• 대기
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.97-110
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• 2006

This study investigates the response of a typhoon model to the change of the sea surface temperature (SST) throughout the model integration. The SST change is parameterized as a formulae of which the magnitude is given as a function of not only the intensity and the size but the moving speed of tropical cyclone. The formulae is constructed by referring to many previous observational and numerical studies on the SST cooling with the passage of tropical cyclones. Since the parameterized cooling formulae is based on the mathematical expression, the resemblance between the prescribed SST cooling and the observed one during the period of the numerical experiment is not complete nor satisfactory. The agreements between the prescribed and the observed SST even over the swath of the typhoon passage differ from case to case. Numerical experiments are undertaken with and without prescribing the SST cooling. The results with the SST cooling do not show clear evidence in improving the track prediction compared to those of the without-experiments. SST cooling in the model shows its swath along the incomplete simulated track so that the magnitude and the distribution of the sea surface cooling does not resemble completely with the observed one. However, we have observed a little improvement in the intensity prediction in terms of the central pressure of the tropical cyclone in some cases. In case where the model without the SST treatment is not able to yield a correct prediction of the filling of the tropical cyclone especially in the decaying stage, the pulling effect given by the SST cooling alleviates the over-deepening of the model so that the central pressure approaches toward the observed value. However, the opposite case when the SST treatment makes the prediction worse may also be possible. In general when the sea surface temperature is reduced, the amount of the sensible and the latent heat from the ocean surface become also reduced, which results in the weakening of the storms comparing to the constant SST case. It turns out to be the case also in our experiments. The weakening is realized in the central pressure, maximum wind, horizontal temperature gradient, etc.

• 대기
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.211-219
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• 2010

The interannual variability of the tropical Indian Ocean SST is investigated by analyzing the ocean assimilation data. It is significant that since 1970, ENSO events frequently followed the Indian Ocean Dipole event. The SST tendency due to the dynamical SST advections over the tropical Indian Ocean sufficiently overwhelms that due to other thermodynamic process during the fall and winter of ENSO. Especially, the strong cooling due to the anomalous vertical advection by the mean upwelling and the warming due to the horizontal advection are attributed to the cold SST during the fall and the warm SST during the winter, respectively. The significant warming between winter and spring over the southwestern Indian Ocean turns out to be due to the vertical advection of the mean subsurface temperature by the anomalous upwelling during the winter and the vertical advection of the anomalous subsurface temperature by the mean upwelling from winter to spring. We speculate that when the Indian Ocean Dipole events concurred with the ENSO, the surface wind is so strong enough as to generate the change in the SST dynamically and overwhelm the SST changes associated with other effects.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.361-376
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• 2001

The characteristics of SST variability in the East Sea are analyzed using NOAA/AVHRR weekly SST data with about $0.18^{\circ}{\times}0.18^{\circ}$ resolution ($1981{\sim}2000$) and reconstructed historical monthly SST data with $2^{\circ}{\times}2^{\circ}$ resolution $(1950{\sim}1998)$. The distinct feature of wintertime SST is high variability in the western and eastern parts of $38^{\circ}{\sim}40^{\circ}$ latitudinal band, which are the northern boundary of warm current in the East Sea during winter. However, summertime SST exhibits variability with similar magnitude in the entire region of the East Sea. The analysis of remote correlation also shows that SST in the East Sea is closely correlated with that in the region of Kuroshio in winter, but in summer is related with that in the western and eastern regions of the same latitudes. From these results it is postulated that the SST variability in the East Sea may be related with the variations of East Korean Warm Current and Tsushima Warm Current in winter, but in summer probably with the variations of atmospheric components. In the analysis of ENSO related SST anomaly, a significant negative correlation between SST anomalies in the East Sea and SST anomalies in the tropical Pacific is found in the months of August-October (ASO). The SST in the ASO period shows more significant cooling in E1 $Ni\~{n}o$ events than warming in La $Ni\~{n}a$ events. Also, the regional analysis shows by the Student's t-test that the negative SST anomalies in the E1 $Ni\~{n}o$ events are more significant in the southwestern part of the East Sea.

