizhen therapy(鼻針療法), the Wanhuaizhen therapy 9. In dental pain the other therapy are the Taozhen therapy(陶鍼療法), the Pifuzhen therapy(皮膚針療法), the Dianzhen therapy(電鍼療法), the Yaozhen therapy(藥針療法).

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.460-469
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• 2006

This article complies a survey on the replacement of the posterior restorations and accesses possible factors that influence the replacement of posterior restorations. The data was collected from patients that visited department of conservative dentistry from Dec 1st 2003, to Sep 3rd 2004. Teeth was restricted to posterior permanent teeth. 9 dentists recorded age, gender of patients, tooth location, cavity farm and restorative material. They rated marginal adaptation, anatomic form, secondary caries of old restoration by modified Ryge criteria system. The statistical analysis was performed with Chi square test (p < 0.05) for replacement ratio according to patients, tooth factor and One way ANOVA was performed for comparison of old restoration according to restorative material. The results were as follows; 1. The female (62%) was statistically higher ratio than the male (38%). 2. The distribution of replacement case according to age, the rate of replacement was in descending order, 20's (38.3%), 40's (16.8%), 30's (15.9%), 10's (11.1%), 50's (9.2%), 60's (8.7%). 3. The rate of replacement was 88% for molar and 12% for premolar (p $gt; 0.05). 4. The rate of replacement was 39% for maxillar and 61% for mandible (p $gt; 0.05). 5. The material of restorations was amalgam (69%), gold inlay (17%), composite resin (13%). 6. In rating system by modified Ryge criteria system on margin adaptation, there was statistically significant difference between amalgam and gold inlay. But on anatomic form and caries, there was no statistically significant difference among the material of restorations.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.337-344
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• 2001

The house fly (Musca domestica L.) strains were derived from the Yumenoshima III strain by selecting with cypermethrin and methomyl for 19 and 16 generations, respectively. The resulting strains, cypermethrin resistance strain (Cyp-R19) and methomyl resistance strain (Met-R16), showed high level of resistance by 12906 and 51 times, respectively, comparing with the susceptible SRS strain. The Cyp-R19 strain was resistant to synthetic pyrethroids such as deltamethrin, esfenvalerate, fenpropathrin, $\beta$-cyfluthrin, showing > 11000, 1231, 103, 292 times higher $LD_{50}$ values than the SRS strain, respectively. It was also resistant to 3 organophosphates and 2 carbamates such as fenitrothion, profenofos, pyridaphenthion, benfuracarb, methomyl, showing resistance ratios fo 51, 17, 49, 39 and 62 comparing to SRS strain. The Met-R16 strain was resistant to synthetic carbamate benfuracarb, showing 6 times higher $LD_{50}$ value than SRS strain. It was also resistant to 4 organophosphates such as acephate, fenitrothion, profenofos and pyridaphenthion, showing > 40, 103, 19, 60 times higher $LD_{50}$ value. It was also resistant to 5 pyrethroids and a pyrrole such as cypermethrin, deltamethrin, esfenvalerate, fenpropathrin, $\beta$-cyfluthrin and chlorfenapyr, showing 3030, 249, 4063, 34, 330 and 86 times higher $LD_{50}$ values than the SRS strain. Cyp-R14 strain which was selected for 14 generations by cypermethrin and developed 11014 times higher resistance to the SRS strain was used in the dominance and linkage group analysis. Cypermethrin resistance inheritance was incompletely dominant in house fly as judged by the reciprocal cross between the resistant and susceptible strains. The linkage group analysis for the major factors responsible for this resistance was carried out by the$ F_1$male-backcross method, using susceptible multi-chromosomal marker aabys strain. The major factors for cypermethrin resistance were located on the 1st, the 3rd and the 4th chromosomes, and the effect of the 3rd chromosome was most prominent.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.204-217
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• 1987

