• Title/Summary/Keyword: SRT

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Design of New CMOS Differential Amplifier Circuit (멀티미디어 동기화를 위한 동적 SRT 알고리즘)

  • 홍명희;장덕철;김우생
    • The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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    • v.18 no.6
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    • pp.863-870
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    • 1993
  • A new methodology of multimedia data composition generated SRT(Synchronization Relation Tree) dynamically after user composing multimedia date by using high level user interface, and processes message passing protocols to adjust multimedia data temporal composition. In this paperl we propose SRT generating algorithm which transfer user defined timeline diagram to SRT dynamically. SRT generating algorithm is to use divide and conquer methodology and recurvise programming. And prove that it generates and type of multimedia date compositon to SRT.

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The Effect of Enzyme/Microbial Additive on Anaerobic Digestion of Primary Sludge

  • Kim, Hyung-Jin;Song, Chang-Soo;Kim, Dong-Wook;Pagilla, Kishna-R.
    • Environmental Sciences Bulletin of The Korean Environmental Sciences Society
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    • v.10 no.S_1
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    • pp.35-40
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    • 2001
  • Effect of the addition of an enzyme/microbial additive(EMA) to enhance anaerobic digestion of the primary sludge was investigated. Two laboratory scale anaerobic digester were operated with primary sludge taken from a municipal wastewater treatment plant. The digester receiving EMA with the sludge feed performed better than the control digester, when both were operated at 10-days and 15-days Solid Retention Time(SRT). Addition of EMA to the experimental digester provided 7%(10-days SRT) and 16%(15-days SRT) higher gas production compared to the control digester when both were fed with the same amount of volatile solids. The reduction in volatile solids was 24% better in the experimental digester compared to the control ar 10-days SRT, and the improvement 10% at 15-day SRT. Improvement in COD reduction, and fecal coliform density reduction were also seen in the experimental digester due to EMA addition compared to the control both ar 10-days SRT and 15-day SRT operation. Preliminary cost benefit analysis for a wastewater treatment plant showed that approximately $115/day in gas production improvements can be realized upon addition of EMA to primary sludge anaerobic digesters operating at 10-day SRT. The value of increased gas production was $172/day if the same digesters are operated with EMA addition at 15-day SRT.

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Biosorption Characteristics of Organic Matter in a Sequencing Batch Reactor : Effect of Sludge Retention Time (연속 회분식 반응기내 유기물 생물흡착특성: SRT 영향)

  • Kim, Keum-Yong;Kim, Jin-Hyung;Kim, Dae-Keun;Ryu, Hong-Duck;Lee, Sang-Ill
    • Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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    • v.30 no.2
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    • pp.175-180
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    • 2008
  • The objective of this study was to investigate biosorption of organic matter on EPS(Extracellular Polymeric Substances) at different SRT(Sludge Retention Time) in a SBR(Sequencing Batch Reactor) process, which was operated with the following operation steps : Fill-React-Settle-Decant-Idle. The hydraulic retention time was set to be 24 hours. The results obtained from this study showed that the organic removal efficiency per unit microbial biomass decreased with increasing SRT, and the corresponding EPS amount also did. The percent removal of organic by biosorption increased with SRT, and it reached to 53.2% at SRT of 30 days. However, the highest biosorption per microbial biomass(48.6 mgCOD/gVSS) was found at SRT of 2 days. The EPS analysis was performed by measuring TSS, TCOD$_{Cr}$, and TKN. The EPS production per unit microbial biomass was observed to be high at a low SRT. Due to the above result, the floc formation was hindered and therefore poor settlement of sludge resulted in decreasing the COD removal efficiency. It was therefore concluded that the consideration of the system design should include the characteristic of EPS as well as other factors such as SRT, MLSS, and organic loading.

Relationship between Toxicity of Heavy Metals and Sludge Retention Time in Sequencing Batch Reactor Process (연속회분식반응조 공정에서 슬러지 체류시간과 중금속 독성의 관계)

  • Kim, Keum-Yong;Cho, Young-Cheol;Lee, Sang-Ill
    • Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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    • v.29 no.3
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    • pp.283-288
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    • 2007
  • In order to elucidate the relationship between the sludge retention time(SRT) and the toxicity of heavy metals, such as copper (Cu), cadmium(Cd), and zinc(Zn), in sequencing batch reactor(SBR) process, IC50 was estimated with measuring of INT-dehydrogenase activity in variable SRTs. When the concentrations of heavy metals were increased, the activity of INT-dehydrogenase was gradually decreased indicating the heavy metals inhibit bacterial activity. Cu showed higher toxicity than Zn and Cd. $IC_{50}$ of Cu, Cd, and Zn ranged from $0.37\sim1.96$ mg/L, $15.4\sim16.9$ mg/L, and $9.70\sim23.4$ mg/L, respectively. The toxicity of Cu and Zn was reversely proportional to the length of SRT. It is probably caused by the increased concentration of extracellular polymeric substances in longer SRT which absorb heavy metals. Therefore, the operation of SBR with increased SRT is desirable in treatment of industrial wastewater containing heavy metals.