• 한국추진공학회지
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.10-18
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• 2011

스크램제트 연소기용 파일런 분사기를 공력가열로부터 보호하기 위한 새로운 냉각 방법을 제안하고, 이를 수치적으로 검증하였다. 비행 마하수가 8인 경우를 고려하였으며, 공기를 냉각 유체로 고려하였다. 수치연구를 위하여 3차원 Navier-Stokes 방정식과$k-{\omega}$ SST 난류 모델을 이용하였다. 냉각류를 파일런 위쪽에서 하향 분사하는 방법은, 냉각류를 파일런 바닥 쪽에서 상향 분사하는 방법에 비해 적은 유량으로 더 나은 냉각효과를 나타내었다. 또한, 순압력 구배 상황에서 냉각류를 분사함으로써 분사유동의 박리가 줄어들고 파일런 분사기 앞쪽에 유동장 교란이 줄어들어, 압력손실 저감 효과가 있음을 확인하였다.

• 대기
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.317-329
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• 2017

Ocean mixed layer (OML) depth affects diurnal cycle of sea surface temperature (SST) induced by change of solar radiation absorption and heat budget in ocean. The diurnal SST variation can lead to convection over the ocean, which can impact on localized precipitation both over coastal and inland. In this study, we investigate the OML characteristics affecting the diurnal cycle of SST for the Korean Peninsula and surrounding areas. To analyze OML characteristics, HYCOM oceanic mixed layer depth (MLD) and wind field at 10 m from ERA-interim during 2008~2016 are used. In the winter, MLD is deeply formed when the strong wind field is located on perpendicular to continental slope over deep seafloor areas. Besides, cooling SST-induced vertical mixing in OML is reinforced by dry cold air originated from Siberia. The OML in summer is shallowly distributed about 20 m. In order to estimate the impact of OML model in high resolution NWP model, four experimental simulations are performed. At this time, the prognostic scheme of skin SST is applied in NWP to simulate diurnal SST. The simulation results show that CNTL (off-OML) overestimates diurnal cycle of SST, while EXPs (on-OML) indicate similar results to observations. The prediction performance for precipitation of EXPs shows improvement compared with CNTL over coastal as well as inland. This results suggest that the application of the OML model in summer season can contribute to improving the prediction for performance of SST and precipitation over coastal area and inland.

• 한국추진공학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.20-28
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• 2010

스크램제트 연소기 내 파일런 분사기의 연료-공기 혼합특성을 살펴보았으며, 공력가열로부터 파일런을 보호하기 위한 막냉각의 효과를 조사하였다. 수치연구를 위하여 3차원 Navier-Stokes 방정식과 $k-{\omega}$ SST 난류 모델을 이용하였다. 연료인 수소와 공기를 냉각 유체로 고려하였다. 파일런 분사기를 이용하는 경우 침투거리가 증대되고, 혼합률도 주목할 만큼 증대되었으나, 공력가열에 의한 파일런의 전방 표면 과열을 확인하였다. 파일런 전방에 파일런 표면에 평행한 냉각 제트를 분사하는 막냉각을 이용하면 파일런 표면의 과열을 막을 수 있음을 확인하였다.

• 한국추진공학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.10-18
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• 2009