It is generally accepted that the delivery of health care is undergoing many changes specially those related to acute, contagious disease care and to the increase of chronic illnesses which can not be cured but are controlable. The health care practitioner can not be soley responsible for the control of their clients' care. Because the clients will play a vital role in controlling their illnesses, long term participation by both the health care provider and the client is necessary. Since most individuals with hypertension do not experience signs or symptoms, the disease is difficult to detect and even when diagnosed, clients do not comply well with their hypertension regimens. The noncompliant client is at increased risk for compliants involving the heart, brain, kidney and other organs. In an effort to explore methods of increasing patient participation in and adherence to treatment programs for hypertension, the researcher used health contracting to promote self care. The research questions are; 1) Will the health contracting increase compliance in health behavior and reduce the blood pressure\ulcorner 2) If clients comply with their regimens will this reduce their blood pressure\ulcorner The research design utilized in this study was a quasi-experimental design. A purposive sample, was abtained from two churches in the 1. area, consisting of 64 clients with hypertension. The data was collected from the middle of January to the 1st of September 1985. Randomization was only of the two church groups into experimental and control groups. Compliance with health behavior related to the hypertensive regimen, blood pressure and body weight were measured, compared and analyzed. In the experimental group measurements were made 6 times; one month before the education program after education program when health contracting was done and 4 more times once a month for 4 months. In the control group measurements were made 3 times; one month before the education program after the education program, and once 4 months later. There was no health contracting. The data were analyzed by t-test, Pearson correlation and ANOVA according to purpose of the study. The result of this study may be summarized as follows: The result related to the hypothesis on the effect of health contracting are as follows: H$_1$; “The hypothesis that the experimental group, with a health contractual agreement will demonstrate increased compliance levels for health behavior than the control group” was supported(t＝-5.29, df＝62, p＝.000). H$_2$; “The hypothesis that the experimental group, with a health contractual agreement, will demonstrate a greater reduction in blood pressure than the control group” was supported (for systolic blood pressure t＝2.72, df＝62, p＝.009, for diastolic blood pressure t＝1.95, df＝62, p＝.050). H$_3$; The hypothesis that the greater the compliance of the client with health behavior the lower the client's blood pressure will be was partially supported (for systolic pressure r＝-.2981, p＝.008, for diastolic pressure r＝-.1720, p＝.087). From the examination of the results of this study it can be concluded that the interaction between the nurse and the client, contracting to define goals and reinforcing compliant behavior, leads to improved compliance with health care behaviors and thus to an increase in the effectiveness of nursing care. Further consideration need to be given to the inclusion of the concept of health contracting in primary nursing and to further research in this area.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.159-167
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• 2009

Objective: This study investigated the onset, peak height velocity (PHV) and end of adolescent growth spurt as well as menarcheal timing deduced from surveying accumulative height growth over many years. Methods: Ninety six students of Samgoe high school between 1st and 3rd grade that were in good health participated in the research. A survey questionnaire was distributed to examine the students' health status and menarche timing. Results: Adolescent growth spurt typically began at the age of 9.9 and reached a PHV at the age of 11.6. The growth spurt ended at the age of 14.1 on average. The average age of menarche was 12.6 years, which was about one year after the PHV of adolescent growth spurt. In most cases, menarche came after PHV. But in 24% of the students, menarche and PHV was nearly coincident or menarche preceded PHV. The growth curves were classified into four types. A typical adolescent growth spurt showed one PHV on graph that drastically drops after the PHV. However, there were cases with two PHVs. Conclusions: The results indicate that individual growth patterns show large individual differences, however the categorization into the various growth curves may aid in predicting individual growth patterns.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.74-84
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• 2001

This study is the descriptive survey for the purpose of providing the basic data that establishes the strategy to promote adolescent's hope by the examining of self-esteem, academic achievement, family functioning and hope of adolescents and the investigating of the factors influencing the hope in adolescents. The subjects for this study were 456 students of the first and second year of man's senior high school that located in Seoul. The data were gathered from 16th to 31st of the October 2000. For the survey tool, it was used that the Family Assessment Device(FAD) of Epstein, Baldwin & Bishop(1983), the Self-Esteem Inventory(SEI) of Coopersmith(1975), the class record order and Hinds & Gatusso(1991)'s Hopefulness Scale for Adolescents(HSA). The collected data was analyzed by statistics methods as the descriptive and frequency analysis, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients and Stepwise multiple regression of SAS program. The results of this study were following : 1. The mean score of self-esteem of young people was 51.06±6.83 and the mean grade was 2.04. The high academic achievement was 29.2％, middle grade was 52.7％, and low grade was 18.1％. The mean score of the family functioning was 38.30±6.98 and the mean grade was 2.25. The mean score of hope was 84.26±16.45 and the mean grade was 3.51. 2. The hope in adolescents was significantly different according to their father's school career. The mean score of the group that the father's school career was below junior high school was 77.32. That was significantly lower than the mean score 84.59 of the group that the father's school career was above college and the mean score 85.18 of senior high school group(F=4.04, P= 0.0183). 3. The self-esteem was represented the positive correlation with family functioning(r=0.43) and the all of the 4 subscales(r=0.31, 0.41, 0.39, 0.30). And, it was highly ranked as much as family functioning was good. The academic achievement was represented the positive correlation with self-esteem(r= 0.15). Also, the positive correlation was shown between the affective responsiveness, role recognition and emotional support as the subscales of family functioning and academic achievement(r=0.11, 0.12). And so, academic achievement was high as much as self-esteem was high and affective responsiveness and role recognition and emotional support were good. The hope was represented positive correlation with self-esteem and academic achievement(r=0.42, 0.26), and with the whole of family functioning(r=0.15) and the 4 subscales(r=0.13, 0.16, 0.11, 0.13). So, hope was high as much as self-esteem was high, academic achievement was high and family functioning was good. 4. The influencing factors on the hope of adolescents were self-esteem(17.63％), academic achievement(3.41％), father's school career(0.84％). These factors made it possible to explain 21.88％ of hope.