A Comparative Study on the Electrophysiological Properties of Medial and Lateral Spinoreticular Tract Cells in Cats (고양이의 내측 및 외측 척수망상로 세포의 전기생리학적 비교연구)

  • Lee, Suk-Ho;Jun, Jae-Yeol;Park, Choon-Ok;Goo, Yong-Sook;Kim, Jun;Sung, Ho-Kyung
    • The Korean Journal of Physiology
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    • v.24 no.1
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    • pp.181-194
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    • 1990
  • Antidromically activated spinoreticular tract (SRT) cell units in the lumbosacral enlargement of ${\alpha}-chloralose$ anesthetized cats were classified as medial and lateral SRT units according to the location of their axonal termination. Identified SRT units were tested fer antidromic conduction velocity, laterality of their axonal projection, the location in spinal gray, peripheral receptive field, the response pattern to graded mechanichal stimulation and the responsiveness to $A{\delta}$ and C volley of the peripheral nerve. 1) The 59% of 34 medial SRT units were recorded in ipsilateral side to the antidromic stimulation site, but 60% of the 47 lateral SRT units projected to contralateral side. 2) Most of the medial SRT cells and rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM)-projecting lateral SRT cells were recorded in lamina VII & VIII. The LRN (lateral reticular nucleus)-projecting SRT cells, however, distributed through all the laminae except superficial ones (I & II). 3) The identified SRT units were classified as low theshold (LT), deep, high threshold (HT), wide dynamic range (WDR) cells, based on the response patterns to graded mechanical stimuli. The proportion of SRT units which receive noxious input was 37.5%, 25% and 75% in the medial, LRN-projecting and RVLM SRT group, respectively. 4) There was no significant difference in the mean conduction velocities between the 3 groups. But the deep cells had significantly higher velocity than that of the HT cells. The above results show that the peripheral inputs to the SRT units are different in the 3 groups: medial, LRN & RVLM SRT group. Especially in case of the SRT cells projecting to RVLM which is a probable candidate fur the integration center of various pressor reflexes such as somatosympathetic reflex, the noxious informations occupy higher proportion of input to them than in other groups. Therefore the noxious information transmitted through the lateral SRT destined for RVLM is expected to play a role in somatosymapthetic reflex.

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Nitrite Accumulation and Nitrite Oxidation Efficiency of High-Concentration Ammonia Nitrogen by SRT change (SRT 변화를 통한 고농도 암모니아성 질소의 아질산성 질소 축적 및 아질산화 효율 평가)

  • Kim, Sungji;Gil, Kyungik
    • Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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    • 2020.06a
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    • pp.241-241
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    • 2020
  • 축산물의 수요가 증가함에 따라 가축의 사육규모 및 두수도 증가하여 가축분뇨의 발생량이 증가한다. 가축분뇨는 일반하수에 비해 고농도의 유기물, 질소, 인 등의 오염물질이 포함되어 있다. 적절한 처리 없이 하수처리장 및 수계로 유입될 경우 하수처리장 처리 효율에 영향을 미치거나 부영양화 등 다양한 문제를 야기 시킬 수 있다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해 아질산화 반응을 이용하는 다양한 공정들이 연구되고 있다. 아질산화 반응은 완전 질산화 반응에 비해 질산화 단계에서 약 25%의 산소요구량이 절감되고, 탈질 단계에서 약 40%의 탄소원이 절감되는 경제적 장점이 있기 때문이다. 본 연구에서는 부피 8L의 실험실 규모 아질산화 반응조 원통형 아크릴로 제작되었고, 서울 A하수처리장 미생물을 채취하여 사용했다. 또한 SRT의 영향을 살펴보기 위하여 35℃ 동일 온도를 유지했다. 반응조 슬러지 반송 및 폐기가 없는 완전 혼합 반응조로 SRT와 HRT가 동일하게 운전하는 방법을 사용하여 SRT를 조절하는 방식으로 운전했다. SRT의 경우 8일, 6일, 4일, 2일의 변경조건을 통해서 차이를 살펴보았다. Ammonia Removal Rate(%)의 경우 각각 86%, 86%, 87%, 24%의 효율을 보였고, Nitrite Conversion Rate(%)의 경우 각각 10%, 45%, 80%, 41%의 효율을 보였다. 35℃ 실험실 규모 반응조에서 가축분뇨 유입 원수의 아질산화 반응을 유도하기 위해서는 SRT운전 조건은 4~8일, 고효율의 아질산화 반응을 유도하기 위해서는 SRT 4일 조건이 적합하다고 판단된다. 본 연구는 실제 가축분뇨 처리 효율 상승을 위해서 아질산화 공법을 도입할 경우 중요한 자료로 이용 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