본 연구에서는 평행 벽 제트-노즐 형상의 막냉각 수치해석에 적합한 난류모델을 선정하고자 하였다. 현재 실험을 하기 위한 전 단계이므로, 먼저 유사한 참고 형상에 대해 Standard $k-{\epsilon}$ 모델과 RNG $k-{\epsilon}$ 모델, SST $k-{\omega}$ 모델, 그리고 RSM 모델 등 다양한 난류모델을 적용하였고, Near-wall 처리 방법으로서 SST $k-{\omega}$ 모델을 제외하고는 Standard wall functions와 Enhanced wall functions 등 2종류를 각각의 모델에서 사용하였으며, 실험값과 비교하여 보다 적합한 난류모델을 선정하고자 하였다. 나아가 2차원 축대칭으로 평행 벽 제트-노즐 단일 슬롯 형상에 대해 기선정한 난류모델을 적용하여 막냉각 특성을 살펴보았다. 유사 참고 형상에 대한 해석 결과 Standard $k-{\epsilon}$ 모델 및 RSM 모델이 거의 비슷한 성능을 보여주었으나 수렴성이 우수한 Standard $k-{\epsilon}$ 모델이 선정되었다. 또한 Standard wall functions를 사용하는 것보다 Enhanced wall functions를 사용하는 것이 더 좋은 결과를 보여주었다. 나아가 평행 벽 제트-노즐 단일 슬롯 형상에 적용한 결과 물리적으로 타당한 막냉각 특성을 보여주었다. 선정된 모델 및 해석방법론을 이용하여 평행 벽 제트-노즐 다단 슬롯 형상에 대한 막냉각 해석을 수행할 예정이며, 관련 결과는 추후 실험 예비해석 방법론으로 활용할 예정이다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제36권6호
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• pp.723-734
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• 2003

A three-dimensional numerical model (POM) is implemented to examine coastal upwelling in the northern Japanese coastal region with the passage of Typhoon Oliwa in September 1997. Observed sea surface temperature (SST) decreased suddenly ranging from $-6\;to\;-7^{\circ}C$ in the coastal regions, and such a SST decrease state lasted for more than ten days after the typhoon passed. The model successfully reproduces the observation and gives a clear explanation, the sudden decrease of SST occurred in the process of coastal upwelling with Ekman dynamics. The model also describes the sea surface cooling in the open ocean with vertical velocity.

• 유체기계공업학회:학술대회논문집
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• 유체기계공업학회 2003년도 유체기계 연구개발 발표회 논문집
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• pp.627-630
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• 2003

This work presents a numerical procedure to optimize the shape of three-dimensional channel with angled ribs mounted on one of the walls to enhance turbulent heat transfer. The response surface method is used as an optimization technique with Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes analysis of flow and heat transfer. SST turbulence model is used as a turbulence closure. The width-to-height ratio of the rib, rib height-to-channel height ratio, pitch-to-rib height ratio and attack angle of the rib are chosen as design variables. The objective function is defined as a linear combination of heat-transfer and friction-loss related terms with weighting factor. D-optimal experimental design method is used to determine the data points. Optimum shapes of the channel have been obtained for the weighting factors in the range from 0.0 to 1.0.

• 대한원격탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한원격탐사학회 2006년도 Proceedings of ISRS 2006 PORSEC Volume II
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• pp.918-921
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• 2006

The short-term variation of sea surface temperature before and after typhoons and increase of chlorophyll a concentration that accompany with the typhoons during summer in the East/Japan Sea were explored by satellite. Four typhoons (NAMTHEUN, MEGI, CHABA and SONGDA) and a typhoon (NABI) passed over the East/Japan Sea in 2004 and 2005, respectively. Decreasing of SST was observed in the every five typhoons, however the magnitude of SST decreasing were various from 1 to $5^{\circ}C$. Chlorophyll a increases were found after the typhoons (0.1-3 ${\mu}g$ $l^{-1})$ except NAMTHEUN, and the area was approximately included in SST decreasing area by the typhoons. It suggests that chlorophyll a increase was caused by nutrient input from subsurface layer by strong mixing. On the other hand, rarely chlorophyll a increase was observed in northern area of polar frontal zone, which is located in $38-41^{\circ}N$, than northern area, and chlorophyll a increase in coastal area was higher (more than 3 times) than offshore area. It might suggest that chlorophyll a increase in the East/Japan Sea is also related with the depth or nitracline depth that affects the amount of nutrients supply to the upper layer by typhoon mixing.