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An exprimental Study on the Effects of saruktanggamibangbangbang on Memory and Learning of Rats (사육탕가미방(四六湯加味方)이 흰쥐의 학습(學習) 및 기억(記憶)에 미치는 영향(影響))

  • Chang, Gyu-Tae;Kim, Jang-Hyun;Park, Bo-Kyoung
    • The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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    • v.18 no.1
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    • pp.207-220
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    • 2004
  • Objective: This study was conducted to find out the effect of saruktanggamibang(SRT) on memory and learning of rats. Methods: The mon·is water maze was used. It was performed Acquisition test, Retention test of water maze. After Behavioral test, it was investigated AChE cell numbers of CAI and CA3 on hippocampus. Results: of water maze revealed that acqusitive abilities of SAP+SRT group significantly improved on 3, 4, 5th day compared with SAP+Saline group. Retention test of water maze didn't reveal that retentive abilities of SAP+SRT group significantly improved comparing with another group. ChAT cell numbers of medial septum of SAP+SRT group significantly increased compared with SAP+Saline group. AChE cell numbers of CAl and CA3 on hippocampus of Sham+SRT group significantly increased compared with Sham group. And AChE cell numbers of CAl and CA3 on hippocampus of SAP+SRT group significantly increased compared with SAP+Saline group. Conclusion: Saruktanggamibang(SRT) has an effect on memory and learning of rats.

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Effects of mixing/aeration ratio and SRT on nutrient removal in SBR process (연속회분식반응조 공정에서 교반/폭기비와 SRT가 영양염류제거에 미치는 영향)

  • Jeon, Seok-Jun;Kim, Han-Soo
    • Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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    • v.18 no.3
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    • pp.291-301
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    • 2002
  • In this study, nutrients treatment by sequencing batch reactors(SBR) was performed. Nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiencies were evaluated by changing SRT and mixing/aeration ratio. Not only nitrogen but also phosphorus removal patterns were investigated through track studies on 1 cycle. As SRT was fixed and mixing/aeration ratio was changed, maximum nitrogen removal efficiency was 87.6% at mixing/aeration ratio 0.67. Phosphorus removal efficiencies were more than 85.5% except no mixing condition. As mixing/aeration ratio was fixed and SRT was changed, nitrogen removal efficiencies were 70.5~79.8%, which represented slight changes, while phosphorus removal efficiencies were 49.0~97.3%, which represented sharply decreasing tendency at less than 20 day. Both phosphorus release rate k and maximum phosphorus release rate $P_{max}/M$ were are decreased as SRT was decreased, but they were not affected by mixing/aeration ratio. It was found that there is a linear relationship between ortho-phosphate uptake and maximum ortho-phosphate release.

Inhibitory Effects of Amitriptyline, Sertraline and Chlorpromazine on the Thrombin-induced Aggregation of Platelets (Thrombin성 혈소판응집에 대한 Amitriptyline, Sertraline 및 Chlorpromazine의 억제작용)

  • Choi, Sang-Hyun;Lee, Young-Jae;Shin, Kyung-Ho;Chun, Yeon-Sook;Chun, Boe-Gwun
    • The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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    • v.31 no.3
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    • pp.299-311
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    • 1995
  • Platelets resemble monoaminergic neurons in several respects, i.e. the uptake of 5-HT and its inhibition, the subcellular storage and release of 5-HT, and the metabolism of aromatic amines brought about by monoamine oxidase. And the 5-HT content of rabbit platelets is well known to be about 40 times higher than that of human platelets. Therefore, this study was carried out to investigate the influences of amitriptyline (AMT) and sertraline (SRT) on the aggregation, contents of signaling second messengers, and protein phosphorylations of rabbit platelets in response to thrombin, 0.25 unit/ml, comparing with those of chlorpromazine (CPZ). Thrombin-induced aggregation was inhibited by SRT $(IC50:4.37{\times}10^{-5}\;M)$, CPZ $(IC50:5.76{\times}10^{-5}\;M)$, and AMT $(IC50:1.15{\times}10^{-4}\;M)$, respectively, and the aggregation by A23187 $(1.0\;{\mu}M)$ or PMA (320 nM) was also inhibited by SRT, CPZ, and AMT. AMT, SRT, and CPZ had little affects on basal contents of platelet $TXB_2$ and $PGE_2$, but all of them inhibited the thrombin-induced increase of $TXB_2$. Thrombin did not change the platelet contents of cAMP and cGMP. CPZ, AMT, and SRT produced the slight decrease of basal cAMP content, and their effects were not affected by thrombin-treatment. But SRT and AMT moderately increased the basal cGMP content, and the cGMP content of thrombin-stimulated platelets was gradually increased by the pretreatment with SRT, AMT, and CPZ. Particularly, the SRT-dependent increase of the cGMP content was notable. Platelet $Ins(1,4,5)P_3$ content was rapidly increased up to a plateau within 10 sec after thrombin-stimulation, AMT, SRT, and CPZ increased the basal $Ins(1,4,5)P_3$ content, and the thrombin-dependent increase was enhanced by pretreatment with CPZ and AMT, but was blunted by SRT. Platelet $[Ca^{2+}]_i$, was rapidly increased up to a peak level within 20 sec after thrombin-stimulation. The increase of $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ was sisnificantly inhibited by AMT, SRT, and CPZ. Thrombin- or PMA-induced phosphorylations of platelet $41{\sim}43\;kDa$ and 20 kDa proteins were significantly inhibited by AMT, SRT, and CPZ. These results suggest that the antiplatelet activities of AMT and CPZ may be considerably attributed to the inhibition of protein kinase C activity, and the activity of SRT may be associated with the inhibitory effect on the thrombin-induced increase of $Ins(1,4,5)P_3$ and the increasing effect on the cGMP content of ptatelets. Therefore, it seems to be evident that AMT and SRT may produce their antidepressant activity, at least, partly through the inhibition of protein kinase C activity or the increase of resting $Ins(1,4,5)P_3$, content and in case of SRT, to a lesser extent, via the increase of cGMP in the brain.

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Effect of a Intentional Scapular Abduction on the Sit-and-Reach Test (의도적인 견갑골 외전이 Sit-and-Reach Test에 미치는 영향)

  • Kim, Suhn-Yeop;Chi, Chang-Yean;Kim, Kwang-Soo
    • The Journal of Korean Academy of Orthopedic Manual Physical Therapy
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    • v.6 no.1
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    • pp.15-26
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    • 2000
  • Purpose : This study was done to examine the actual effect of the scapular position in these flexibility tests. The purpose of this study was to examine the differences between the measurement of SRT(Sit-and-Reach Test) without intentional abduction of the scapular (pre-test) and with intentional abduction of the scapular (post-test). The hypothesis is: 1. There is no differences in the SRT result of the pre-test and the post-test. 2. There is no differences in the HJA(Hip Joint Angle) result of the pre-test and the post-test. 3. There is no differences in the Spine Motion Test(SMT) result of the pre-test and the post-test. Method : The total 60 people (30 men, 30 women) were participated in this study. In the pre-test, the subjects were asked to sit on the examination table and try the SRT motion; and then the HJA, SRT and the SMT numerical values were taken. In the post-test. the subjects were instructed to intentionally bring the scapula outward from the midline; and the HJA, SRT and the SMT numerical values were taken. Result : In the pre-test. the SRT result averaged 34.17cm. and in the post-test. the SRT result averaged 36.68cm. The difference was about 2.81cm which showed a significant mean statistically (p<0.01). The measurement increased by 8.22%. The HJA was $85.9^{\circ}$ in pre-test, and it was $85.5^{\circ}$ in post-test. giving the $0.4^{\circ}$ differences. Therefore, it didn't have a statistical mean (p>0.05). The SMT value was 69.56cm in the pre-test. and it was 69.28cm in the post-test, about 0.28cm decreased. Therefore, it didn't have a statistical mean (p>0.05). SRT values and HJA values were correlated (p<0.01). SMT values and SRT values (p<0.01), and SMT values and HJA values(p<0.05) were each in counter correlation. Conclusion : The result of the SRT without intentional scapular abduction (34.17cm) and with intentional scapular abduction (36.68cm) showed a significant increase about 8.22% (p<0.01). In SRT, the effect of the intentional scapular abduction on SMT showed no significant means, the pretest value being 69.56cm and the post-test value being 69.28cm (p>0.05).

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